Merge pull request #3704 from MichaelEischer/compression-migrations

Support migration to repository format with compression

changelog/unreleased/issue-21

@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ The new format version has not received much testing yet. Do not rely on it as
 your only backup copy! Please run `check` in regular intervals to detect any
 problems.
 
-Upgrading in place is not yet supported. As a workaround, first create a new
+To upgrade in place run `migrate upgrade_repo_v2` followed by `prune`. See the
+documentation for more details. The migration checks the repository integrity
+and upgrades the repository format but will not change any data. Afterwards,
+prune will rewrite the metadata to make use of compression.
+
+As an alternative you can use the `copy` command to migrate snapshots: first create a new
 repository using `init --repository-version 2 --copy-chunker-params --repo2 path/to/old/repo`.
 Then use the `copy` command to copy all snapshots to the new repository.
 

cmd/restic/cmd_check.go

@@ -219,15 +219,20 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	Verbosef("load indexes\n")
 	hints, errs := chkr.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
 
-	dupFound := false
+	errorsFound := false
+	suggestIndexRebuild := false
 	for _, hint := range hints {
-		Printf("%v\n", hint)
+		switch hint.(type) {
-		if _, ok := hint.(checker.ErrDuplicatePacks); ok {
+		case *checker.ErrDuplicatePacks, *checker.ErrOldIndexFormat:
-			dupFound = true
+			Printf("%v\n", hint)
+			suggestIndexRebuild = true
+		default:
+			Warnf("error: %v\n", hint)
+			errorsFound = true
 		}
 	}
 
-	if dupFound {
+	if suggestIndexRebuild {
 		Printf("This is non-critical, you can run `restic rebuild-index' to correct this\n")
 	}
 
@@ -238,7 +243,6 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return errors.Fatal("LoadIndex returned errors")
 	}
 
-	errorsFound := false
 	orphanedPacks := 0
 	errChan := make(chan error)
 
@@ -252,11 +256,11 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			continue
 		}
 		errorsFound = true
-		Warnf("%v\n", err)
+		Warnf("error: %v\n", err)
 	}
 
 	if orphanedPacks > 0 {
-		Verbosef("%d additional files were found in the repo, which likely contain duplicate data.\nYou can run `restic prune` to correct this.\n", orphanedPacks)
+		Verbosef("%d additional files were found in the repo, which likely contain duplicate data.\nThis is non-critical, you can run `restic prune` to correct this.\n", orphanedPacks)
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("check snapshots, trees and blobs\n")
@@ -273,7 +277,7 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	for err := range errChan {
 		errorsFound = true
-		if e, ok := err.(checker.TreeError); ok {
+		if e, ok := err.(*checker.TreeError); ok {
 			Warnf("error for tree %v:\n", e.ID.Str())
 			for _, treeErr := range e.Errors {
 				Warnf("  %v\n", treeErr)

cmd/restic/cmd_migrate.go

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdMigrate = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "migrate [flags] [name]",
+	Use:   "migrate [flags] [migration name] [...]",
 	Short: "Apply migrations",
 	Long: `
-The "migrate" command applies migrations to a repository. When no migration
+The "migrate" command checks which migrations can be applied for a repository
-name is explicitly given, a list of migrations that can be applied is printed.
+and prints a list with available migration names. If one or more migration
+names are specified, these migrations are applied.
 
 EXIT STATUS
 ===========
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@ func init() {
 func checkMigrations(opts MigrateOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository) error {
 	ctx := gopts.ctx
 	Printf("available migrations:\n")
+	found := false
+
 	for _, m := range migrations.All {
 		ok, err := m.Check(ctx, repo)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -48,10 +51,15 @@ func checkMigrations(opts MigrateOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repos
 		}
 
 		if ok {
-			Printf("  %v: %v\n", m.Name(), m.Desc())
+			Printf("  %v\t%v\n", m.Name(), m.Desc())
+			found = true
 		}
 	}
 
+	if !found {
+		Printf("no migrations found")
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -76,6 +84,20 @@ func applyMigrations(opts MigrateOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repos
 					Warnf("check for migration %v failed, continuing anyway\n", m.Name())
 				}
 
+				repoCheckOpts := m.RepoCheckOptions()
+				if repoCheckOpts != nil {
+					Printf("checking repository integrity...\n")
+
+					checkOptions := CheckOptions{}
+					checkGopts := gopts
+					// the repository is already locked
+					checkGopts.NoLock = true
+					err = runCheck(checkOptions, checkGopts, []string{})
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+
 				Printf("applying migration %v...\n", m.Name())
 				if err = m.Apply(ctx, repo); err != nil {
 					Warnf("migration %v failed: %v\n", m.Name(), err)

cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ type PruneOptions struct {
 	MaxRepackBytes uint64
 
 	RepackCachableOnly bool
+	RepackUncompressed bool
 }
 
 var pruneOptions PruneOptions
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ func addPruneOptions(c *cobra.Command) {
 	f.StringVar(&pruneOptions.MaxUnused, "max-unused", "5%", "tolerate given `limit` of unused data (absolute value in bytes with suffixes k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T, a value in % or the word 'unlimited')")
 	f.StringVar(&pruneOptions.MaxRepackSize, "max-repack-size", "", "maximum `size` to repack (allowed suffixes: k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T)")
 	f.BoolVar(&pruneOptions.RepackCachableOnly, "repack-cacheable-only", false, "only repack packs which are cacheable")
+	f.BoolVar(&pruneOptions.RepackUncompressed, "repack-uncompressed", false, "repack all uncompressed data")
 }
 
 func verifyPruneOptions(opts *PruneOptions) error {
@@ -135,6 +137,10 @@ func runPrune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if opts.RepackUncompressed && gopts.Compression == repository.CompressionOff {
+		return errors.Fatal("disabled compression and `--repack-uncompressed` are mutually exclusive")
+	}
+
 	repo, err := OpenRepository(gopts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -144,6 +150,10 @@ func runPrune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 		return errors.Fatal("prune requires a backend connection limit of at least two")
 	}
 
+	if repo.Config().Version < 2 && opts.RepackUncompressed {
+		return errors.Fatal("compression requires at least repository format version 2")
+	}
+
 	if opts.UnsafeNoSpaceRecovery != "" {
 		repoID := repo.Config().ID
 		if opts.UnsafeNoSpaceRecovery != repoID {
@@ -191,6 +201,7 @@ type packInfo struct {
 	usedSize       uint64
 	unusedSize     uint64
 	tpe            restic.BlobType
+	uncompressed   bool
 }
 
 type packInfoWithID struct {
@@ -299,6 +310,9 @@ func prune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, usedB
 			ip.unusedSize += size
 			ip.unusedBlobs++
 		}
+		if !blob.IsCompressed() {
+			ip.uncompressed = true
+		}
 		// update indexPack
 		indexPack[blob.PackID] = ip
 	}
@@ -318,6 +332,8 @@ func prune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, usedB
 		}
 	}
 
+	repoVersion := repo.Config().Version
+
 	// loop over all packs and decide what to do
 	bar := newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(indexPack)), "packs processed")
 	err := repo.List(ctx, restic.PackFile, func(id restic.ID, packSize int64) error {
@@ -350,6 +366,15 @@ func prune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, usedB
 			stats.packs.partlyUsed++
 		}
 
+		mustCompress := false
+		if repoVersion >= 2 {
+			// repo v2: always repack tree blobs if uncompressed
+			// compress data blobs if requested
+			mustCompress = (p.tpe == restic.TreeBlob || opts.RepackUncompressed) && p.uncompressed
+		}
+		// use a flag that pack must be compressed
+		p.uncompressed = mustCompress
+
 		// decide what to do
 		switch {
 		case p.usedBlobs == 0 && p.duplicateBlobs == 0:
@@ -362,7 +387,7 @@ func prune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, usedB
 			// if this is a data pack and --repack-cacheable-only is set => keep pack!
 			keep(p)
 
-		case p.unusedBlobs == 0 && p.duplicateBlobs == 0 && p.tpe != restic.InvalidBlob:
+		case p.unusedBlobs == 0 && p.duplicateBlobs == 0 && p.tpe != restic.InvalidBlob && !mustCompress:
 			// All blobs in pack are used and not duplicates/mixed => keep pack!
 			keep(p)
 
@@ -447,8 +472,8 @@ func prune(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, usedB
 		case reachedRepackSize:
 			keep(p.packInfo)
 
-		case p.duplicateBlobs > 0, p.tpe != restic.DataBlob:
+		case p.duplicateBlobs > 0, p.tpe != restic.DataBlob, p.uncompressed:
-			// repacking duplicates/non-data is only limited by repackSize
+			// repacking duplicates/non-data/uncompressed-trees is only limited by repackSize
 			repack(p.ID, p.packInfo)
 
 		case reachedUnusedSizeAfter:

doc/030_preparing_a_new_repo.rst

@@ -40,7 +40,17 @@ options exist:
    be used to explicitely set the version for the new repository. By default,
    the current stable version is used. Have a look at the `design documentation
    <https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/doc/design.rst>`__ for
-   details.
+   details. The alias ``latest`` will always point to the latest repository version.
+   The below table shows which restic version is required to use a certain
+   repository version and shows new features introduced by the repository format.
+
++--------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
+| Repository version | Minimum restic version | Major new features  |
++====================+========================+=====================+
+| ``1``              | any version            |                     |
++--------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
+| ``2``              | >= 0.14.0              | Compression support |
++--------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
 
 
 Local

doc/045_working_with_repos.rst

@@ -298,3 +298,26 @@ a file size value the following command may be used:
 
     $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=50M
     $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10G
+
+
+Upgrading the repository format version
+=======================================
+
+Repositories created using earlier restic versions use an older repository
+format version and have to be upgraded to allow using all new features.
+Upgrading must be done explicitly as a newer repository version increases the
+minimum restic version required to access the repository. For example the
+repository format version 2 is only readable using restic 0.14.0 or newer.
+
+Upgrading to repo version 2 is a two step process: first run
+``migrate upgrade_repo_v2`` which will check the repository integrity and
+then upgrade the repository version. Repository problems must be corrected
+before the migration will be possible. After the migration is complete, run
+``prune`` to compress the repository metadata. To limit the amount of data
+rewritten in at once, you can use the ``prune --max-repack-size size``
+parameter, see :ref:`customize-pruning` for more details.
+
+File contents stored in the repository will not be rewritten, data from new
+backups will be compressed. Over time more and more of the repository will
+be compressed. To speed up this process and compress all not yet compressed
+data, you can run ``prune --repack-uncompressed``.

doc/060_forget.rst

@@ -388,6 +388,8 @@ the specified duration: if ``forget --keep-within 7d`` is run 8 days after the
 last good snapshot, then the attacker can still use that opportunity to remove
 all legitimate snapshots.
 
+.. _customize-pruning:
+
 Customize pruning
 *****************
 

internal/backend/azure/azure.go

@@ -125,6 +125,11 @@ func (be *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return md5.New()
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // Path returns the path in the bucket that is used for this backend.
 func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 	return be.prefix

internal/backend/b2/b2.go

@@ -147,6 +147,11 @@ func (be *b2Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *b2Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // IsNotExist returns true if the error is caused by a non-existing file.
 func (be *b2Backend) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 	return b2.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err))

internal/backend/dryrun/dry_backend.go

@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ func (be *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return be.b.Hasher()
 }
 
+func (be *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return be.b.HasAtomicReplace()
+}
+
 func (be *Backend) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 	return be.b.IsNotExist(err)
 }

internal/backend/gs/gs.go

@@ -201,6 +201,11 @@ func (be *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return md5.New()
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // Path returns the path in the bucket that is used for this backend.
 func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 	return be.prefix

internal/backend/local/local.go

@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ func (b *Local) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (b *Local) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // IsNotExist returns true if the error is caused by a non existing file.
 func (b *Local) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 	return errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist)

internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go

@@ -268,6 +268,11 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return md5.New()
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *MemoryBackend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
 // Delete removes all data in the backend.
 func (be *MemoryBackend) Delete(ctx context.Context) error {
 	be.m.Lock()

internal/backend/rest/rest.go

@@ -121,6 +121,12 @@ func (b *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (b *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	// rest-server prevents overwriting
+	return false
+}
+
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (b *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
 	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {

internal/backend/s3/s3.go

@@ -269,6 +269,11 @@ func (be *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // Path returns the path in the bucket that is used for this backend.
 func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 	return be.cfg.Prefix

internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go

@@ -267,6 +267,12 @@ func (r *SFTP) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (r *SFTP) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	// we use sftp's 'Rename()' in 'Save()' which does not allow overwriting
+	return false
+}
+
 // Join joins the given paths and cleans them afterwards. This always uses
 // forward slashes, which is required by sftp.
 func Join(parts ...string) string {

internal/backend/swift/swift.go

@@ -129,6 +129,11 @@ func (be *beSwift) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return md5.New()
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (be *beSwift) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 // Load runs fn with a reader that yields the contents of the file at h at the
 // given offset.
 func (be *beSwift) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {

internal/checker/checker.go

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type ErrDuplicatePacks struct {
 	Indexes restic.IDSet
 }
 
-func (e ErrDuplicatePacks) Error() string {
+func (e *ErrDuplicatePacks) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("pack %v contained in several indexes: %v", e.PackID.Str(), e.Indexes)
 }
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ type ErrOldIndexFormat struct {
 	restic.ID
 }
 
-func (err ErrOldIndexFormat) Error() string {
+func (err *ErrOldIndexFormat) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("index %v has old format", err.ID.Str())
 }
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func (c *Checker) LoadIndex(ctx context.Context) (hints []error, errs []error) {
 
 		if oldFormat {
 			debug.Log("index %v has old format", id.Str())
-			hints = append(hints, ErrOldIndexFormat{id})
+			hints = append(hints, &ErrOldIndexFormat{id})
 		}
 
 		err = errors.Wrapf(err, "error loading index %v", id.Str())
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (c *Checker) LoadIndex(ctx context.Context) (hints []error, errs []error) {
 	for packID := range c.packs {
 		debug.Log("  check pack %v: contained in %d indexes", packID, len(packToIndex[packID]))
 		if len(packToIndex[packID]) > 1 {
-			hints = append(hints, ErrDuplicatePacks{
+			hints = append(hints, &ErrDuplicatePacks{
 				PackID:  packID,
 				Indexes: packToIndex[packID],
 			})
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ type TreeError struct {
 	Errors []error
 }
 
-func (e TreeError) Error() string {
+func (e *TreeError) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("tree %v: %v", e.ID.Str(), e.Errors)
 }
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func (c *Checker) checkTreeWorker(ctx context.Context, trees <-chan restic.TreeI
 		if len(errs) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
-		treeError := TreeError{ID: job.ID, Errors: errs}
+		treeError := &TreeError{ID: job.ID, Errors: errs}
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return

internal/checker/checker_test.go

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func TestDuplicatePacksInIndex(t *testing.T) {
 
 	found := false
 	for _, hint := range hints {
-		if _, ok := hint.(checker.ErrDuplicatePacks); ok {
+		if _, ok := hint.(*checker.ErrDuplicatePacks); ok {
 			found = true
 		} else {
 			t.Errorf("got unexpected hint: %v", hint)

internal/migrations/interface.go

@@ -6,11 +6,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 )
 
+type RepositoryCheckOptions struct {
+}
+
 // Migration implements a data migration.
 type Migration interface {
 	// Check returns true if the migration can be applied to a repo.
 	Check(context.Context, restic.Repository) (bool, error)
 
+	RepoCheckOptions() *RepositoryCheckOptions
+
 	// Apply runs the migration.
 	Apply(context.Context, restic.Repository) error
 

internal/migrations/s3_layout.go

@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ func (m *S3Layout) Check(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) (bool, err
 	return true, nil
 }
 
+func (m *S3Layout) RepoCheckOptions() *RepositoryCheckOptions {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func retry(max int, fail func(err error), f func() error) error {
 	var err error
 	for i := 0; i < max; i++ {

internal/migrations/upgrade_repo_v2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package migrations
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	register(&UpgradeRepoV2{})
+}
+
+type UpgradeRepoV2Error struct {
+	UploadNewConfigError   error
+	ReuploadOldConfigError error
+
+	BackupFilePath string
+}
+
+func (err *UpgradeRepoV2Error) Error() string {
+	if err.ReuploadOldConfigError != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("error uploading config (%v), re-uploading old config filed failed as well (%v), but there is a backup of the config file in %v", err.UploadNewConfigError, err.ReuploadOldConfigError, err.BackupFilePath)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("error uploading config (%v), re-uploaded old config was successful, there is a backup of the config file in %v", err.UploadNewConfigError, err.BackupFilePath)
+}
+
+func (err *UpgradeRepoV2Error) Unwrap() error {
+	// consider the original upload error as the primary cause
+	return err.UploadNewConfigError
+}
+
+type UpgradeRepoV2 struct{}
+
+func (*UpgradeRepoV2) Name() string {
+	return "upgrade_repo_v2"
+}
+
+func (*UpgradeRepoV2) Desc() string {
+	return "upgrade a repository to version 2"
+}
+
+func (*UpgradeRepoV2) Check(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) (bool, error) {
+	isV1 := repo.Config().Version == 1
+	return isV1, nil
+}
+
+func (*UpgradeRepoV2) RepoCheckOptions() *RepositoryCheckOptions {
+	return &RepositoryCheckOptions{}
+}
+func (*UpgradeRepoV2) upgrade(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) error {
+	h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile}
+
+	if !repo.Backend().HasAtomicReplace() {
+		// remove the original file for backends which do not support atomic overwriting
+		err := repo.Backend().Remove(ctx, h)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("remove config failed: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// upgrade config
+	cfg := repo.Config()
+	cfg.Version = 2
+
+	_, err := repo.SaveJSONUnpacked(ctx, restic.ConfigFile, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("save new config file failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *UpgradeRepoV2) Apply(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) error {
+	tempdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "restic-migrate-upgrade-repo-v2-")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create temp dir failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile}
+
+	// read raw config file and save it to a temp dir, just in case
+	var rawConfigFile []byte
+	err = repo.Backend().Load(ctx, h, 0, 0, func(rd io.Reader) (err error) {
+		rawConfigFile, err = ioutil.ReadAll(rd)
+		return err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("load config file failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	backupFileName := filepath.Join(tempdir, "config")
+	err = ioutil.WriteFile(backupFileName, rawConfigFile, 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write config file backup to %v failed: %w", tempdir, err)
+	}
+
+	// run the upgrade
+	err = m.upgrade(ctx, repo)
+	if err != nil {
+
+		// build an error we can return to the caller
+		repoError := &UpgradeRepoV2Error{
+			UploadNewConfigError: err,
+			BackupFilePath:       backupFileName,
+		}
+
+		// try contingency methods, reupload the original file
+		_ = repo.Backend().Remove(ctx, h)
+		err = repo.Backend().Save(ctx, h, restic.NewByteReader(rawConfigFile, nil))
+		if err != nil {
+			repoError.ReuploadOldConfigError = err
+		}
+
+		return repoError
+	}
+
+	_ = os.Remove(backupFileName)
+	_ = os.Remove(tempdir)
+	return nil
+}

internal/migrations/upgrade_repo_v2_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package migrations
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
+)
+
+func TestUpgradeRepoV2(t *testing.T) {
+	repo, cleanup := repository.TestRepositoryWithVersion(t, 1)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	if repo.Config().Version != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("test repo has wrong version")
+	}
+
+	m := &UpgradeRepoV2{}
+
+	ok, err := m.Check(context.Background(), repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("migration check returned false")
+	}
+
+	err = m.Apply(context.Background(), repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+type failBackend struct {
+	restic.Backend
+
+	mu                        sync.Mutex
+	ConfigFileSavesUntilError uint
+}
+
+func (be *failBackend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
+	if h.Type != restic.ConfigFile {
+		return be.Backend.Save(ctx, h, rd)
+	}
+
+	be.mu.Lock()
+	if be.ConfigFileSavesUntilError == 0 {
+		be.mu.Unlock()
+		return errors.New("failure induced for testing")
+	}
+
+	be.ConfigFileSavesUntilError--
+	be.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return be.Backend.Save(ctx, h, rd)
+}
+
+func TestUpgradeRepoV2Failure(t *testing.T) {
+	be, cleanup := repository.TestBackend(t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	// wrap backend so that it fails upgrading the config after the initial write
+	be = &failBackend{
+		ConfigFileSavesUntilError: 1,
+		Backend:                   be,
+	}
+
+	repo, cleanup := repository.TestRepositoryWithBackend(t, be, 1)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	if repo.Config().Version != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("test repo has wrong version")
+	}
+
+	m := &UpgradeRepoV2{}
+
+	ok, err := m.Check(context.Background(), repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("migration check returned false")
+	}
+
+	err = m.Apply(context.Background(), repo)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error returned from Apply(), got nil")
+	}
+
+	upgradeErr := err.(*UpgradeRepoV2Error)
+	if upgradeErr.UploadNewConfigError == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected upload error, got nil")
+	}
+
+	if upgradeErr.ReuploadOldConfigError == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected reupload error, got nil")
+	}
+
+	if upgradeErr.BackupFilePath == "" {
+		t.Fatal("no backup file path found")
+	}
+	test.OK(t, os.Remove(upgradeErr.BackupFilePath))
+	test.OK(t, os.Remove(filepath.Dir(upgradeErr.BackupFilePath)))
+}

internal/mock/backend.go

@@ -11,18 +11,19 @@ import (
 
 // Backend implements a mock backend.
 type Backend struct {
-	CloseFn       func() error
+	CloseFn            func() error
-	IsNotExistFn  func(err error) bool
+	IsNotExistFn       func(err error) bool
-	SaveFn        func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error
+	SaveFn             func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error
-	OpenReaderFn  func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error)
+	OpenReaderFn       func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error)
-	StatFn        func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error)
+	StatFn             func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error)
-	ListFn        func(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error
+	ListFn             func(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error
-	RemoveFn      func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error
+	RemoveFn           func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error
-	TestFn        func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bool, error)
+	TestFn             func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bool, error)
-	DeleteFn      func(ctx context.Context) error
+	DeleteFn           func(ctx context.Context) error
-	ConnectionsFn func() uint
+	ConnectionsFn      func() uint
-	LocationFn    func() string
+	LocationFn         func() string
-	HasherFn      func() hash.Hash
+	HasherFn           func() hash.Hash
+	HasAtomicReplaceFn func() bool
 }
 
 // NewBackend returns new mock Backend instance
@@ -66,6 +67,14 @@ func (m *Backend) Hasher() hash.Hash {
 	return m.HasherFn()
 }
 
+// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+func (m *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
+	if m.HasAtomicReplaceFn == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return m.HasAtomicReplaceFn()
+}
+
 // IsNotExist returns true if the error is caused by a missing file.
 func (m *Backend) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 	if m.IsNotExistFn == nil {

internal/restic/backend.go

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ type Backend interface {
 	// Hasher may return a hash function for calculating a content hash for the backend
 	Hasher() hash.Hash
 
+	// HasAtomicReplace returns whether Save() can atomically replace files
+	HasAtomicReplace() bool
+
 	// Test a boolean value whether a File with the name and type exists.
 	Test(ctx context.Context, h Handle) (bool, error)
 

internal/restic/config.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const MaxRepoVersion = 2
 
 // StableRepoVersion is the version that is written to the config when a repository
 // is newly created with Init().
-const StableRepoVersion = 1
+const StableRepoVersion = 2
 
 // JSONUnpackedLoader loads unpacked JSON.
 type JSONUnpackedLoader interface {