[#2] Add NNS context

Signed-off-by: Marina Biryukova <m.biryukova@yadro.com>

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ jobs:
   ci:
     uses: smallstep/workflows/.github/workflows/goCI.yml@main
     with:
-      os-dependencies: "libpcsclite-dev"
+      only-latest-golang: false
-      run-gitleaks: true
+      os-dependencies: 'libpcsclite-dev'
       run-codeql: true
+      test-command: 'V=1 make test'
     secrets: inherit

.github/workflows/dependabot-auto-merge.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: Dependabot auto-merge
+on: pull_request
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  dependabot:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Dependabot metadata
+        id: metadata
+        uses: dependabot/fetch-metadata@v1.1.1
+        with:
+          github-token: "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
+      - name: Enable auto-merge for Dependabot PRs
+        run: gh pr merge --auto --merge "$PR_URL"
+        env:
+          PR_URL: ${{github.event.pull_request.html_url}}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       version: ${{ steps.extract-tag.outputs.VERSION }}
       is_prerelease: ${{ steps.is_prerelease.outputs.IS_PRERELEASE }}
       docker_tags: ${{ env.DOCKER_TAGS }}
+      docker_tags_hsm: ${{ env.DOCKER_TAGS_HSM }}
     steps:
       - name: Is Pre-release
         id: is_prerelease
@@ -36,10 +37,12 @@ jobs:
           VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}
           echo "VERSION=${VERSION}" >> ${GITHUB_OUTPUT}
           echo "DOCKER_TAGS=${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:${VERSION}" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
+          echo "DOCKER_TAGS_HSM=${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:${VERSION}-hsm" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
       - name: Add Latest Tag
         if: steps.is_prerelease.outputs.IS_PRERELEASE == 'false'
         run: |
           echo "DOCKER_TAGS=${{ env.DOCKER_TAGS }},${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:latest" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
+          echo "DOCKER_TAGS_HSM=${{ env.DOCKER_TAGS_HSM }},${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:hsm" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
       - name: Create Release
         id: create_release
         uses: actions/create-release@v1
@@ -52,38 +55,12 @@ jobs:
           prerelease: ${{ steps.is_prerelease.outputs.IS_PRERELEASE }}
 
   goreleaser:
-    name: Upload Assets To Github w/ goreleaser
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: create_release
     permissions:
       id-token: write
       contents: write
-    steps:
+    uses: smallstep/workflows/.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml@main
-      - name: Checkout
+    secrets: inherit
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
-        with:
-          go-version: 1.19
-          check-latest: true
-      - name: Install cosign
-        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v2
-        with:
-          cosign-release: 'v1.13.1'
-      - name: Get Release Date
-        id: release_date
-        run: |
-          RELEASE_DATE=$(date +"%y-%m-%d")
-          echo "RELEASE_DATE=${RELEASE_DATE}" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
-      - name: Run GoReleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v3
-        with:
-          version: 'latest'
-          args: release --rm-dist
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GORELEASER_PAT }}
-          RELEASE_DATE: ${{ env.RELEASE_DATE }}
-          COSIGN_EXPERIMENTAL: 1
 
   build_upload_docker:
     name: Build & Upload Docker Images
@@ -96,5 +73,19 @@ jobs:
       platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm,linux/arm64
       tags: ${{ needs.create_release.outputs.docker_tags }}
       docker_image: smallstep/step-ca
-      docker_file: docker/Dockerfile.step-ca
+      docker_file: docker/Dockerfile
+    secrets: inherit
+
+  build_upload_docker_hsm:
+    name: Build & Upload HSM Enabled Docker Images
+    needs: create_release
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+      contents: write
+    uses: smallstep/workflows/.github/workflows/docker-buildx-push.yml@main
+    with:
+      platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm,linux/arm64
+      tags: ${{ needs.create_release.outputs.docker_tags_hsm }}
+      docker_image: smallstep/step-ca
+      docker_file: docker/Dockerfile.hsm
     secrets: inherit

.gitignore

@@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ output
 vendor
 .idea
 .envrc
+.vscode

.goreleaser.yml

@@ -31,11 +31,12 @@ builds:
       - -w -X main.Version={{.Version}} -X main.BuildTime={{.Date}}
 
 archives:
-  -
+  - &ARCHIVE
     # Can be used to change the archive formats for specific GOOSs.
     # Most common use case is to archive as zip on Windows.
     # Default is empty.
     name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}_{{ .Os }}_{{ .Version }}_{{ .Arch }}{{ if .Arm }}v{{ .Arm }}{{ end }}{{ if .Mips }}_{{ .Mips }}{{ end }}"
+    rlcp: true
     format_overrides:
       - goos: windows
         format: zip
@@ -44,6 +45,11 @@ archives:
       - README.md
       - LICENSE
     allow_different_binary_count: true
+  -
+    << : *ARCHIVE
+    id: unversioned
+    name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}_{{ .Os }}_{{ .Arch }}{{ if .Arm }}v{{ .Arm }}{{ end }}{{ if .Mips }}_{{ .Mips }}{{ end }}"
+
 
 nfpms:
   # Configure nFPM for .deb and .rpm releases
@@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ nfpms:
   # List file contents: dpkg -c dist/step_...deb
   # Package metadata: dpkg --info dist/step_....deb
   #
-  -
+  - &NFPM
     builds:
       - step-ca
     package_name: step-ca
@@ -75,9 +81,14 @@ nfpms:
     contents:
       - src: debian/copyright
         dst: /usr/share/doc/step-ca/copyright
+  -
+    << : *NFPM
+    id: unversioned
+    file_name_template: "{{ .PackageName }}_{{ .Arch }}{{ if .Arm }}v{{ .Arm }}{{ end }}{{ if .Mips }}_{{ .Mips }}{{ end }}"
 
 source:
   enabled: true
+  rlcp: true
   name_template: '{{ .ProjectName }}_{{ .Version }}'
 
 checksum:
@@ -130,17 +141,17 @@ release:
 
     #### Linux
 
-    - 📦 [step-ca_linux_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz](https://dl.step.sm/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_linux_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz)
+    - 📦 [step-ca_linux_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz](https://dl.smallstep.com/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_linux_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz)
-    - 📦 [step-ca_{{ .Version }}_amd64.deb](https://dl.step.sm/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_{{ .Version }}_amd64.deb)
+    - 📦 [step-ca_{{ .Version }}_amd64.deb](https://dl.smallstep.com/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_{{ .Version }}_amd64.deb)
 
     #### OSX Darwin
 
-    - 📦 [step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz](https://dl.step.sm/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz)
+    - 📦 [step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz](https://dl.smallstep.com/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz)
-    - 📦 [step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_arm64.tar.gz](https://dl.step.sm/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_arm64.tar.gz)
+    - 📦 [step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_arm64.tar.gz](https://dl.smallstep.com/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_arm64.tar.gz)
 
     #### Windows
 
-    - 📦 [step-ca_windows_{{ .Version }}_arm64.zip](https://dl.step.sm/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_windows_{{ .Version }}_amd64.zip)
+    - 📦 [step-ca_windows_{{ .Version }}_amd64.zip](https://dl.smallstep.com/gh-release/certificates/gh-release-header/{{ .Tag }}/step-ca_windows_{{ .Version }}_amd64.zip)
 
     For more builds across platforms and architectures, see the `Assets` section below.
     And for packaged versions (Docker, k8s, Homebrew), see our [installation docs](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/installation).
@@ -154,9 +165,11 @@ release:
     Below is an example using `cosign` to verify a release artifact:
 
     ```
-    COSIGN_EXPERIMENTAL=1 cosign verify-blob \
+    cosign verify-blob \
       --certificate ~/Downloads/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz.sig.pem \
       --signature ~/Downloads/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz.sig \
+      --certificate-identity-regexp "https://github\.com/smallstep/certificates/.*" \
+      --certificate-oidc-issuer https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com \
       ~/Downloads/step-ca_darwin_{{ .Version }}_amd64.tar.gz
     ```
 
@@ -185,3 +198,41 @@ release:
   #  - glob: ./path/to/file.txt
   #  - glob: ./glob/**/to/**/file/**/*
   #  - glob: ./glob/foo/to/bar/file/foobar/override_from_previous
+
+scoops:
+  -
+    ids: [ default ]
+    # Template for the url which is determined by the given Token (github or gitlab)
+    # Default for github is "https://github.com/<repo_owner>/<repo_name>/releases/download/{{ .Tag }}/{{ .ArtifactName }}"
+    # Default for gitlab is "https://gitlab.com/<repo_owner>/<repo_name>/uploads/{{ .ArtifactUploadHash }}/{{ .ArtifactName }}"
+    # Default for gitea is "https://gitea.com/<repo_owner>/<repo_name>/releases/download/{{ .Tag }}/{{ .ArtifactName }}"
+    url_template: "http://github.com/smallstep/certificates/releases/download/{{ .Tag }}/{{ .ArtifactName }}"
+    # Repository to push the app manifest to.
+    bucket:
+      owner: smallstep
+      name: scoop-bucket
+
+    # Git author used to commit to the repository.
+    # Defaults are shown.
+    commit_author:
+      name: goreleaserbot
+      email: goreleaser@smallstep.com
+
+    # The project name and current git tag are used in the format string.
+    commit_msg_template: "Scoop update for {{ .ProjectName }} version {{ .Tag }}"
+
+    # Your app's homepage.
+    # Default is empty.
+    homepage: "https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca"
+
+    # Skip uploads for prerelease.
+    skip_upload: auto
+
+    # Your app's description.
+    # Default is empty.
+    description: "A private certificate authority (X.509 & SSH) & ACME server for secure automated certificate management, so you can use TLS everywhere & SSO for SSH."
+
+    # Your app's license
+    # Default is empty.
+    license: "Apache-2.0"
+

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -27,6 +27,117 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Improved authentication for ACME requests using kid and provisioner name
+  (smallstep/certificates#1386).
+
+
+## [v0.24.2] - 2023-05-11
+
+### Added
+
+- Log SSH certificates (smallstep/certificates#1374)
+- CRL endpoints on the HTTP server (smallstep/certificates#1372)
+- Dynamic SCEP challenge validation using webhooks (smallstep/certificates#1366)
+- For Docker deployments, added DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_PASSWORD_FILE. Useful for pointing to a Docker Secret in the container (smallstep/certificates#1384)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Depend on [smallstep/go-attestation](https://github.com/smallstep/go-attestation) instead of [google/go-attestation](https://github.com/google/go-attestation)
+- Render CRLs into http.ResponseWriter instead of memory (smallstep/certificates#1373)
+- Redaction of SCEP static challenge when listing provisioners (smallstep/certificates#1204)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- VaultCAS certificate lifetime (smallstep/certificates#1376)
+
+## [v0.24.1] - 2023-04-14
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Docker image name for HSM support (smallstep/certificates#1348)
+
+## [v0.24.0] - 2023-04-12
+
+### Added
+
+- Add ACME `device-attest-01` support with TPM 2.0
+  (smallstep/certificates#1063).
+- Add support for new Azure SDK, sovereign clouds, and HSM keys on Azure KMS
+  (smallstep/crypto#192, smallstep/crypto#197, smallstep/crypto#198,
+  smallstep/certificates#1323, smallstep/certificates#1309).
+- Add support for ASN.1 functions on certificate templates
+  (smallstep/crypto#208, smallstep/certificates#1345)
+- Add `DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_ADDRESS` to configure the address to use in a docker
+  container (smallstep/certificates#1262).
+- Make sure that the CSR used matches the attested key when using AME
+  `device-attest-01` challenge (smallstep/certificates#1265).
+- Add support for compacting the Badger DB (smallstep/certificates#1298).
+- Build and release cleanups (smallstep/certificates#1322,
+  smallstep/certificates#1329, smallstep/certificates#1340).
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix support for PKCS #7 RSA-OAEP decryption through
+  [smallstep/pkcs7#4](https://github.com/smallstep/pkcs7/pull/4), as used in
+  SCEP.
+- Fix RA installation using `scripts/install-step-ra.sh`
+  (smallstep/certificates#1255).
+- Clarify error messages on policy errors (smallstep/certificates#1287,
+  smallstep/certificates#1278).
+- Clarify error message on OIDC email validation (smallstep/certificates#1290).
+- Mark the IDP critical in the generated CRL data (smallstep/certificates#1293).
+- Disable database if CA is initialized with the `--no-db` flag
+  (smallstep/certificates#1294).
+
+## [v0.23.2] - 2023-02-02
+
+### Added
+
+- Added [`step-kms-plugin`](https://github.com/smallstep/step-kms-plugin) to
+  docker images, and a new image, `smallstep/step-ca-hsm`, compiled with cgo
+  (smallstep/certificates#1243).
+- Added [`scoop`](https://scoop.sh) packages back to the release
+  (smallstep/certificates#1250).
+- Added optional flag `--pidfile` which allows passing a filename where step-ca
+  will write its process id (smallstep/certificates#1251).
+- Added helpful message on CA startup when config can't be opened
+  (smallstep/certificates#1252).
+- Improved validation and error messages on `device-attest-01` orders
+  (smallstep/certificates#1235).
+
+### Removed
+
+- The deprecated CLI utils `step-awskms-init`, `step-cloudkms-init`,
+  `step-pkcs11-init`, `step-yubikey-init` have been removed.
+  [`step`](https://github.com/smallstep/cli) and
+  [`step-kms-plugin`](https://github.com/smallstep/step-kms-plugin) should be
+  used instead (smallstep/certificates#1240).
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed remote management flags in docker images (smallstep/certificates#1228).
+
+## [v0.23.1] - 2023-01-10
+
+### Added
+
+- Added configuration property `.crl.idpURL`  to be able to set a custom Issuing
+  Distribution Point in the CRL (smallstep/certificates#1178).
+- Added WithContext methods to the CA client (smallstep/certificates#1211).
+- Docker: Added environment variables for enabling Remote Management and ACME
+  provisioner (smallstep/certificates#1201).
+- Docker: The entrypoint script now generates and displays an initial JWK
+  provisioner password by default when the CA is being initialized
+  (smallstep/certificates#1223).
+
+### Changed
+
+- Ignore SSH principals validation when using an OIDC provisioner. The
+  provisioner will ignore the principals passed and set the defaults or the ones
+  including using WebHooks or templates (smallstep/certificates#1206).
+
 ## [v0.23.0] - 2022-11-11
 
 ### Added

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ sudo yum install pcsc-lite-devel
 To build `step-ca`, clone this repository and run the following:
 
 ```shell
-make bootstrap && make build GOFLAGS=""
+make bootstrap && make build GO_ENVS="CGO_ENABLED=1"
 ```
 
 When the build is complete, you will find binaries in `bin/`.

Makefile

@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
 PKG?=github.com/smallstep/certificates/cmd/step-ca
 BINNAME?=step-ca
-CLOUDKMS_BINNAME?=step-cloudkms-init
-CLOUDKMS_PKG?=github.com/smallstep/certificates/cmd/step-cloudkms-init
-AWSKMS_BINNAME?=step-awskms-init
-AWSKMS_PKG?=github.com/smallstep/certificates/cmd/step-awskms-init
-YUBIKEY_BINNAME?=step-yubikey-init
-YUBIKEY_PKG?=github.com/smallstep/certificates/cmd/step-yubikey-init
-PKCS11_BINNAME?=step-pkcs11-init
-PKCS11_PKG?=github.com/smallstep/certificates/cmd/step-pkcs11-init
 
 # Set V to 1 for verbose output from the Makefile
 Q=$(if $V,,@)
 PREFIX?=
 SRC=$(shell find . -type f -name '*.go' -not -path "./vendor/*")
 GOOS_OVERRIDE ?=
-OUTPUT_ROOT=output/
-RELEASE=./.releases
 
 all: lint test build
 
@@ -31,6 +21,8 @@ bootstra%:
 	$Q curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s -- -b $$(go env GOPATH)/bin latest
 	$Q go install golang.org/x/vuln/cmd/govulncheck@latest
 	$Q go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@latest
+	$Q go install github.com/goreleaser/goreleaser@latest
+	$Q go install github.com/sigstore/cosign/v2/cmd/cosign@latest
 
 .PHONY: bootstra%
 
@@ -38,17 +30,8 @@ bootstra%:
 # Determine the type of `push` and `version`
 #################################################
 
-# If TRAVIS_TAG is set then we know this ref has been tagged.
-ifdef TRAVIS_TAG
-VERSION ?= $(TRAVIS_TAG)
-NOT_RC  := $(shell echo $(VERSION) | grep -v -e -rc)
-	ifeq ($(NOT_RC),)
-PUSHTYPE := release-candidate
-	else
-PUSHTYPE := release
-	endif
 # GITHUB Actions
-else ifdef GITHUB_REF
+ifdef GITHUB_REF
 VERSION ?= $(shell echo $(GITHUB_REF) | sed 's/^refs\/tags\///')
 NOT_RC  := $(shell echo $(VERSION) | grep -v -e -rc)
 	ifeq ($(NOT_RC),)
@@ -61,21 +44,14 @@ VERSION ?= $(shell [ -d .git ] && git describe --tags --always --dirty="-dev")
 # If we are not in an active git dir then try reading the version from .VERSION.
 # .VERSION contains a slug populated by `git archive`.
 VERSION := $(or $(VERSION),$(shell ./.version.sh .VERSION))
-	ifeq ($(TRAVIS_BRANCH),master)
-PUSHTYPE := master
-	else
 PUSHTYPE := branch
-	endif
 endif
 
 VERSION := $(shell echo $(VERSION) | sed 's/^v//')
-DEB_VERSION := $(shell echo $(VERSION) | sed 's/-/./g')
 
 ifdef V
-$(info    TRAVIS_TAG is $(TRAVIS_TAG))
 $(info    GITHUB_REF is $(GITHUB_REF))
 $(info    VERSION is $(VERSION))
-$(info    DEB_VERSION is $(DEB_VERSION))
 $(info    PUSHTYPE is $(PUSHTYPE))
 endif
 
@@ -85,33 +61,33 @@ endif
 
 DATE    := $(shell date -u '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M UTC')
 LDFLAGS := -ldflags='-w -X "main.Version=$(VERSION)" -X "main.BuildTime=$(DATE)"'
-GOFLAGS := CGO_ENABLED=0
+
+# Always explicitly enable or disable cgo,
+# so that go doesn't silently fall back on
+# non-cgo when gcc is not found.
+ifeq (,$(findstring CGO_ENABLED,$(GO_ENVS)))
+	ifneq ($(origin GOFLAGS),undefined)
+		# This section is for backward compatibility with 
+		# 
+		# $ make build GOFLAGS=""
+		#
+		# which is how we recommended building step-ca with cgo support
+		# until June 2023.
+		GO_ENVS := $(GO_ENVS) CGO_ENABLED=1
+	else
+		GO_ENVS := $(GO_ENVS) CGO_ENABLED=0
+	endif
+endif
 
 download:
 	$Q go mod download
 
-build: $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(YUBIKEY_BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(PKCS11_BINNAME)
+build: $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME)
 	@echo "Build Complete!"
 
 $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME): download $(call rwildcard,*.go)
 	$Q mkdir -p $(@D)
-	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) $(GOFLAGS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(PKG)
+	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) GOFLAGS="$(GOFLAGS)" $(GO_ENVS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(PKG)
-
-$(PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME): download $(call rwildcard,*.go)
-	$Q mkdir -p $(@D)
-	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) $(GOFLAGS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(CLOUDKMS_PKG)
-
-$(PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME): download $(call rwildcard,*.go)
-	$Q mkdir -p $(@D)
-	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) $(GOFLAGS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(AWSKMS_PKG)
-
-$(PREFIX)bin/$(YUBIKEY_BINNAME): download $(call rwildcard,*.go)
-	$Q mkdir -p $(@D)
-	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) $(GOFLAGS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(YUBIKEY_BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(YUBIKEY_PKG)
-
-$(PREFIX)bin/$(PKCS11_BINNAME): download $(call rwildcard,*.go)
-	$Q mkdir -p $(@D)
-	$Q $(GOOS_OVERRIDE) $(GOFLAGS) go build -v -o $(PREFIX)bin/$(PKCS11_BINNAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(PKCS11_PKG)
 
 # Target to force a build of step-ca without running tests
 simple: build
@@ -130,19 +106,26 @@ generate:
 #########################################
 # Test
 #########################################
-test:
+test: testdefault testtpmsimulator combinecoverage
-	$Q $(GOFLAGS) gotestsum -- -coverprofile=coverage.out -short -covermode=atomic ./...
 
+testdefault:
+	$Q $(GO_ENVS) gotestsum -- -coverprofile=defaultcoverage.out -short -covermode=atomic ./...
+
+testtpmsimulator:
+	$Q CGO_ENABLED=1 gotestsum -- -coverprofile=tpmsimulatorcoverage.out -short -covermode=atomic -tags tpmsimulator ./acme 
 
 testcgo:
 	$Q gotestsum -- -coverprofile=coverage.out -short -covermode=atomic ./...
 
-.PHONY: test testcgo
+combinecoverage:
+	cat defaultcoverage.out tpmsimulatorcoverage.out > coverage.out
+
+.PHONY: test testdefault testtpmsimulator testcgo combinecoverage
 
 integrate: integration
 
 integration: bin/$(BINNAME)
-	$Q $(GOFLAGS) gotestsum -- -tags=integration ./integration/...
+	$Q $(GO_ENVS) gotestsum -- -tags=integration ./integration/...
 
 .PHONY: integrate integration
 
@@ -166,15 +149,11 @@ lint:
 
 INSTALL_PREFIX?=/usr/
 
-install: $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME) $(PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME)
+install: $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME)
 	$Q install -D $(PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)bin/$(BINNAME)
-	$Q install -D $(PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME)
-	$Q install -D $(PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME)
 
 uninstall:
 	$Q rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)/bin/$(BINNAME)
-	$Q rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)/bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME)
-	$Q rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(INSTALL_PREFIX)/bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME)
 
 .PHONY: install uninstall
 
@@ -186,18 +165,6 @@ clean:
 ifneq ($(BINNAME),"")
 	$Q rm -f bin/$(BINNAME)
 endif
-ifneq ($(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME),"")
-	$Q rm -f bin/$(CLOUDKMS_BINNAME)
-endif
-ifneq ($(AWSKMS_BINNAME),"")
-	$Q rm -f bin/$(AWSKMS_BINNAME)
-endif
-ifneq ($(YUBIKEY_BINNAME),"")
-	$Q rm -f bin/$(YUBIKEY_BINNAME)
-endif
-ifneq ($(PKCS11_BINNAME),"")
-	$Q rm -f bin/$(PKCS11_BINNAME)
-endif
 
 .PHONY: clean
 
@@ -210,23 +177,3 @@ run:
 
 .PHONY: run
 
-#########################################
-# Debian
-#########################################
-
-changelog:
-	$Q echo "step-ca ($(DEB_VERSION)) unstable; urgency=medium" > debian/changelog
-	$Q echo >> debian/changelog
-	$Q echo "  * See https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/releases" >> debian/changelog
-	$Q echo >> debian/changelog
-	$Q echo " -- Smallstep Labs, Inc. <techadmin@smallstep.com>  $(shell date -uR)" >> debian/changelog
-
-debian: changelog
-	$Q mkdir -p $(RELEASE); \
-	OUTPUT=../step-ca*.deb; \
-	rm $$OUTPUT; \
-	dpkg-buildpackage -b -rfakeroot -us -uc && cp $$OUTPUT $(RELEASE)/
-
-distclean: clean
-
-.PHONY: changelog debian distclean

README.md

@@ -119,18 +119,12 @@ See our installation docs [here](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/installation
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Documentation can be found in a handful of different places:
+* [Official documentation](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca) is on smallstep.com
-
+* The `step` command reference is available via `step help`,
-1. On the web at https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca.
+[on smallstep.com](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-cli/reference/),
-
+or by running `step help --http=:8080` from the command line
-2. On the command line with `step help ca xxx` where `xxx` is the subcommand
-you are interested in. Ex: `step help ca provisioner list`.
-
-3. In your browser, by running `step help --http=:8080 ca` from the command line
 and visiting http://localhost:8080.
 
-4. The [docs](./docs/README.md) folder is being deprecated, but it still has some documentation and tutorials.
-
 ## Feedback?
 
 * Tell us what you like and don't like about managing your PKI - we're eager to help solve problems in this space.

acme/account.go

@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ type Account struct {
 	Status                 Status           `json:"status"`
 	OrdersURL              string           `json:"orders"`
 	ExternalAccountBinding interface{}      `json:"externalAccountBinding,omitempty"`
+	LocationPrefix         string           `json:"-"`
+	ProvisionerName        string           `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// GetLocation returns the URL location of the given account.
+func (a *Account) GetLocation() string {
+	if a.LocationPrefix == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.LocationPrefix + a.ID
 }
 
 // ToLog enables response logging.
@@ -72,6 +82,7 @@ func (p *Policy) GetAllowedNameOptions() *policy.X509NameOptions {
 		IPRanges:   p.X509.Allowed.IPRanges,
 	}
 }
+
 func (p *Policy) GetDeniedNameOptions() *policy.X509NameOptions {
 	if p == nil {
 		return nil

acme/account_test.go

@@ -66,6 +66,23 @@ func TestKeyToID(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAccount_GetLocation(t *testing.T) {
+	locationPrefix := "https://test.ca.smallstep.com/acme/foo/account/"
+	type test struct {
+		acc *Account
+		exp string
+	}
+	tests := map[string]test{
+		"empty":     {acc: &Account{LocationPrefix: ""}, exp: ""},
+		"not-empty": {acc: &Account{ID: "bar", LocationPrefix: locationPrefix}, exp: locationPrefix + "bar"},
+	}
+	for name, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equals(t, tc.acc.GetLocation(), tc.exp)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAccount_IsValid(t *testing.T) {
 	type test struct {
 		acc *Account
@@ -135,7 +152,6 @@ func TestExternalAccountKey_BindTo(t *testing.T) {
 				if assert.True(t, errors.As(err, &ae)) {
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tt.err.Type)
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tt.err.Detail)
-					assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tt.err.Identifier)
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tt.err.Subproblems)
 				}
 			} else {

acme/api/account.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package api
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
@@ -67,6 +68,12 @@ func (u *UpdateAccountRequest) Validate() error {
 	}
 }
 
+// getAccountLocationPath returns the current account URL location.
+// Returned location will be of the form: https://<ca-url>/acme/<provisioner>/account/<accID>
+func getAccountLocationPath(ctx context.Context, linker acme.Linker, accID string) string {
+	return linker.GetLink(ctx, acme.AccountLinkType, accID)
+}
+
 // NewAccount is the handler resource for creating new ACME accounts.
 func NewAccount(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	ctx := r.Context()
@@ -125,9 +132,11 @@ func NewAccount(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		}
 
 		acc = &acme.Account{
-			Key:     jwk,
+			Key:             jwk,
-			Contact: nar.Contact,
+			Contact:         nar.Contact,
-			Status:  acme.StatusValid,
+			Status:          acme.StatusValid,
+			LocationPrefix:  getAccountLocationPath(ctx, linker, ""),
+			ProvisionerName: prov.GetName(),
 		}
 		if err := db.CreateAccount(ctx, acc); err != nil {
 			render.Error(w, acme.WrapErrorISE(err, "error creating account"))
@@ -152,7 +161,7 @@ func NewAccount(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	linker.LinkAccount(ctx, acc)
 
-	w.Header().Set("Location", linker.GetLink(r.Context(), acme.AccountLinkType, acc.ID))
+	w.Header().Set("Location", getAccountLocationPath(ctx, linker, acc.ID))
 	render.JSONStatus(w, acc, httpStatus)
 }
 

acme/api/account_test.go

@@ -34,31 +34,24 @@ var (
 
 type fakeProvisioner struct{}
 
-func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeOrderIdentifier(ctx context.Context, identifier provisioner.ACMEIdentifier) error {
+func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeOrderIdentifier(context.Context, provisioner.ACMEIdentifier) error {
 	return nil
 }
-
+func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeSign(context.Context, string) ([]provisioner.SignOption, error) {
-func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]provisioner.SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
-
+func (*fakeProvisioner) IsChallengeEnabled(context.Context, provisioner.ACMEChallenge) bool {
-func (*fakeProvisioner) IsChallengeEnabled(ctx context.Context, challenge provisioner.ACMEChallenge) bool {
 	return true
 }
-
+func (*fakeProvisioner) IsAttestationFormatEnabled(context.Context, provisioner.ACMEAttestationFormat) bool {
-func (*fakeProvisioner) IsAttestationFormatEnabled(ctx context.Context, format provisioner.ACMEAttestationFormat) bool {
 	return true
 }
-
+func (*fakeProvisioner) GetAttestationRoots() (*x509.CertPool, bool)   { return nil, false }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) GetAttestationRoots() (*x509.CertPool, bool) {
+func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeRevoke(context.Context, string) error { return nil }
-	return nil, false
+func (*fakeProvisioner) GetID() string                                 { return "" }
-}
+func (*fakeProvisioner) GetName() string                               { return "" }
-
+func (*fakeProvisioner) DefaultTLSCertDuration() time.Duration         { return 0 }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error { return nil }
+func (*fakeProvisioner) GetOptions() *provisioner.Options              { return nil }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) GetID() string                                           { return "" }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) GetName() string                                         { return "" }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) DefaultTLSCertDuration() time.Duration                   { return 0 }
-func (*fakeProvisioner) GetOptions() *provisioner.Options                        { return nil }
 
 func newProv() acme.Provisioner {
 	// Initialize provisioners
@@ -369,7 +362,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrdersByAccountID(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		tc := run(t)
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil)
+			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil, "")
 			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", u, nil)
 			req = req.WithContext(ctx)
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -388,7 +381,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrdersByAccountID(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -809,7 +801,7 @@ func TestHandler_NewAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		tc := run(t)
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil)
+			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil, "")
 			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/foo/bar", nil)
 			req = req.WithContext(ctx)
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -828,7 +820,6 @@ func TestHandler_NewAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1013,7 +1004,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrUpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		tc := run(t)
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil)
+			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil, "")
 			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/foo/bar", nil)
 			req = req.WithContext(ctx)
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -1032,7 +1023,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrUpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {

acme/api/eab_test.go

@@ -866,7 +866,6 @@ func TestHandler_validateExternalAccountBinding(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Status, tc.err.Status)
 					assert.HasPrefix(t, ae.Err.Error(), tc.err.Err.Error())
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-					assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 					assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				}
 			} else {
@@ -1145,7 +1144,6 @@ func Test_validateEABJWS(t *testing.T) {
 				assert.Equals(t, tc.err.Status, err.Status)
 				assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Err.Error(), tc.err.Err.Error())
 				assert.Equals(t, tc.err.Detail, err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, tc.err.Identifier, err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, tc.err.Subproblems, err.Subproblems)
 			} else {
 				assert.Nil(t, err)

acme/api/handler.go

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (h *handler) Route(r api.Router) {
 			if ca, ok := h.opts.CA.(*authority.Authority); ok && ca != nil {
 				ctx = authority.NewContext(ctx, ca)
 			}
-			ctx = acme.NewContext(ctx, h.opts.DB, client, linker, h.opts.PrerequisitesChecker)
+			ctx = acme.NewContext(ctx, h.opts.DB, client, linker, h.opts.PrerequisitesChecker, "")
 			next(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
 		}
 	})
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ func shouldAddMetaObject(p *provisioner.ACME) bool {
 
 // NotImplemented returns a 501 and is generally a placeholder for functionality which
 // MAY be added at some point in the future but is not in any way a guarantee of such.
-func NotImplemented(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func NotImplemented(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorNotImplementedType, "this API is not implemented"))
 }
 

acme/api/handler_test.go

@@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetDirectory(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		tc := run(t)
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil)
+			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil, "")
 			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/foo/bar", nil)
 			req = req.WithContext(ctx)
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -366,7 +365,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -509,7 +507,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.HasPrefix(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -749,7 +746,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetChallenge(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		tc := run(t)
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil)
+			ctx := acme.NewContext(tc.ctx, tc.db, nil, acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"), nil, "")
 			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", u, nil)
 			req = req.WithContext(ctx)
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -768,7 +765,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetChallenge(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {

acme/api/middleware.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"path"
 	"strings"
 
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api/render"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/logging"
-	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
 )
 
 type nextHTTP = func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
@@ -293,7 +293,6 @@ func lookupJWK(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		ctx := r.Context()
 		db := acme.MustDatabaseFromContext(ctx)
-		linker := acme.MustLinkerFromContext(ctx)
 
 		jws, err := jwsFromContext(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -301,19 +300,16 @@ func lookupJWK(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 			return
 		}
 
-		kidPrefix := linker.GetLink(ctx, acme.AccountLinkType, "")
 		kid := jws.Signatures[0].Protected.KeyID
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(kid, kidPrefix) {
+		if kid == "" {
-			render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType,
+			render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "signature missing 'kid'"))
-				"kid does not have required prefix; expected %s, but got %s",
-				kidPrefix, kid))
 			return
 		}
 
-		accID := strings.TrimPrefix(kid, kidPrefix)
+		accID := path.Base(kid)
 		acc, err := db.GetAccount(ctx, accID)
 		switch {
-		case nosql.IsErrNotFound(err):
+		case acme.IsErrNotFound(err):
 			render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorAccountDoesNotExistType, "account with ID '%s' not found", accID))
 			return
 		case err != nil:
@@ -324,6 +320,45 @@ func lookupJWK(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 				render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType, "account is not active"))
 				return
 			}
+
+			if storedLocation := acc.GetLocation(); storedLocation != "" {
+				if kid != storedLocation {
+					// ACME accounts should have a stored location equivalent to the
+					// kid in the ACME request.
+					render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType,
+						"kid does not match stored account location; expected %s, but got %s",
+						storedLocation, kid))
+					return
+				}
+
+				// Verify that the provisioner with which the account was created
+				// matches the provisioner in the request URL.
+				reqProv := acme.MustProvisionerFromContext(ctx)
+				reqProvName := reqProv.GetName()
+				accProvName := acc.ProvisionerName
+				if reqProvName != accProvName {
+					// Provisioner in the URL must match the provisioner with
+					// which the account was created.
+					render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType,
+						"account provisioner does not match requested provisioner; account provisioner = %s, requested provisioner = %s",
+						accProvName, reqProvName))
+					return
+				}
+			} else {
+				// This code will only execute for old ACME accounts that do
+				// not have a cached location. The following validation was
+				// the original implementation of the `kid` check which has
+				// since been deprecated. However, the code will remain to
+				// ensure consistent behavior for old ACME accounts.
+				linker := acme.MustLinkerFromContext(ctx)
+				kidPrefix := linker.GetLink(ctx, acme.AccountLinkType, "")
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(kid, kidPrefix) {
+					render.Error(w, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType,
+						"kid does not have required prefix; expected %s, but got %s",
+						kidPrefix, kid))
+					return
+				}
+			}
 			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, accContextKey, acc)
 			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwkContextKey, acc.Key)
 			next(w, r.WithContext(ctx))

acme/api/middleware_test.go

@@ -17,14 +17,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/acme"
-	"github.com/smallstep/nosql/database"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 )
 
 var testBody = []byte("foo")
 
-func testNext(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func testNext(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	w.Write(testBody)
 }
 
@@ -93,7 +92,6 @@ func TestHandler_addNonce(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -147,7 +145,6 @@ func TestHandler_addDirLink(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -252,7 +249,6 @@ func TestHandler_verifyContentType(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -320,7 +316,6 @@ func TestHandler_isPostAsGet(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -332,7 +327,7 @@ func TestHandler_isPostAsGet(t *testing.T) {
 
 type errReader int
 
-func (errReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+func (errReader) Read([]byte) (int, error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("force")
 }
 func (errReader) Close() error {
@@ -410,7 +405,6 @@ func TestHandler_parseJWS(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -606,7 +600,6 @@ func TestHandler_verifyAndExtractJWSPayload(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -684,31 +677,7 @@ func TestHandler_lookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 				linker:     acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"),
 				ctx:        ctx,
 				statusCode: 400,
-				err:        acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "kid does not have required prefix; expected %s, but got ", prefix),
+				err:        acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "signature missing 'kid'"),
-			}
-		},
-		"fail/bad-kid-prefix": func(t *testing.T) test {
-			_so := new(jose.SignerOptions)
-			_so.WithHeader("kid", "foo")
-			_signer, err := jose.NewSigner(jose.SigningKey{
-				Algorithm: jose.SignatureAlgorithm(jwk.Algorithm),
-				Key:       jwk.Key,
-			}, _so)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			_jws, err := _signer.Sign([]byte("baz"))
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			_raw, err := _jws.CompactSerialize()
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			_parsed, err := jose.ParseJWS(_raw)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			ctx := acme.NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), prov)
-			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwsContextKey, _parsed)
-			return test{
-				db:         &acme.MockDB{},
-				linker:     acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"),
-				ctx:        ctx,
-				statusCode: 400,
-				err:        acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "kid does not have required prefix; expected %s, but got foo", prefix),
 			}
 		},
 		"fail/account-not-found": func(t *testing.T) test {
@@ -719,7 +688,7 @@ func TestHandler_lookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 				db: &acme.MockDB{
 					MockGetAccount: func(ctx context.Context, accID string) (*acme.Account, error) {
 						assert.Equals(t, accID, accID)
-						return nil, database.ErrNotFound
+						return nil, acme.ErrNotFound
 					},
 				},
 				ctx:        ctx,
@@ -760,7 +729,77 @@ func TestHandler_lookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 				err:        acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType, "account is not active"),
 			}
 		},
-		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
+		"fail/account-with-location-prefix/bad-kid": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			acc := &acme.Account{LocationPrefix: "foobar", Status: "valid"}
+			ctx := acme.NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), prov)
+			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwsContextKey, parsedJWS)
+			return test{
+				linker: acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"),
+				db: &acme.MockDB{
+					MockGetAccount: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Account, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, id, accID)
+						return acc, nil
+					},
+				},
+				ctx:        ctx,
+				statusCode: http.StatusUnauthorized,
+				err:        acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType, "kid does not match stored account location; expected foobar, but %q", prefix+accID),
+			}
+		},
+		"fail/account-with-location-prefix/bad-provisioner": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			acc := &acme.Account{LocationPrefix: prefix + accID, Status: "valid", Key: jwk, ProvisionerName: "other"}
+			ctx := acme.NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), prov)
+			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwsContextKey, parsedJWS)
+			return test{
+				linker: acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"),
+				db: &acme.MockDB{
+					MockGetAccount: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Account, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, id, accID)
+						return acc, nil
+					},
+				},
+				ctx: ctx,
+				next: func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					_acc, err := accountFromContext(r.Context())
+					assert.FatalError(t, err)
+					assert.Equals(t, _acc, acc)
+					_jwk, err := jwkFromContext(r.Context())
+					assert.FatalError(t, err)
+					assert.Equals(t, _jwk, jwk)
+					w.Write(testBody)
+				},
+				statusCode: http.StatusUnauthorized,
+				err: acme.NewError(acme.ErrorUnauthorizedType,
+					"account provisioner does not match requested provisioner; account provisioner = %s, reqested provisioner = %s",
+					prov.GetName(), "other"),
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/account-with-location-prefix": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			acc := &acme.Account{LocationPrefix: prefix + accID, Status: "valid", Key: jwk, ProvisionerName: prov.GetName()}
+			ctx := acme.NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), prov)
+			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwsContextKey, parsedJWS)
+			return test{
+				linker: acme.NewLinker("test.ca.smallstep.com", "acme"),
+				db: &acme.MockDB{
+					MockGetAccount: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Account, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, id, accID)
+						return acc, nil
+					},
+				},
+				ctx: ctx,
+				next: func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					_acc, err := accountFromContext(r.Context())
+					assert.FatalError(t, err)
+					assert.Equals(t, _acc, acc)
+					_jwk, err := jwkFromContext(r.Context())
+					assert.FatalError(t, err)
+					assert.Equals(t, _jwk, jwk)
+					w.Write(testBody)
+				},
+				statusCode: http.StatusOK,
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/account-without-location-prefix": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			acc := &acme.Account{Status: "valid", Key: jwk}
 			ctx := acme.NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), prov)
 			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, jwsContextKey, parsedJWS)
@@ -808,7 +847,6 @@ func TestHandler_lookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1008,7 +1046,6 @@ func TestHandler_extractJWK(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1384,7 +1421,6 @@ func TestHandler_validateJWS(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1567,7 +1603,6 @@ func TestHandler_extractOrLookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1652,7 +1687,6 @@ func TestHandler_checkPrerequisites(t *testing.T) {
 				assert.FatalError(t, json.Unmarshal(bytes.TrimSpace(body), &ae))
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {

acme/api/order.go

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ func challengeTypes(az *acme.Authorization) []acme.ChallengeType {
 	case acme.IP:
 		chTypes = []acme.ChallengeType{acme.HTTP01, acme.TLSALPN01}
 	case acme.DNS:
-		chTypes = []acme.ChallengeType{acme.DNS01}
+		chTypes = []acme.ChallengeType{acme.DNS01, acme.NNS01}
 		// HTTP and TLS challenges can only be used for identifiers without wildcards.
 		if !az.Wildcard {
 			chTypes = append(chTypes, []acme.ChallengeType{acme.HTTP01, acme.TLSALPN01}...)

acme/api/order_test.go

@@ -486,7 +486,6 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1846,7 +1845,6 @@ func TestHandler_NewOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -2144,7 +2142,6 @@ func TestHandler_FinalizeOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {

acme/api/revoke.go

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func RevokeCert(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 // the identifiers in the certificate are extracted and compared against the (valid) Authorizations
 // that are stored for the ACME Account. If these sets match, the Account is considered authorized
 // to revoke the certificate. If this check fails, the client will receive an unauthorized error.
-func isAccountAuthorized(ctx context.Context, dbCert *acme.Certificate, certToBeRevoked *x509.Certificate, account *acme.Account) *acme.Error {
+func isAccountAuthorized(_ context.Context, dbCert *acme.Certificate, certToBeRevoked *x509.Certificate, account *acme.Account) *acme.Error {
 	if !account.IsValid() {
 		return wrapUnauthorizedError(certToBeRevoked, nil, fmt.Sprintf("account '%s' has status '%s'", account.ID, account.Status), nil)
 	}

acme/api/revoke_test.go

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func jwkEncode(pub crypto.PublicKey) (string, error) {
 // jwsFinal constructs the final JWS object.
 // Implementation taken from github.com/mholt/acmez, which seems to be based on
 // https://github.com/golang/crypto/blob/master/acme/jws.go.
-func jwsFinal(sha crypto.Hash, sig []byte, phead, payload string) ([]byte, error) {
+func jwsFinal(_ crypto.Hash, sig []byte, phead, payload string) ([]byte, error) {
 	enc := struct {
 		Protected string `json:"protected"`
 		Payload   string `json:"payload"`
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ type mockCA struct {
 	MockAreSANsallowed func(ctx context.Context, sans []string) error
 }
 
-func (m *mockCA) Sign(cr *x509.CertificateRequest, opts provisioner.SignOptions, signOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+func (m *mockCA) Sign(*x509.CertificateRequest, provisioner.SignOptions, ...provisioner.SignOption) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -1090,7 +1090,6 @@ func TestHandler_RevokeCert(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Type, tc.err.Type)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-				assert.Equals(t, ae.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 				assert.Equals(t, ae.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 				assert.Equals(t, res.Header["Content-Type"], []string{"application/problem+json"})
 			} else {
@@ -1230,7 +1229,6 @@ func TestHandler_isAccountAuthorized(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Type, tc.err.Type)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Status, tc.err.Status)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Detail, tc.err.Detail)
-			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Identifier, tc.err.Identifier)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Subproblems, tc.err.Subproblems)
 
 		})
@@ -1323,7 +1321,6 @@ func Test_wrapUnauthorizedError(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Type, tc.want.Type)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Status, tc.want.Status)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Detail, tc.want.Detail)
-			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Identifier, tc.want.Identifier)
 			assert.Equals(t, acmeErr.Subproblems, tc.want.Subproblems)
 		})
 	}

acme/authorization.go

@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ import (
 
 // Authorization representst an ACME Authorization.
 type Authorization struct {
-	ID         string       `json:"-"`
+	ID          string       `json:"-"`
-	AccountID  string       `json:"-"`
+	AccountID   string       `json:"-"`
-	Token      string       `json:"-"`
+	Token       string       `json:"-"`
-	Identifier Identifier   `json:"identifier"`
+	Fingerprint string       `json:"-"`
-	Status     Status       `json:"status"`
+	Identifier  Identifier   `json:"identifier"`
-	Challenges []*Challenge `json:"challenges"`
+	Status      Status       `json:"status"`
-	Wildcard   bool         `json:"wildcard"`
+	Challenges  []*Challenge `json:"challenges"`
-	ExpiresAt  time.Time    `json:"expires"`
+	Wildcard    bool         `json:"wildcard"`
-	Error      *Error       `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	ExpiresAt   time.Time    `json:"expires"`
+	Error       *Error       `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // ToLog enables response logging.

acme/challenge.go

@@ -26,9 +26,16 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"github.com/google/go-tpm/tpm2"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/go-attestation/attest"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 )
 
 type ChallengeType string
@@ -42,6 +49,8 @@ const (
 	TLSALPN01 ChallengeType = "tls-alpn-01"
 	// DEVICEATTEST01 is the device-attest-01 ACME challenge type
 	DEVICEATTEST01 ChallengeType = "device-attest-01"
+	// NNS01 is the nns-01 ACME challenge type
+	NNS01 ChallengeType = "nns-01"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -79,10 +88,9 @@ func (ch *Challenge) ToLog() (interface{}, error) {
 	return string(b), nil
 }
 
-// Validate attempts to validate the challenge. Stores changes to the Challenge
+// Validate attempts to validate the Challenge. Stores changes to the Challenge
-// type using the DB interface.
+// type using the DB interface. If the Challenge is validated, the 'status' and
-// satisfactorily validated, the 'status' and 'validated' attributes are
+// 'validated' attributes are updated.
-// updated.
 func (ch *Challenge) Validate(ctx context.Context, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, payload []byte) error {
 	// If already valid or invalid then return without performing validation.
 	if ch.Status != StatusPending {
@@ -97,6 +105,8 @@ func (ch *Challenge) Validate(ctx context.Context, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey,
 		return tlsalpn01Validate(ctx, ch, db, jwk)
 	case DEVICEATTEST01:
 		return deviceAttest01Validate(ctx, ch, db, jwk, payload)
+	case NNS01:
+		return nns01Validate(ctx, ch, db, jwk)
 	default:
 		return NewErrorISE("unexpected challenge type '%s'", ch.Type)
 	}
@@ -335,20 +345,26 @@ func dns01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebK
 	return nil
 }
 
-type Payload struct {
+type payloadType struct {
 	AttObj string `json:"attObj"`
 	Error  string `json:"error"`
 }
 
-type AttestationObject struct {
+type attestationObject struct {
 	Format       string                 `json:"fmt"`
 	AttStatement map[string]interface{} `json:"attStmt,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // TODO(bweeks): move attestation verification to a shared package.
-// TODO(bweeks): define new error type for failed attestation validation.
 func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, payload []byte) error {
-	var p Payload
+	// Load authorization to store the key fingerprint.
+	az, err := db.GetAuthorization(ctx, ch.AuthorizationID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error loading authorization")
+	}
+
+	// Parse payload.
+	var p payloadType
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &p); err != nil {
 		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error unmarshalling JSON")
 	}
@@ -362,7 +378,7 @@ func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose
 		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error base64 decoding attObj")
 	}
 
-	att := AttestationObject{}
+	att := attestationObject{}
 	if err := cbor.Unmarshal(attObj, &att); err != nil {
 		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error unmarshalling CBOR")
 	}
@@ -386,7 +402,6 @@ func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose
 			}
 			return WrapErrorISE(err, "error validating attestation")
 		}
-
 		// Validate nonce with SHA-256 of the token.
 		if len(data.Nonce) != 0 {
 			sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(ch.Token))
@@ -402,6 +417,9 @@ func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose
 		if data.UDID != ch.Value && data.SerialNumber != ch.Value {
 			return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "permanent identifier does not match"))
 		}
+
+		// Update attestation key fingerprint to compare against the CSR
+		az.Fingerprint = data.Fingerprint
 	case "step":
 		data, err := doStepAttestationFormat(ctx, prov, ch, jwk, &att)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -415,13 +433,53 @@ func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose
 			return WrapErrorISE(err, "error validating attestation")
 		}
 
-		// Validate Apple's ClientIdentifier (Identifier.Value) with device
+		// Validate the YubiKey serial number from the attestation
-		// identifiers.
+		// certificate with the challenged Order value.
 		//
 		// Note: We might want to use an external service for this.
 		if data.SerialNumber != ch.Value {
-			return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "permanent identifier does not match"))
+			subproblem := NewSubproblemWithIdentifier(
+				ErrorMalformedType,
+				Identifier{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: ch.Value},
+				"challenge identifier %q doesn't match the attested hardware identifier %q", ch.Value, data.SerialNumber,
+			)
+			return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "permanent identifier does not match").AddSubproblems(subproblem))
 		}
+
+		// Update attestation key fingerprint to compare against the CSR
+		az.Fingerprint = data.Fingerprint
+
+	case "tpm":
+		data, err := doTPMAttestationFormat(ctx, prov, ch, jwk, &att)
+		if err != nil {
+			// TODO(hs): we should provide more details in the error reported to the client;
+			// "Attestation statement cannot be verified" is VERY generic. Also holds true for the other formats.
+			var acmeError *Error
+			if errors.As(err, &acmeError) {
+				if acmeError.Status == 500 {
+					return acmeError
+				}
+				return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, acmeError)
+			}
+			return WrapErrorISE(err, "error validating attestation")
+		}
+
+		// TODO(hs): currently this will allow a request for which no PermanentIdentifiers have been
+		// extracted from the AK certificate. This is currently the case for AK certs from the CLI, as we
+		// haven't implemented a way for AK certs requested by the CLI to always contain the requested
+		// PermanentIdentifier. Omitting the check below doesn't allow just any request, as the Order can
+		// still fail if the challenge value isn't equal to the CSR subject.
+		if len(data.PermanentIdentifiers) > 0 && !slices.Contains(data.PermanentIdentifiers, ch.Value) { // TODO(hs): add support for HardwareModuleName
+			subproblem := NewSubproblemWithIdentifier(
+				ErrorMalformedType,
+				Identifier{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: ch.Value},
+				"challenge identifier %q doesn't match any of the attested hardware identifiers %q", ch.Value, data.PermanentIdentifiers,
+			)
+			return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorRejectedIdentifierType, "permanent identifier does not match").AddSubproblems(subproblem))
+		}
+
+		// Update attestation key fingerprint to compare against the CSR
+		az.Fingerprint = data.Fingerprint
 	default:
 		return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "unexpected attestation object format"))
 	}
@@ -431,12 +489,362 @@ func deviceAttest01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose
 	ch.Error = nil
 	ch.ValidatedAt = clock.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
 
+	// Store the fingerprint in the authorization.
+	//
+	// TODO: add method to update authorization and challenge atomically.
+	if az.Fingerprint != "" {
+		if err := db.UpdateAuthorization(ctx, az); err != nil {
+			return WrapErrorISE(err, "error updating authorization")
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := db.UpdateChallenge(ctx, ch); err != nil {
 		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error updating challenge")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+func nns01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey) error {
+	domain := strings.TrimPrefix(ch.Value, "*.")
+
+	nnsCtx, ok := GetNNSContext(ctx)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("error retrieving NNS context")
+	}
+
+	nns := NNS{}
+	err := nns.Dial(nnsCtx.nnsServer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer nns.Close()
+
+	txtRecords, err := nns.GetTXTRecords("acme-challenge." + domain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return storeError(ctx, db, ch, false, WrapError(ErrorNNSType, err,
+			"error looking up TXT records for domain %s", domain))
+	}
+
+	expectedKeyAuth, err := KeyAuthorization(ch.Token, jwk)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := sha256.Sum256([]byte(expectedKeyAuth))
+	expected := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(h[:])
+	var found bool
+	for _, r := range txtRecords {
+		if r == expected {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return storeError(ctx, db, ch, false, NewError(ErrorRejectedIdentifierType,
+			"keyAuthorization does not match; expected %s, but got %s", expectedKeyAuth, txtRecords))
+	}
+
+	// Update and store the challenge.
+	ch.Status = StatusValid
+	ch.Error = nil
+	ch.ValidatedAt = clock.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+
+	if err = db.UpdateChallenge(ctx, ch); err != nil {
+		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error updating challenge")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var (
+	oidSubjectAlternativeName = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{2, 5, 29, 17}
+)
+
+type tpmAttestationData struct {
+	Certificate          *x509.Certificate
+	VerifiedChains       [][]*x509.Certificate
+	PermanentIdentifiers []string
+	Fingerprint          string
+}
+
+// coseAlgorithmIdentifier models a COSEAlgorithmIdentifier.
+// Also see https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-2/#sctn-alg-identifier.
+type coseAlgorithmIdentifier int32
+
+const (
+	coseAlgES256 coseAlgorithmIdentifier = -7
+	coseAlgRS256 coseAlgorithmIdentifier = -257
+)
+
+func doTPMAttestationFormat(_ context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challenge, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, att *attestationObject) (*tpmAttestationData, error) {
+	ver, ok := att.AttStatement["ver"].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "ver not present")
+	}
+	if ver != "2.0" {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "version %q is not supported", ver)
+	}
+
+	x5c, ok := att.AttStatement["x5c"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "x5c not present")
+	}
+	if len(x5c) == 0 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "x5c is empty")
+	}
+
+	akCertBytes, ok := x5c[0].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "x5c is malformed")
+	}
+	akCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(akCertBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "x5c is malformed")
+	}
+
+	intermediates := x509.NewCertPool()
+	for _, v := range x5c[1:] {
+		intCertBytes, vok := v.([]byte)
+		if !vok {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "x5c is malformed")
+		}
+		intCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(intCertBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "x5c is malformed")
+		}
+		intermediates.AddCert(intCert)
+	}
+
+	// TODO(hs): this can be removed when permanent-identifier/hardware-module-name are handled correctly in
+	// the stdlib in https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/refs/tags/go1.19:src/crypto/x509/parser.go;drc=b5b2cf519fe332891c165077f3723ee74932a647;l=362,
+	// but I doubt that will happen.
+	if len(akCert.UnhandledCriticalExtensions) > 0 {
+		unhandledCriticalExtensions := akCert.UnhandledCriticalExtensions[:0]
+		for _, extOID := range akCert.UnhandledCriticalExtensions {
+			if !extOID.Equal(oidSubjectAlternativeName) {
+				// critical extensions other than the Subject Alternative Name remain unhandled
+				unhandledCriticalExtensions = append(unhandledCriticalExtensions, extOID)
+			}
+		}
+		akCert.UnhandledCriticalExtensions = unhandledCriticalExtensions
+	}
+
+	roots, ok := prov.GetAttestationRoots()
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewErrorISE("no root CA bundle available to verify the attestation certificate")
+	}
+
+	// verify that the AK certificate was signed by a trusted root,
+	// chained to by the intermediates provided by the client. As part
+	// of building the verified certificate chain, the signature over the
+	// AK certificate is checked to be a valid signature of one of the
+	// provided intermediates. Signatures over the intermediates are in
+	// turn also verified to be valid signatures from one of the trusted
+	// roots.
+	verifiedChains, err := akCert.Verify(x509.VerifyOptions{
+		Roots:         roots,
+		Intermediates: intermediates,
+		CurrentTime:   time.Now().Truncate(time.Second),
+		KeyUsages:     []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageAny},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "x5c is not valid")
+	}
+
+	// validate additional AK certificate requirements
+	if err := validateAKCertificate(akCert); err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "AK certificate is not valid")
+	}
+
+	// TODO(hs): implement revocation check; Verify() doesn't perform CRL check nor OCSP lookup.
+
+	sans, err := x509util.ParseSubjectAlternativeNames(akCert)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "failed parsing AK certificate Subject Alternative Names")
+	}
+
+	permanentIdentifiers := make([]string, len(sans.PermanentIdentifiers))
+	for i, pi := range sans.PermanentIdentifiers {
+		permanentIdentifiers[i] = pi.Identifier
+	}
+
+	// extract and validate pubArea, sig, certInfo and alg properties from the request body
+	pubArea, ok := att.AttStatement["pubArea"].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "invalid pubArea in attestation statement")
+	}
+	if len(pubArea) == 0 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "pubArea is empty")
+	}
+
+	sig, ok := att.AttStatement["sig"].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "invalid sig in attestation statement")
+	}
+	if len(sig) == 0 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "sig is empty")
+	}
+
+	certInfo, ok := att.AttStatement["certInfo"].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "invalid certInfo in attestation statement")
+	}
+	if len(certInfo) == 0 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "certInfo is empty")
+	}
+
+	alg, ok := att.AttStatement["alg"].(int64)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "invalid alg in attestation statement")
+	}
+
+	// only RS256 and ES256 are allowed
+	coseAlg := coseAlgorithmIdentifier(alg)
+	if coseAlg != coseAlgRS256 && coseAlg != coseAlgES256 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "invalid alg %d in attestation statement", alg)
+	}
+
+	// set the hash algorithm to use to SHA256
+	hash := crypto.SHA256
+
+	// recreate the generated key certification parameter values and verify
+	// the attested key using the public key of the AK.
+	certificationParameters := &attest.CertificationParameters{
+		Public:            pubArea,  // the public key that was attested
+		CreateAttestation: certInfo, // the attested properties of the key
+		CreateSignature:   sig,      // signature over the attested properties
+	}
+	verifyOpts := attest.VerifyOpts{
+		Public: akCert.PublicKey, // public key of the AK that attested the key
+		Hash:   hash,
+	}
+	if err = certificationParameters.Verify(verifyOpts); err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "invalid certification parameters")
+	}
+
+	// decode the "certInfo" data. This won't fail, as it's also done as part of Verify().
+	tpmCertInfo, err := tpm2.DecodeAttestationData(certInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "failed decoding attestation data")
+	}
+
+	keyAuth, err := KeyAuthorization(ch.Token, jwk)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "failed creating key auth digest")
+	}
+	hashedKeyAuth := sha256.Sum256([]byte(keyAuth))
+
+	// verify the WebAuthn object contains the expect key authorization digest, which is carried
+	// within the encoded `certInfo` property of the attestation statement.
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(hashedKeyAuth[:], []byte(tpmCertInfo.ExtraData)) == 0 {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, "key authorization does not match")
+	}
+
+	// decode the (attested) public key and determine its fingerprint.  This won't fail, as it's also done as part of Verify().
+	pub, err := tpm2.DecodePublic(pubArea)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "failed decoding pubArea")
+	}
+
+	publicKey, err := pub.Key()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, err, "failed getting public key")
+	}
+
+	data := &tpmAttestationData{
+		Certificate:          akCert,
+		VerifiedChains:       verifiedChains,
+		PermanentIdentifiers: permanentIdentifiers,
+	}
+
+	if data.Fingerprint, err = keyutil.Fingerprint(publicKey); err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapErrorISE(err, "error calculating key fingerprint")
+	}
+
+	// TODO(hs): pass more attestation data, so that that can be used/recorded too?
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	oidExtensionExtendedKeyUsage = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{2, 5, 29, 37}
+	oidTCGKpAIKCertificate       = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{2, 23, 133, 8, 3}
+)
+
+// validateAKCertifiate validates the X.509 AK certificate to be
+// in accordance with the required properties. The requirements come from:
+// https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-2/#sctn-tpm-cert-requirements.
+//
+//   - Version MUST be set to 3.
+//   - Subject field MUST be set to empty.
+//   - The Subject Alternative Name extension MUST be set as defined
+//     in [TPMv2-EK-Profile] section 3.2.9.
+//   - The Extended Key Usage extension MUST contain the OID 2.23.133.8.3
+//     ("joint-iso-itu-t(2) internationalorganizations(23) 133 tcg-kp(8) tcg-kp-AIKCertificate(3)").
+//   - The Basic Constraints extension MUST have the CA component set to false.
+//   - An Authority Information Access (AIA) extension with entry id-ad-ocsp
+//     and a CRL Distribution Point extension [RFC5280] are both OPTIONAL as
+//     the status of many attestation certificates is available through metadata
+//     services. See, for example, the FIDO Metadata Service.
+func validateAKCertificate(c *x509.Certificate) error {
+	if c.Version != 3 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("AK certificate has invalid version %d; only version 3 is allowed", c.Version)
+	}
+	if c.Subject.String() != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("AK certificate subject must be empty; got %q", c.Subject)
+	}
+	if c.IsCA {
+		return errors.New("AK certificate must not be a CA")
+	}
+	if err := validateAKCertificateExtendedKeyUsage(c); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return validateAKCertificateSubjectAlternativeNames(c)
+}
+
+// validateAKCertificateSubjectAlternativeNames checks if the AK certificate
+// has TPM hardware details set.
+func validateAKCertificateSubjectAlternativeNames(c *x509.Certificate) error {
+	sans, err := x509util.ParseSubjectAlternativeNames(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing AK certificate Subject Alternative Names: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	details := sans.TPMHardwareDetails
+	manufacturer, model, version := details.Manufacturer, details.Model, details.Version
+
+	switch {
+	case manufacturer == "":
+		return errors.New("missing TPM manufacturer")
+	case model == "":
+		return errors.New("missing TPM model")
+	case version == "":
+		return errors.New("missing TPM version")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateAKCertificateExtendedKeyUsage checks if the AK certificate
+// has the "tcg-kp-AIKCertificate" Extended Key Usage set.
+func validateAKCertificateExtendedKeyUsage(c *x509.Certificate) error {
+	var (
+		valid = false
+		ekus  []asn1.ObjectIdentifier
+	)
+	for _, ext := range c.Extensions {
+		if ext.Id.Equal(oidExtensionExtendedKeyUsage) {
+			if _, err := asn1.Unmarshal(ext.Value, &ekus); err != nil || !ekus[0].Equal(oidTCGKpAIKCertificate) {
+				return errors.New("AK certificate is missing Extended Key Usage value tcg-kp-AIKCertificate (2.23.133.8.3)")
+			}
+			valid = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !valid {
+		return errors.New("AK certificate is missing Extended Key Usage extension")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Apple Enterprise Attestation Root CA from
 // https://www.apple.com/certificateauthority/private/
 const appleEnterpriseAttestationRootCA = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
@@ -467,9 +875,10 @@ type appleAttestationData struct {
 	UDID         string
 	SEPVersion   string
 	Certificate  *x509.Certificate
+	Fingerprint  string
 }
 
-func doAppleAttestationFormat(ctx context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challenge, att *AttestationObject) (*appleAttestationData, error) {
+func doAppleAttestationFormat(_ context.Context, prov Provisioner, _ *Challenge, att *attestationObject) (*appleAttestationData, error) {
 	// Use configured or default attestation roots if none is configured.
 	roots, ok := prov.GetAttestationRoots()
 	if !ok {
@@ -523,6 +932,9 @@ func doAppleAttestationFormat(ctx context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challen
 	data := &appleAttestationData{
 		Certificate: leaf,
 	}
+	if data.Fingerprint, err = keyutil.Fingerprint(leaf.PublicKey); err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapErrorISE(err, "error calculating key fingerprint")
+	}
 	for _, ext := range leaf.Extensions {
 		switch {
 		case ext.Id.Equal(oidAppleSerialNumber):
@@ -568,9 +980,10 @@ var oidYubicoSerialNumber = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 41482, 3, 7}
 type stepAttestationData struct {
 	Certificate  *x509.Certificate
 	SerialNumber string
+	Fingerprint  string
 }
 
-func doStepAttestationFormat(ctx context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challenge, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, att *AttestationObject) (*stepAttestationData, error) {
+func doStepAttestationFormat(_ context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challenge, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, att *attestationObject) (*stepAttestationData, error) {
 	// Use configured or default attestation roots if none is configured.
 	roots, ok := prov.GetAttestationRoots()
 	if !ok {
@@ -663,6 +1076,9 @@ func doStepAttestationFormat(ctx context.Context, prov Provisioner, ch *Challeng
 	data := &stepAttestationData{
 		Certificate: leaf,
 	}
+	if data.Fingerprint, err = keyutil.Fingerprint(leaf.PublicKey); err != nil {
+		return nil, WrapErrorISE(err, "error calculating key fingerprint")
+	}
 	for _, ext := range leaf.Extensions {
 		if !ext.Id.Equal(oidYubicoSerialNumber) {
 			continue
@@ -726,10 +1142,10 @@ func uitoa(val uint) string {
 	var buf [20]byte // big enough for 64bit value base 10
 	i := len(buf) - 1
 	for val >= 10 {
-		q := val / 10
+		v := val / 10
-		buf[i] = byte('0' + val - q*10)
+		buf[i] = byte('0' + val - v*10)
 		i--
-		val = q
+		val = v
 	}
 	// val < 10
 	buf[i] = byte('0' + val)

acme/challenge_tpmsimulator_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+//go:build tpmsimulator
+// +build tpmsimulator
+
+package acme
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/go-attestation/attest"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/minica"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/tpm"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/tpm/simulator"
+	tpmstorage "go.step.sm/crypto/tpm/storage"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+)
+
+func newSimulatedTPM(t *testing.T) *tpm.TPM {
+	t.Helper()
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	tpm, err := tpm.New(withSimulator(t), tpm.WithStore(tpmstorage.NewDirstore(tmpDir))) // TODO: provide in-memory storage implementation instead
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return tpm
+}
+
+func withSimulator(t *testing.T) tpm.NewTPMOption {
+	t.Helper()
+	var sim simulator.Simulator
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if sim == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		err := sim.Close()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+	sim, err := simulator.New()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = sim.Open()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return tpm.WithSimulator(sim)
+}
+
+func generateKeyID(t *testing.T, pub crypto.PublicKey) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(pub)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	hash := sha256.Sum256(b)
+	return hash[:]
+}
+
+func mustAttestTPM(t *testing.T, keyAuthorization string, permanentIdentifiers []string) ([]byte, crypto.Signer, *x509.Certificate) {
+	t.Helper()
+	aca, err := minica.New(
+		minica.WithName("TPM Testing"),
+		minica.WithGetSignerFunc(
+			func() (crypto.Signer, error) {
+				return keyutil.GenerateSigner("RSA", "", 2048)
+			},
+		),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// prepare simulated TPM and create an AK
+	stpm := newSimulatedTPM(t)
+	eks, err := stpm.GetEKs(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ak, err := stpm.CreateAK(context.Background(), "first-ak")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, ak)
+
+	// extract the AK public key // TODO(hs): replace this when there's a simpler method to get the AK public key (e.g. ak.Public())
+	ap, err := ak.AttestationParameters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	akp, err := attest.ParseAKPublic(attest.TPMVersion20, ap.Public)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// create template and sign certificate for the AK public key
+	keyID := generateKeyID(t, eks[0].Public())
+	template := &x509.Certificate{
+		PublicKey:          akp.Public,
+		IsCA:               false,
+		UnknownExtKeyUsage: []asn1.ObjectIdentifier{oidTCGKpAIKCertificate},
+	}
+	sans := []x509util.SubjectAlternativeName{}
+	uris := []*url.URL{{Scheme: "urn", Opaque: "ek:sha256:" + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(keyID)}}
+	for _, pi := range permanentIdentifiers {
+		sans = append(sans, x509util.SubjectAlternativeName{
+			Type:  x509util.PermanentIdentifierType,
+			Value: pi,
+		})
+	}
+	asn1Value := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"extraNames":[{"type": %q, "value": %q},{"type": %q, "value": %q},{"type": %q, "value": %q}]}`, oidTPMManufacturer, "1414747215", oidTPMModel, "SLB 9670 TPM2.0", oidTPMVersion, "7.55"))
+	sans = append(sans, x509util.SubjectAlternativeName{
+		Type:      x509util.DirectoryNameType,
+		ASN1Value: asn1Value,
+	})
+	ext, err := createSubjectAltNameExtension(nil, nil, nil, uris, sans, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ext.Set(template)
+	akCert, err := aca.Sign(template)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, akCert)
+
+	// create a new key attested by the AK, while including
+	// the key authorization bytes as qualifying data.
+	keyAuthSum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(keyAuthorization))
+	config := tpm.AttestKeyConfig{
+		Algorithm:      "RSA",
+		Size:           2048,
+		QualifyingData: keyAuthSum[:],
+	}
+	key, err := stpm.AttestKey(context.Background(), "first-ak", "first-key", config)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, key)
+	require.Equal(t, "first-key", key.Name())
+	require.NotEqual(t, 0, len(key.Data()))
+	require.Equal(t, "first-ak", key.AttestedBy())
+	require.True(t, key.WasAttested())
+	require.True(t, key.WasAttestedBy(ak))
+
+	signer, err := key.Signer(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// prepare the attestation object with the AK certificate chain,
+	// the attested key, its metadata and the signature signed by the
+	// AK.
+	params, err := key.CertificationParameters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	attObj, err := cbor.Marshal(struct {
+		Format       string                 `json:"fmt"`
+		AttStatement map[string]interface{} `json:"attStmt,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Format: "tpm",
+		AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+			"ver":      "2.0",
+			"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+			"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+			"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+			"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+			"pubArea":  params.Public,
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// marshal the ACME payload
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(struct {
+		AttObj string `json:"attObj"`
+	}{
+		AttObj: base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(attObj),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return payload, signer, aca.Root
+}
+
+func Test_deviceAttest01ValidateWithTPMSimulator(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		ctx     context.Context
+		ch      *Challenge
+		db      DB
+		jwk     *jose.JSONWebKey
+		payload []byte
+	}
+	type test struct {
+		args    args
+		wantErr *Error
+	}
+	tests := map[string]func(t *testing.T) test{
+		"ok/doTPMAttestationFormat-storeError": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			jwk, keyAuth := mustAccountAndKeyAuthorization(t, "token")
+			payload, _, root := mustAttestTPM(t, keyAuth, nil) // TODO: value(s) for AK cert?
+			caRoot := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: root.Raw})
+			ctx := NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), mustAttestationProvisioner(t, caRoot))
+
+			// parse payload, set invalid "ver", remarshal
+			var p payloadType
+			err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &p)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			attObj, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(p.AttObj)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			att := attestationObject{}
+			err = cbor.Unmarshal(attObj, &att)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			att.AttStatement["ver"] = "bogus"
+			attObj, err = cbor.Marshal(struct {
+				Format       string                 `json:"fmt"`
+				AttStatement map[string]interface{} `json:"attStmt,omitempty"`
+			}{
+				Format:       "tpm",
+				AttStatement: att.AttStatement,
+			})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			payload, err = json.Marshal(struct {
+				AttObj string `json:"attObj"`
+			}{
+				AttObj: base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(attObj),
+			})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			return test{
+				args: args{
+					ctx: ctx,
+					jwk: jwk,
+					ch: &Challenge{
+						ID:              "chID",
+						AuthorizationID: "azID",
+						Token:           "token",
+						Type:            "device-attest-01",
+						Status:          StatusPending,
+						Value:           "device.id.12345678",
+					},
+					payload: payload,
+					db: &MockDB{
+						MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", id)
+							return &Authorization{ID: "azID"}, nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateChallenge: func(ctx context.Context, updch *Challenge) error {
+							assert.Equal(t, "chID", updch.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, "token", updch.Token)
+							assert.Equal(t, StatusInvalid, updch.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, ChallengeType("device-attest-01"), updch.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, "device.id.12345678", updch.Value)
+
+							err := NewError(ErrorBadAttestationStatementType, `version "bogus" is not supported`)
+
+							assert.EqualError(t, updch.Error.Err, err.Err.Error())
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Type, updch.Error.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Detail, updch.Error.Detail)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Status, updch.Error.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Subproblems, updch.Error.Subproblems)
+
+							return nil
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				wantErr: nil,
+			}
+		},
+		"ok with invalid PermanentIdentifier SAN": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			jwk, keyAuth := mustAccountAndKeyAuthorization(t, "token")
+			payload, _, root := mustAttestTPM(t, keyAuth, []string{"device.id.12345678"}) // TODO: value(s) for AK cert?
+			caRoot := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: root.Raw})
+			ctx := NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), mustAttestationProvisioner(t, caRoot))
+			return test{
+				args: args{
+					ctx: ctx,
+					jwk: jwk,
+					ch: &Challenge{
+						ID:              "chID",
+						AuthorizationID: "azID",
+						Token:           "token",
+						Type:            "device-attest-01",
+						Status:          StatusPending,
+						Value:           "device.id.99999999",
+					},
+					payload: payload,
+					db: &MockDB{
+						MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", id)
+							return &Authorization{ID: "azID"}, nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateChallenge: func(ctx context.Context, updch *Challenge) error {
+							assert.Equal(t, "chID", updch.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, "token", updch.Token)
+							assert.Equal(t, StatusInvalid, updch.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, ChallengeType("device-attest-01"), updch.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, "device.id.99999999", updch.Value)
+
+							err := NewError(ErrorRejectedIdentifierType, `permanent identifier does not match`).
+								AddSubproblems(NewSubproblemWithIdentifier(
+									ErrorMalformedType,
+									Identifier{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: "device.id.99999999"},
+									`challenge identifier "device.id.99999999" doesn't match any of the attested hardware identifiers ["device.id.12345678"]`,
+								))
+
+							assert.EqualError(t, updch.Error.Err, err.Err.Error())
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Type, updch.Error.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Detail, updch.Error.Detail)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Status, updch.Error.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, err.Subproblems, updch.Error.Subproblems)
+
+							return nil
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				wantErr: nil,
+			}
+		},
+		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			jwk, keyAuth := mustAccountAndKeyAuthorization(t, "token")
+			payload, signer, root := mustAttestTPM(t, keyAuth, nil) // TODO: value(s) for AK cert?
+			caRoot := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: root.Raw})
+			ctx := NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), mustAttestationProvisioner(t, caRoot))
+			return test{
+				args: args{
+					ctx: ctx,
+					jwk: jwk,
+					ch: &Challenge{
+						ID:              "chID",
+						AuthorizationID: "azID",
+						Token:           "token",
+						Type:            "device-attest-01",
+						Status:          StatusPending,
+						Value:           "device.id.12345678",
+					},
+					payload: payload,
+					db: &MockDB{
+						MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", id)
+							return &Authorization{ID: "azID"}, nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, az *Authorization) error {
+							fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+							assert.NoError(t, err)
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", az.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, fingerprint, az.Fingerprint)
+							return nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateChallenge: func(ctx context.Context, updch *Challenge) error {
+							assert.Equal(t, "chID", updch.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, "token", updch.Token)
+							assert.Equal(t, StatusValid, updch.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, ChallengeType("device-attest-01"), updch.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, "device.id.12345678", updch.Value)
+							return nil
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				wantErr: nil,
+			}
+		},
+		"ok with PermanentIdentifier SAN": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			jwk, keyAuth := mustAccountAndKeyAuthorization(t, "token")
+			payload, signer, root := mustAttestTPM(t, keyAuth, []string{"device.id.12345678"}) // TODO: value(s) for AK cert?
+			caRoot := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: root.Raw})
+			ctx := NewProvisionerContext(context.Background(), mustAttestationProvisioner(t, caRoot))
+			return test{
+				args: args{
+					ctx: ctx,
+					jwk: jwk,
+					ch: &Challenge{
+						ID:              "chID",
+						AuthorizationID: "azID",
+						Token:           "token",
+						Type:            "device-attest-01",
+						Status:          StatusPending,
+						Value:           "device.id.12345678",
+					},
+					payload: payload,
+					db: &MockDB{
+						MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", id)
+							return &Authorization{ID: "azID"}, nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, az *Authorization) error {
+							fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+							assert.NoError(t, err)
+							assert.Equal(t, "azID", az.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, fingerprint, az.Fingerprint)
+							return nil
+						},
+						MockUpdateChallenge: func(ctx context.Context, updch *Challenge) error {
+							assert.Equal(t, "chID", updch.ID)
+							assert.Equal(t, "token", updch.Token)
+							assert.Equal(t, StatusValid, updch.Status)
+							assert.Equal(t, ChallengeType("device-attest-01"), updch.Type)
+							assert.Equal(t, "device.id.12345678", updch.Value)
+							return nil
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				wantErr: nil,
+			}
+		},
+	}
+	for name, run := range tests {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tc := run(t)
+
+			if err := deviceAttest01Validate(tc.args.ctx, tc.args.ch, tc.args.db, tc.args.jwk, tc.args.payload); err != nil {
+				assert.Error(t, tc.wantErr)
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tc.wantErr.Error())
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.Nil(t, tc.wantErr)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func newBadAttestationStatementError(msg string) *Error {
+	return &Error{
+		Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badAttestationStatement",
+		Status: 400,
+		Err:    errors.New(msg),
+	}
+}
+
+func newInternalServerError(msg string) *Error {
+	return &Error{
+		Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:serverInternal",
+		Status: 500,
+		Err:    errors.New(msg),
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	oidPermanentIdentifier          = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3}
+	oidHardwareModuleNameIdentifier = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 4}
+)
+
+func Test_doTPMAttestationFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	aca, err := minica.New(
+		minica.WithName("TPM Testing"),
+		minica.WithGetSignerFunc(
+			func() (crypto.Signer, error) {
+				return keyutil.GenerateSigner("RSA", "", 2048)
+			},
+		),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	acaRoot := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: aca.Root.Raw})
+
+	// prepare simulated TPM and create an AK
+	stpm := newSimulatedTPM(t)
+	eks, err := stpm.GetEKs(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ak, err := stpm.CreateAK(context.Background(), "first-ak")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, ak)
+
+	// extract the AK public key // TODO(hs): replace this when there's a simpler method to get the AK public key (e.g. ak.Public())
+	ap, err := ak.AttestationParameters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	akp, err := attest.ParseAKPublic(attest.TPMVersion20, ap.Public)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// create template and sign certificate for the AK public key
+	keyID := generateKeyID(t, eks[0].Public())
+	template := &x509.Certificate{
+		PublicKey:          akp.Public,
+		IsCA:               false,
+		UnknownExtKeyUsage: []asn1.ObjectIdentifier{oidTCGKpAIKCertificate},
+	}
+	sans := []x509util.SubjectAlternativeName{}
+	uris := []*url.URL{{Scheme: "urn", Opaque: "ek:sha256:" + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(keyID)}}
+	asn1Value := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"extraNames":[{"type": %q, "value": %q},{"type": %q, "value": %q},{"type": %q, "value": %q}]}`, oidTPMManufacturer, "1414747215", oidTPMModel, "SLB 9670 TPM2.0", oidTPMVersion, "7.55"))
+	sans = append(sans, x509util.SubjectAlternativeName{
+		Type:      x509util.DirectoryNameType,
+		ASN1Value: asn1Value,
+	})
+	ext, err := createSubjectAltNameExtension(nil, nil, nil, uris, sans, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ext.Set(template)
+	akCert, err := aca.Sign(template)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, akCert)
+
+	invalidTemplate := &x509.Certificate{
+		PublicKey:          akp.Public,
+		IsCA:               false,
+		UnknownExtKeyUsage: []asn1.ObjectIdentifier{oidTCGKpAIKCertificate},
+	}
+	invalidAKCert, err := aca.Sign(invalidTemplate)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, invalidAKCert)
+
+	// generate a JWK and the key authorization value
+	jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	keyAuthorization, err := KeyAuthorization("token", jwk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// create a new key attested by the AK, while including
+	// the key authorization bytes as qualifying data.
+	keyAuthSum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(keyAuthorization))
+	config := tpm.AttestKeyConfig{
+		Algorithm:      "RSA",
+		Size:           2048,
+		QualifyingData: keyAuthSum[:],
+	}
+	key, err := stpm.AttestKey(context.Background(), "first-ak", "first-key", config)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, key)
+	params, err := key.CertificationParameters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	signer, err := key.Signer(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// attest another key and get its certification parameters
+	anotherKey, err := stpm.AttestKey(context.Background(), "first-ak", "another-key", config)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, key)
+	anotherKeyParams, err := anotherKey.CertificationParameters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	type args struct {
+		ctx  context.Context
+		prov Provisioner
+		ch   *Challenge
+		jwk  *jose.JSONWebKey
+		att  *attestationObject
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		args   args
+		want   *tpmAttestationData
+		expErr *Error
+	}{
+		{"ok", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, nil},
+		{"fail ver not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("ver not present")},
+		{"fail ver type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      []interface{}{},
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("ver not present")},
+		{"fail bogus ver", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "bogus",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError(`version "bogus" is not supported`)},
+		{"fail x5c not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c not present")},
+		{"fail x5c type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      [][]byte{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c not present")},
+		{"fail x5c empty", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is empty")},
+		{"fail leaf type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "step",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{"leaf", aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is malformed")},
+		{"fail leaf parse", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "step",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw[:100], aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is malformed: x509: malformed certificate")},
+		{"fail intermediate type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "step",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, "intermediate"},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is malformed")},
+		{"fail intermediate parse", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "step",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw[:100]},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is malformed: x509: malformed certificate")},
+		{"fail roots", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, nil), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newInternalServerError("no root CA bundle available to verify the attestation certificate")},
+		{"fail verify", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "step",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("x5c is not valid: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority")},
+		{"fail validateAKCertificate", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{invalidAKCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("AK certificate is not valid: missing TPM manufacturer")},
+		{"fail pubArea not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid pubArea in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail pubArea type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  []interface{}{},
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid pubArea in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail pubArea empty", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  []byte{},
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("pubArea is empty")},
+		{"fail sig not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid sig in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail sig type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      []interface{}{},
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid sig in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail sig empty", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      []byte{},
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("sig is empty")},
+		{"fail certInfo not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":     "2.0",
+				"x5c":     []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":     int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":     params.CreateSignature,
+				"pubArea": params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid certInfo in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail certInfo type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": []interface{}{},
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid certInfo in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail certInfo empty", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": []byte{},
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("certInfo is empty")},
+		{"fail alg not present", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid alg in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail alg type", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(0), // invalid alg
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid alg 0 in attestation statement")},
+		{"fail attestation verification", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  anotherKeyParams.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("invalid certification parameters: certification refers to a different key")},
+		{"fail keyAuthorization", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "token"}, &jose.JSONWebKey{Key: []byte("not an asymmetric key")}, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), // RS256
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newInternalServerError("failed creating key auth digest: error generating JWK thumbprint: square/go-jose: unknown key type '[]uint8'")},
+		{"fail different keyAuthorization", args{ctx, mustAttestationProvisioner(t, acaRoot), &Challenge{Token: "aDifferentToken"}, jwk, &attestationObject{
+			Format: "tpm",
+			AttStatement: map[string]interface{}{
+				"ver":      "2.0",
+				"x5c":      []interface{}{akCert.Raw, aca.Intermediate.Raw},
+				"alg":      int64(-257), //
+				"sig":      params.CreateSignature,
+				"certInfo": params.CreateAttestation,
+				"pubArea":  params.Public,
+			},
+		}}, nil, newBadAttestationStatementError("key authorization does not match")},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := doTPMAttestationFormat(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.prov, tt.args.ch, tt.args.jwk, tt.args.att)
+			if tt.expErr != nil {
+				var ae *Error
+				if assert.True(t, errors.As(err, &ae)) {
+					assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.expErr.Error())
+					assert.Equal(t, ae.StatusCode(), tt.expErr.StatusCode())
+					assert.Equal(t, ae.Type, tt.expErr.Type)
+				}
+				assert.Nil(t, got)
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			if assert.NotNil(t, got) {
+				assert.Equal(t, akCert, got.Certificate)
+				assert.Equal(t, [][]*x509.Certificate{
+					{
+						akCert, aca.Intermediate, aca.Root,
+					},
+				}, got.VerifiedChains)
+				assert.Equal(t, fingerprint, got.Fingerprint)
+				assert.Empty(t, got.PermanentIdentifiers) // currently expected to be always empty
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

acme/common.go

@@ -29,10 +29,12 @@ type CertificateAuthority interface {
 }
 
 // NewContext adds the given acme components to the context.
-func NewContext(ctx context.Context, db DB, client Client, linker Linker, fn PrerequisitesChecker) context.Context {
+func NewContext(ctx context.Context, db DB, client Client, linker Linker, fn PrerequisitesChecker,
+	nnsServer string) context.Context {
 	ctx = NewDatabaseContext(ctx, db)
 	ctx = NewClientContext(ctx, client)
 	ctx = NewLinkerContext(ctx, linker)
+	ctx = NewNNSContext(ctx, nnsServer)
 	// Prerequisite checker is optional.
 	if fn != nil {
 		ctx = NewPrerequisitesCheckerContext(ctx, fn)
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ type PrerequisitesChecker func(ctx context.Context) (bool, error)
 
 // DefaultPrerequisitesChecker is the default PrerequisiteChecker and returns
 // always true.
-func DefaultPrerequisitesChecker(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+func DefaultPrerequisitesChecker(context.Context) (bool, error) {
 	return true, nil
 }
 

acme/db.go

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ import (
 // account.
 var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
 
+// IsErrNotFound returns true if the error is a "not found" error. Returns false
+// otherwise.
+func IsErrNotFound(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound)
+}
+
 // DB is the DB interface expected by the step-ca ACME API.
 type DB interface {
 	CreateAccount(ctx context.Context, acc *Account) error

acme/db/nosql/account.go

@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ import (
 
 // dbAccount represents an ACME account.
 type dbAccount struct {
-	ID            string           `json:"id"`
+	ID              string           `json:"id"`
-	Key           *jose.JSONWebKey `json:"key"`
+	Key             *jose.JSONWebKey `json:"key"`
-	Contact       []string         `json:"contact,omitempty"`
+	Contact         []string         `json:"contact,omitempty"`
-	Status        acme.Status      `json:"status"`
+	Status          acme.Status      `json:"status"`
-	CreatedAt     time.Time        `json:"createdAt"`
+	LocationPrefix  string           `json:"locationPrefix"`
-	DeactivatedAt time.Time        `json:"deactivatedAt"`
+	ProvisionerName string           `json:"provisionerName"`
+	CreatedAt       time.Time        `json:"createdAt"`
+	DeactivatedAt   time.Time        `json:"deactivatedAt"`
 }
 
 func (dba *dbAccount) clone() *dbAccount {
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ func (dba *dbAccount) clone() *dbAccount {
 	return &nu
 }
 
-func (db *DB) getAccountIDByKeyID(ctx context.Context, kid string) (string, error) {
+func (db *DB) getAccountIDByKeyID(_ context.Context, kid string) (string, error) {
 	id, err := db.db.Get(accountByKeyIDTable, []byte(kid))
 	if err != nil {
 		if nosqlDB.IsErrNotFound(err) {
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ func (db *DB) getAccountIDByKeyID(ctx context.Context, kid string) (string, erro
 }
 
 // getDBAccount retrieves and unmarshals dbAccount.
-func (db *DB) getDBAccount(ctx context.Context, id string) (*dbAccount, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBAccount(_ context.Context, id string) (*dbAccount, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(accountTable, []byte(id))
 	if err != nil {
 		if nosqlDB.IsErrNotFound(err) {
@@ -62,10 +64,12 @@ func (db *DB) GetAccount(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Account, error)
 	}
 
 	return &acme.Account{
-		Status:  dbacc.Status,
+		Status:          dbacc.Status,
-		Contact: dbacc.Contact,
+		Contact:         dbacc.Contact,
-		Key:     dbacc.Key,
+		Key:             dbacc.Key,
-		ID:      dbacc.ID,
+		ID:              dbacc.ID,
+		LocationPrefix:  dbacc.LocationPrefix,
+		ProvisionerName: dbacc.ProvisionerName,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -87,11 +91,13 @@ func (db *DB) CreateAccount(ctx context.Context, acc *acme.Account) error {
 	}
 
 	dba := &dbAccount{
-		ID:        acc.ID,
+		ID:              acc.ID,
-		Key:       acc.Key,
+		Key:             acc.Key,
-		Contact:   acc.Contact,
+		Contact:         acc.Contact,
-		Status:    acc.Status,
+		Status:          acc.Status,
-		CreatedAt: clock.Now(),
+		CreatedAt:       clock.Now(),
+		LocationPrefix:  acc.LocationPrefix,
+		ProvisionerName: acc.ProvisionerName,
 	}
 
 	kid, err := acme.KeyToID(dba.Key)

acme/db/nosql/account_test.go

@@ -197,6 +197,8 @@ func TestDB_getAccountIDByKeyID(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_GetAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	accID := "accID"
+	locationPrefix := "https://test.ca.smallstep.com/acme/foo/account/"
+	provisionerName := "foo"
 	type test struct {
 		db      nosql.DB
 		err     error
@@ -222,12 +224,14 @@ func TestDB_GetAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			dbacc := &dbAccount{
-				ID:            accID,
+				ID:              accID,
-				Status:        acme.StatusDeactivated,
+				Status:          acme.StatusDeactivated,
-				CreatedAt:     now,
+				CreatedAt:       now,
-				DeactivatedAt: now,
+				DeactivatedAt:   now,
-				Contact:       []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:         []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				Key:           jwk,
+				Key:             jwk,
+				LocationPrefix:  locationPrefix,
+				ProvisionerName: provisionerName,
 			}
 			b, err := json.Marshal(dbacc)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -266,6 +270,8 @@ func TestDB_GetAccount(t *testing.T) {
 				assert.Equals(t, acc.ID, tc.dbacc.ID)
 				assert.Equals(t, acc.Status, tc.dbacc.Status)
 				assert.Equals(t, acc.Contact, tc.dbacc.Contact)
+				assert.Equals(t, acc.LocationPrefix, tc.dbacc.LocationPrefix)
+				assert.Equals(t, acc.ProvisionerName, tc.dbacc.ProvisionerName)
 				assert.Equals(t, acc.Key.KeyID, tc.dbacc.Key.KeyID)
 			}
 		})
@@ -379,6 +385,7 @@ func TestDB_GetAccountByKeyID(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	locationPrefix := "https://test.ca.smallstep.com/acme/foo/account/"
 	type test struct {
 		db  nosql.DB
 		acc *acme.Account
@@ -390,9 +397,10 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			acc := &acme.Account{
-				Status:  acme.StatusValid,
+				Status:         acme.StatusValid,
-				Contact: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:        []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				Key:     jwk,
+				Key:            jwk,
+				LocationPrefix: locationPrefix,
 			}
 			return test{
 				db: &db.MockNoSQLDB{
@@ -413,9 +421,10 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			acc := &acme.Account{
-				Status:  acme.StatusValid,
+				Status:         acme.StatusValid,
-				Contact: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:        []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				Key:     jwk,
+				Key:            jwk,
+				LocationPrefix: locationPrefix,
 			}
 			return test{
 				db: &db.MockNoSQLDB{
@@ -436,9 +445,10 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			acc := &acme.Account{
-				Status:  acme.StatusValid,
+				Status:         acme.StatusValid,
-				Contact: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:        []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				Key:     jwk,
+				Key:            jwk,
+				LocationPrefix: locationPrefix,
 			}
 			return test{
 				db: &db.MockNoSQLDB{
@@ -456,6 +466,8 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 							assert.FatalError(t, json.Unmarshal(nu, dbacc))
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.ID, string(key))
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.Contact, acc.Contact)
+							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.LocationPrefix, acc.LocationPrefix)
+							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.ProvisionerName, acc.ProvisionerName)
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.Key.KeyID, acc.Key.KeyID)
 							assert.True(t, clock.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Before(dbacc.CreatedAt))
 							assert.True(t, clock.Now().Add(time.Minute).After(dbacc.CreatedAt))
@@ -479,9 +491,10 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			acc := &acme.Account{
-				Status:  acme.StatusValid,
+				Status:         acme.StatusValid,
-				Contact: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:        []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				Key:     jwk,
+				Key:            jwk,
+				LocationPrefix: locationPrefix,
 			}
 			return test{
 				db: &db.MockNoSQLDB{
@@ -500,6 +513,8 @@ func TestDB_CreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 							assert.FatalError(t, json.Unmarshal(nu, dbacc))
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.ID, string(key))
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.Contact, acc.Contact)
+							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.LocationPrefix, acc.LocationPrefix)
+							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.ProvisionerName, acc.ProvisionerName)
 							assert.Equals(t, dbacc.Key.KeyID, acc.Key.KeyID)
 							assert.True(t, clock.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Before(dbacc.CreatedAt))
 							assert.True(t, clock.Now().Add(time.Minute).After(dbacc.CreatedAt))
@@ -539,12 +554,14 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	jwk, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 	dbacc := &dbAccount{
-		ID:            accID,
+		ID:              accID,
-		Status:        acme.StatusDeactivated,
+		Status:          acme.StatusDeactivated,
-		CreatedAt:     now,
+		CreatedAt:       now,
-		DeactivatedAt: now,
+		DeactivatedAt:   now,
-		Contact:       []string{"foo", "bar"},
+		Contact:         []string{"foo", "bar"},
-		Key:           jwk,
+		LocationPrefix:  "foo",
+		ProvisionerName: "alpha",
+		Key:             jwk,
 	}
 	b, err := json.Marshal(dbacc)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -644,10 +661,12 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			acc := &acme.Account{
-				ID:      accID,
+				ID:              accID,
-				Status:  acme.StatusDeactivated,
+				Status:          acme.StatusDeactivated,
-				Contact: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+				Contact:         []string{"baz", "zap"},
-				Key:     jwk,
+				LocationPrefix:  "bar",
+				ProvisionerName: "beta",
+				Key:             jwk,
 			}
 			return test{
 				acc: acc,
@@ -666,7 +685,10 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 						assert.FatalError(t, json.Unmarshal(nu, dbNew))
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.ID, dbacc.ID)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Status, acc.Status)
-						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Contact, dbacc.Contact)
+						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Contact, acc.Contact)
+						// LocationPrefix should not change.
+						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.LocationPrefix, dbacc.LocationPrefix)
+						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.ProvisionerName, dbacc.ProvisionerName)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Key.KeyID, dbacc.Key.KeyID)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.CreatedAt, dbacc.CreatedAt)
 						assert.True(t, dbNew.DeactivatedAt.Add(-time.Minute).Before(now))
@@ -686,12 +708,7 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tc.err.Error())
 				}
 			} else {
-				if assert.Nil(t, tc.err) {
+				assert.Nil(t, tc.err)
-					assert.Equals(t, tc.acc.ID, dbacc.ID)
-					assert.Equals(t, tc.acc.Status, dbacc.Status)
-					assert.Equals(t, tc.acc.Contact, dbacc.Contact)
-					assert.Equals(t, tc.acc.Key.KeyID, dbacc.Key.KeyID)
-				}
 			}
 		})
 	}

acme/db/nosql/authz.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ type dbAuthz struct {
 	Identifier   acme.Identifier `json:"identifier"`
 	Status       acme.Status     `json:"status"`
 	Token        string          `json:"token"`
+	Fingerprint  string          `json:"fingerprint,omitempty"`
 	ChallengeIDs []string        `json:"challengeIDs"`
 	Wildcard     bool            `json:"wildcard"`
 	CreatedAt    time.Time       `json:"createdAt"`
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ func (ba *dbAuthz) clone() *dbAuthz {
 
 // getDBAuthz retrieves and unmarshals a database representation of the
 // ACME Authorization type.
-func (db *DB) getDBAuthz(ctx context.Context, id string) (*dbAuthz, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBAuthz(_ context.Context, id string) (*dbAuthz, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(authzTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "authz %s not found", id)
@@ -61,15 +62,16 @@ func (db *DB) GetAuthorization(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Authorizat
 		}
 	}
 	return &acme.Authorization{
-		ID:         dbaz.ID,
+		ID:          dbaz.ID,
-		AccountID:  dbaz.AccountID,
+		AccountID:   dbaz.AccountID,
-		Identifier: dbaz.Identifier,
+		Identifier:  dbaz.Identifier,
-		Status:     dbaz.Status,
+		Status:      dbaz.Status,
-		Challenges: chs,
+		Challenges:  chs,
-		Wildcard:   dbaz.Wildcard,
+		Wildcard:    dbaz.Wildcard,
-		ExpiresAt:  dbaz.ExpiresAt,
+		ExpiresAt:   dbaz.ExpiresAt,
-		Token:      dbaz.Token,
+		Token:       dbaz.Token,
-		Error:      dbaz.Error,
+		Fingerprint: dbaz.Fingerprint,
+		Error:       dbaz.Error,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ func (db *DB) CreateAuthorization(ctx context.Context, az *acme.Authorization) e
 		Identifier:   az.Identifier,
 		ChallengeIDs: chIDs,
 		Token:        az.Token,
+		Fingerprint:  az.Fingerprint,
 		Wildcard:     az.Wildcard,
 	}
 
@@ -111,14 +114,14 @@ func (db *DB) UpdateAuthorization(ctx context.Context, az *acme.Authorization) e
 	}
 
 	nu := old.clone()
-
 	nu.Status = az.Status
+	nu.Fingerprint = az.Fingerprint
 	nu.Error = az.Error
 	return db.save(ctx, old.ID, nu, old, "authz", authzTable)
 }
 
 // GetAuthorizationsByAccountID retrieves and unmarshals ACME authz types from the database.
-func (db *DB) GetAuthorizationsByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]*acme.Authorization, error) {
+func (db *DB) GetAuthorizationsByAccountID(_ context.Context, accountID string) ([]*acme.Authorization, error) {
 	entries, err := db.db.List(authzTable)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error listing authz")
@@ -136,15 +139,16 @@ func (db *DB) GetAuthorizationsByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string
 			continue
 		}
 		authzs = append(authzs, &acme.Authorization{
-			ID:         dbaz.ID,
+			ID:          dbaz.ID,
-			AccountID:  dbaz.AccountID,
+			AccountID:   dbaz.AccountID,
-			Identifier: dbaz.Identifier,
+			Identifier:  dbaz.Identifier,
-			Status:     dbaz.Status,
+			Status:      dbaz.Status,
-			Challenges: nil, // challenges not required for current use case
+			Challenges:  nil, // challenges not required for current use case
-			Wildcard:   dbaz.Wildcard,
+			Wildcard:    dbaz.Wildcard,
-			ExpiresAt:  dbaz.ExpiresAt,
+			ExpiresAt:   dbaz.ExpiresAt,
-			Token:      dbaz.Token,
+			Token:       dbaz.Token,
-			Error:      dbaz.Error,
+			Fingerprint: dbaz.Fingerprint,
+			Error:       dbaz.Error,
 		})
 	}
 

acme/db/nosql/authz_test.go

@@ -473,6 +473,7 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 		ExpiresAt:    now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
 		ChallengeIDs: []string{"foo", "bar"},
 		Wildcard:     true,
+		Fingerprint:  "fingerprint",
 	}
 	b, err := json.Marshal(dbaz)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -549,10 +550,11 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 					{ID: "foo"},
 					{ID: "bar"},
 				},
-				Token:     dbaz.Token,
+				Token:       dbaz.Token,
-				Wildcard:  dbaz.Wildcard,
+				Wildcard:    dbaz.Wildcard,
-				ExpiresAt: dbaz.ExpiresAt,
+				ExpiresAt:   dbaz.ExpiresAt,
-				Error:     acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "malformed"),
+				Fingerprint: "fingerprint",
+				Error:       acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "malformed"),
 			}
 			return test{
 				az: updAz,
@@ -582,6 +584,7 @@ func TestDB_UpdateAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Wildcard, dbaz.Wildcard)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.CreatedAt, dbaz.CreatedAt)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.ExpiresAt, dbaz.ExpiresAt)
+						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Fingerprint, dbaz.Fingerprint)
 						assert.Equals(t, dbNew.Error.Error(), acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "The request message was malformed").Error())
 						return nu, true, nil
 					},

acme/db/nosql/certificate.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (db *DB) CreateCertificate(ctx context.Context, cert *acme.Certificate) err
 
 // GetCertificate retrieves and unmarshals an ACME certificate type from the
 // datastore.
-func (db *DB) GetCertificate(ctx context.Context, id string) (*acme.Certificate, error) {
+func (db *DB) GetCertificate(_ context.Context, id string) (*acme.Certificate, error) {
 	b, err := db.db.Get(certTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "certificate %s not found", id)

acme/db/nosql/challenge.go

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/acme"
+
 	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/acme"
 )
 
 type dbChallenge struct {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ type dbChallenge struct {
 	Value       string             `json:"value"`
 	ValidatedAt string             `json:"validatedAt"`
 	CreatedAt   time.Time          `json:"createdAt"`
-	Error       *acme.Error        `json:"error"`
+	Error       *acme.Error        `json:"error"` // TODO(hs): a bit dangerous; should become db-specific type
 }
 
 func (dbc *dbChallenge) clone() *dbChallenge {
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ func (dbc *dbChallenge) clone() *dbChallenge {
 	return &u
 }
 
-func (db *DB) getDBChallenge(ctx context.Context, id string) (*dbChallenge, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBChallenge(_ context.Context, id string) (*dbChallenge, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(challengeTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "challenge %s not found", id)
@@ -67,6 +69,7 @@ func (db *DB) CreateChallenge(ctx context.Context, ch *acme.Challenge) error {
 // GetChallenge retrieves and unmarshals an ACME challenge type from the database.
 // Implements the acme.DB GetChallenge interface.
 func (db *DB) GetChallenge(ctx context.Context, id, authzID string) (*acme.Challenge, error) {
+	_ = authzID // unused input
 	dbch, err := db.getDBChallenge(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

acme/db/nosql/eab.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type dbExternalAccountKeyReference struct {
 }
 
 // getDBExternalAccountKey retrieves and unmarshals dbExternalAccountKey.
-func (db *DB) getDBExternalAccountKey(ctx context.Context, id string) (*dbExternalAccountKey, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBExternalAccountKey(_ context.Context, id string) (*dbExternalAccountKey, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(externalAccountKeyTable, []byte(id))
 	if err != nil {
 		if nosqlDB.IsErrNotFound(err) {
@@ -160,6 +160,8 @@ func (db *DB) DeleteExternalAccountKey(ctx context.Context, provisionerID, keyID
 
 // GetExternalAccountKeys retrieves all External Account Binding keys for a provisioner
 func (db *DB) GetExternalAccountKeys(ctx context.Context, provisionerID, cursor string, limit int) ([]*acme.ExternalAccountKey, string, error) {
+	_, _ = cursor, limit // unused input
+
 	externalAccountKeyMutex.RLock()
 	defer externalAccountKeyMutex.RUnlock()
 
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ func (db *DB) GetExternalAccountKeyByReference(ctx context.Context, provisionerI
 	return db.GetExternalAccountKey(ctx, provisionerID, dbExternalAccountKeyReference.ExternalAccountKeyID)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) GetExternalAccountKeyByAccountID(ctx context.Context, provisionerID, accountID string) (*acme.ExternalAccountKey, error) {
+func (db *DB) GetExternalAccountKeyByAccountID(context.Context, string, string) (*acme.ExternalAccountKey, error) {
 	//nolint:nilnil // legacy
 	return nil, nil
 }

acme/db/nosql/nonce.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (db *DB) CreateNonce(ctx context.Context) (acme.Nonce, error) {
 
 // DeleteNonce verifies that the nonce is valid (by checking if it exists),
 // and if so, consumes the nonce resource by deleting it from the database.
-func (db *DB) DeleteNonce(ctx context.Context, nonce acme.Nonce) error {
+func (db *DB) DeleteNonce(_ context.Context, nonce acme.Nonce) error {
 	err := db.db.Update(&database.Tx{
 		Operations: []*database.TxEntry{
 			{

acme/db/nosql/nosql.go

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func New(db nosqlDB.DB) (*DB, error) {
 
 // save writes the new data to the database, overwriting the old data if it
 // existed.
-func (db *DB) save(ctx context.Context, id string, nu, old interface{}, typ string, table []byte) error {
+func (db *DB) save(_ context.Context, id string, nu, old interface{}, typ string, table []byte) error {
 	var (
 		err  error
 		newB []byte

acme/db/nosql/order.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func (a *dbOrder) clone() *dbOrder {
 }
 
 // getDBOrder retrieves and unmarshals an ACME Order type from the database.
-func (db *DB) getDBOrder(ctx context.Context, id string) (*dbOrder, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBOrder(_ context.Context, id string) (*dbOrder, error) {
 	b, err := db.db.Get(orderTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, acme.NewError(acme.ErrorMalformedType, "order %s not found", id)

acme/errors.go

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ const (
 	ErrorUserActionRequiredType
 	// ErrorNotImplementedType operation is not implemented
 	ErrorNotImplementedType
+	// ErrorNNSType was a problem with a NNS query during identifier validation
+	ErrorNNSType
 )
 
 // String returns the string representation of the acme problem type,
@@ -121,6 +123,8 @@ func (ap ProblemType) String() string {
 		return "userActionRequired"
 	case ErrorNotImplementedType:
 		return "notImplemented"
+	case ErrorNNSType:
+		return "nns"
 	default:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("unsupported type ACME error type '%d'", int(ap))
 	}
@@ -270,14 +274,34 @@ var (
 	}
 )
 
-// Error represents an ACME
+// Error represents an ACME Error
 type Error struct {
-	Type        string        `json:"type"`
+	Type        string       `json:"type"`
-	Detail      string        `json:"detail"`
+	Detail      string       `json:"detail"`
-	Subproblems []interface{} `json:"subproblems,omitempty"`
+	Subproblems []Subproblem `json:"subproblems,omitempty"`
-	Identifier  interface{}   `json:"identifier,omitempty"`
+	Err         error        `json:"-"`
-	Err         error         `json:"-"`
+	Status      int          `json:"-"`
-	Status      int           `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Subproblem represents an ACME subproblem. It's fairly
+// similar to an ACME error, but differs in that it can't
+// include subproblems itself, the error is reflected
+// in the Detail property and doesn't have a Status.
+type Subproblem struct {
+	Type   string `json:"type"`
+	Detail string `json:"detail"`
+	// The "identifier" field MUST NOT be present at the top level in ACME
+	// problem documents.  It can only be present in subproblems.
+	// Subproblems need not all have the same type, and they do not need to
+	// match the top level type.
+	Identifier *Identifier `json:"identifier,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// AddSubproblems adds the Subproblems to Error. It
+// returns the Error, allowing for fluent addition.
+func (e *Error) AddSubproblems(subproblems ...Subproblem) *Error {
+	e.Subproblems = append(e.Subproblems, subproblems...)
+	return e
 }
 
 // NewError creates a new Error type.
@@ -285,6 +309,26 @@ func NewError(pt ProblemType, msg string, args ...interface{}) *Error {
 	return newError(pt, errors.Errorf(msg, args...))
 }
 
+// NewSubproblem creates a new Subproblem. The msg and args
+// are used to create a new error, which is set as the Detail, allowing
+// for more detailed error messages to be returned to the ACME client.
+func NewSubproblem(pt ProblemType, msg string, args ...interface{}) Subproblem {
+	e := newError(pt, fmt.Errorf(msg, args...))
+	s := Subproblem{
+		Type:   e.Type,
+		Detail: e.Err.Error(),
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// NewSubproblemWithIdentifier creates a new Subproblem with a specific ACME
+// Identifier. It calls NewSubproblem and sets the Identifier.
+func NewSubproblemWithIdentifier(pt ProblemType, identifier Identifier, msg string, args ...interface{}) Subproblem {
+	s := NewSubproblem(pt, msg, args...)
+	s.Identifier = &identifier
+	return s
+}
+
 func newError(pt ProblemType, err error) *Error {
 	meta, ok := errorMap[pt]
 	if !ok {

acme/nns.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package acme
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-contract/nns"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpcclient"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpcclient/invoker"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpcclient/unwrap"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+)
+
+// multiSchemeClient unites invoker.RPCInvoke and common interface of
+// rpcclient.Client and rpcclient.WSClient.
+type multiSchemeClient interface {
+	invoker.RPCInvoke
+	// Init turns client to "ready-to-work" state.
+	Init() error
+	// Close closes connections.
+	Close()
+	// GetContractStateByID returns state of the NNS contract on 1 input.
+	GetContractStateByID(int32) (*state.Contract, error)
+}
+
+// NNS is used to interact with NNS contract.
+// Before work, the connection to the NNS server must be established using Dial method.
+type NNS struct {
+	nnsContract util.Uint160
+	client      multiSchemeClient
+}
+
+// NNSContext is used to store info about NNS server.
+type NNSContext struct {
+	nnsServer string
+}
+
+type nnsKey struct{}
+
+// NewNNSContext adds new NNSContext with given params to the context.
+func NewNNSContext(ctx context.Context, nnsServer string) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, nnsKey{}, NNSContext{nnsServer: nnsServer})
+}
+
+// GetNNSContext returns NNSContext from the given context.
+func GetNNSContext(ctx context.Context) (NNSContext, bool) {
+	c, ok := ctx.Value(nnsKey{}).(NNSContext)
+	return c, ok
+}
+
+// Dial connects to the address of the NNS server.
+// If URL address scheme is 'ws' or 'wss', then WebSocket protocol is used, otherwise HTTP.
+func (n *NNS) Dial(address string) error {
+	var err error
+
+	uri, err := url.Parse(address)
+	if err == nil && (uri.Scheme == "ws" || uri.Scheme == "wss") {
+		n.client, err = rpcclient.NewWS(context.Background(), address, rpcclient.WSOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create Neo WebSocket client: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		n.client, err = rpcclient.New(context.Background(), address, rpcclient.Options{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create Neo HTTP client: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err = n.client.Init(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("initialize Neo client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	nnsContract, err := n.client.GetContractStateByID(1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get NNS contract state: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	n.nnsContract = nnsContract.Hash
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close closes connections of multiSchemeClient.
+func (n *NNS) Close() {
+	n.client.Close()
+}
+
+// GetTXTRecords returns TXT records of the provided domain by calling `getRecords` method of NNS contract.
+func (n *NNS) GetTXTRecords(name string) ([]string, error) {
+	params, err := smartcontract.NewParametersFromValues(name, int64(nns.TXT))
+	if err != nil {
+		return make([]string, 0), fmt.Errorf("create slice of params: %w", err)
+	}
+	item, err := unwrap.Item(n.client.InvokeFunction(n.nnsContract, "getRecords", params, nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		return make([]string, 0), fmt.Errorf("contract invocation: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := item.(stackitem.Null); !ok {
+		arr, ok := item.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
+		if !ok {
+			return make([]string, 0), errors.New("invalid cast to stack item slice")
+		}
+
+		var result = make([]string, 0, len(arr))
+		for i := range arr {
+			recordValue, err := arr[i].TryBytes()
+			if err != nil {
+				return make([]string, 0), fmt.Errorf("convert array item to byte slice: %w", err)
+			}
+			result = append(result, string(recordValue))
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	return make([]string, 0), errors.New("records not found")
+}

acme/order.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package acme
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
 )
 
@@ -125,6 +127,27 @@ func (o *Order) UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, db DB) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// getKeyFingerprint returns a fingerprint from the list of authorizations. This
+// fingerprint is used on the device-attest-01 flow to verify the attestation
+// certificate public key with the CSR public key.
+//
+// There's no point on reading all the authorizations as there will be only one
+// for a permanent identifier.
+func (o *Order) getAuthorizationFingerprint(ctx context.Context, db DB) (string, error) {
+	for _, azID := range o.AuthorizationIDs {
+		az, err := db.GetAuthorization(ctx, azID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", WrapErrorISE(err, "error getting authorization %q", azID)
+		}
+		// There's no point on reading all the authorizations as there will
+		// be only one for a permanent identifier.
+		if az.Fingerprint != "" {
+			return az.Fingerprint, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", nil
+}
+
 // Finalize signs a certificate if the necessary conditions for Order completion
 // have been met.
 //
@@ -150,6 +173,24 @@ func (o *Order) Finalize(ctx context.Context, db DB, csr *x509.CertificateReques
 		return NewErrorISE("unexpected status %s for order %s", o.Status, o.ID)
 	}
 
+	// Get key fingerprint if any. And then compare it with the CSR fingerprint.
+	//
+	// In device-attest-01 challenges we should check that the keys in the CSR
+	// and the attestation certificate are the same.
+	fingerprint, err := o.getAuthorizationFingerprint(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if fingerprint != "" {
+		fp, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(csr.PublicKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return WrapErrorISE(err, "error calculating key fingerprint")
+		}
+		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(fingerprint), []byte(fp)) == 0 {
+			return NewError(ErrorUnauthorizedType, "order %s csr does not match the attested key", o.ID)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// canonicalize the CSR to allow for comparison
 	csr = canonicalize(csr)
 
@@ -165,6 +206,15 @@ func (o *Order) Finalize(ctx context.Context, db DB, csr *x509.CertificateReques
 	for i := range o.Identifiers {
 		if o.Identifiers[i].Type == PermanentIdentifier {
 			permanentIdentifier = o.Identifiers[i].Value
+			// the first (and only) Permanent Identifier that gets added to the certificate
+			// should be equal to the Subject Common Name if it's set. If not equal, the CSR
+			// is rejected, because the Common Name hasn't been challenged in that case. This
+			// could result in unauthorized access if a relying system relies on the Common
+			// Name in its authorization logic.
+			if csr.Subject.CommonName != "" && csr.Subject.CommonName != permanentIdentifier {
+				return NewError(ErrorBadCSRType, "CSR Subject Common Name does not match identifiers exactly: "+
+					"CSR Subject Common Name = %s, Order Permanent Identifier = %s", csr.Subject.CommonName, permanentIdentifier)
+			}
 			break
 		}
 	}

acme/order_test.go

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ package acme
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/asn1"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/url"
 	"reflect"
@@ -16,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
 )
 
@@ -297,7 +301,7 @@ func (m *mockSignAuth) LoadProvisionerByName(name string) (provisioner.Interface
 	return m.ret1.(provisioner.Interface), m.err
 }
 
-func (m *mockSignAuth) IsRevoked(sn string) (bool, error) {
+func (m *mockSignAuth) IsRevoked(string) (bool, error) {
 	return false, nil
 }
 
@@ -306,6 +310,14 @@ func (m *mockSignAuth) Revoke(context.Context, *authority.RevokeOptions) error {
 }
 
 func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
+	mustSigner := func(kty, crv string, size int) crypto.Signer {
+		s, err := keyutil.GenerateSigner(kty, crv, size)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return s
+	}
+
 	type test struct {
 		o    *Order
 		err  *Error
@@ -386,6 +398,72 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 				err: NewErrorISE("unrecognized order status: %s", o.Status),
 			}
 		},
+		"fail/non-matching-permanent-identifier-common-name": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			now := clock.Now()
+			o := &Order{
+				ID:               "oID",
+				AccountID:        "accID",
+				Status:           StatusReady,
+				ExpiresAt:        now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+				AuthorizationIDs: []string{"a", "b"},
+				Identifiers: []Identifier{
+					{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				},
+			}
+
+			signer := mustSigner("EC", "P-256", 0)
+			fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			csr := &x509.CertificateRequest{
+				Subject: pkix.Name{
+					CommonName: "a-different-identifier",
+				},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			return test{
+				o:   o,
+				csr: csr,
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						switch id {
+						case "a":
+							return &Authorization{
+								ID:     id,
+								Status: StatusValid,
+							}, nil
+						case "b":
+							return &Authorization{
+								ID:          id,
+								Fingerprint: fingerprint,
+								Status:      StatusValid,
+							}, nil
+						default:
+							assert.FatalError(t, errors.Errorf("unexpected authorization %s", id))
+							return nil, errors.New("force")
+						}
+					},
+					MockUpdateOrder: func(ctx context.Context, o *Order) error {
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+				err: &Error{
+					Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badCSR",
+					Detail: "The CSR is unacceptable",
+					Status: 400,
+					Err: fmt.Errorf("CSR Subject Common Name does not match identifiers exactly: "+
+						"CSR Subject Common Name = %s, Order Permanent Identifier = %s", csr.Subject.CommonName, "a-permanent-identifier"),
+				},
+			}
+		},
 		"fail/error-provisioner-auth": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			now := clock.Now()
 			o := &Order{
@@ -415,6 +493,11 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 						return nil, errors.New("force")
 					},
 				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
+				},
 				err: NewErrorISE("error retrieving authorization options from ACME provisioner: force"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -454,6 +537,11 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 						}
 					},
 				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
+				},
 				err: NewErrorISE("error creating template options from ACME provisioner: error unmarshaling template data: invalid character 'o' in literal false (expecting 'a')"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -495,6 +583,11 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 						return nil, errors.New("force")
 					},
 				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
+				},
 				err: NewErrorISE("error signing certificate for order oID: force"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -541,6 +634,9 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
 					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.OrderID, o.ID)
@@ -595,6 +691,9 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
 					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
 						cert.ID = "certID"
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
@@ -617,6 +716,297 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 				err: NewErrorISE("error updating order oID: force"),
 			}
 		},
+		"fail/csr-fingerprint": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			now := clock.Now()
+			o := &Order{
+				ID:               "oID",
+				AccountID:        "accID",
+				Status:           StatusReady,
+				ExpiresAt:        now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+				AuthorizationIDs: []string{"a", "b"},
+				Identifiers: []Identifier{
+					{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				},
+			}
+
+			signer := mustSigner("EC", "P-256", 0)
+
+			csr := &x509.CertificateRequest{
+				Subject: pkix.Name{
+					CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier",
+				},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+
+			leaf := &x509.Certificate{
+				Subject:   pkix.Name{CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			inter := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "inter"}}
+			root := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "root"}}
+
+			return test{
+				o:   o,
+				csr: csr,
+				prov: &MockProvisioner{
+					MauthorizeSign: func(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]provisioner.SignOption, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, token, "")
+						return nil, nil
+					},
+					MgetOptions: func() *provisioner.Options {
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+				ca: &mockSignAuth{
+					sign: func(_csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.SignOptions, extraOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, _csr, csr)
+						return []*x509.Certificate{leaf, inter, root}, nil
+					},
+				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{
+							ID:          id,
+							Fingerprint: "other-fingerprint",
+							Status:      StatusValid,
+						}, nil
+					},
+					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
+						cert.ID = "certID"
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.OrderID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Leaf, leaf)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Intermediates, []*x509.Certificate{inter, root})
+						return nil
+					},
+					MockUpdateOrder: func(ctx context.Context, updo *Order) error {
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.CertificateID, "certID")
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Status, StatusValid)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ExpiresAt, o.ExpiresAt)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AuthorizationIDs, o.AuthorizationIDs)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Identifiers, o.Identifiers)
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+				err: NewError(ErrorUnauthorizedType, "order oID csr does not match the attested key"),
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/permanent-identifier": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			now := clock.Now()
+			o := &Order{
+				ID:               "oID",
+				AccountID:        "accID",
+				Status:           StatusReady,
+				ExpiresAt:        now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+				AuthorizationIDs: []string{"a", "b"},
+				Identifiers: []Identifier{
+					{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				},
+			}
+
+			signer := mustSigner("EC", "P-256", 0)
+			fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			csr := &x509.CertificateRequest{
+				Subject: pkix.Name{
+					CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier",
+				},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+
+			leaf := &x509.Certificate{
+				Subject:   pkix.Name{CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			inter := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "inter"}}
+			root := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "root"}}
+
+			return test{
+				o:   o,
+				csr: csr,
+				prov: &MockProvisioner{
+					MauthorizeSign: func(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]provisioner.SignOption, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, token, "")
+						return nil, nil
+					},
+					MgetOptions: func() *provisioner.Options {
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+				ca: &mockSignAuth{
+					sign: func(_csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.SignOptions, extraOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, _csr, csr)
+						return []*x509.Certificate{leaf, inter, root}, nil
+					},
+				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						switch id {
+						case "a":
+							return &Authorization{
+								ID:     id,
+								Status: StatusValid,
+							}, nil
+						case "b":
+							return &Authorization{
+								ID:          id,
+								Fingerprint: fingerprint,
+								Status:      StatusValid,
+							}, nil
+						default:
+							assert.FatalError(t, errors.Errorf("unexpected authorization %s", id))
+							return nil, errors.New("force")
+						}
+					},
+					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
+						cert.ID = "certID"
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.OrderID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Leaf, leaf)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Intermediates, []*x509.Certificate{inter, root})
+						return nil
+					},
+					MockUpdateOrder: func(ctx context.Context, updo *Order) error {
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.CertificateID, "certID")
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Status, StatusValid)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ExpiresAt, o.ExpiresAt)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AuthorizationIDs, o.AuthorizationIDs)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Identifiers, o.Identifiers)
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/permanent-identifier-only": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			now := clock.Now()
+			o := &Order{
+				ID:               "oID",
+				AccountID:        "accID",
+				Status:           StatusReady,
+				ExpiresAt:        now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+				AuthorizationIDs: []string{"a", "b"},
+				Identifiers: []Identifier{
+					{Type: "dns", Value: "foo.internal"},
+					{Type: "permanent-identifier", Value: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				},
+			}
+
+			signer := mustSigner("EC", "P-256", 0)
+			fingerprint, err := keyutil.Fingerprint(signer.Public())
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			csr := &x509.CertificateRequest{
+				Subject: pkix.Name{
+					CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier",
+				},
+				DNSNames:  []string{"foo.internal"},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+
+			leaf := &x509.Certificate{
+				Subject:   pkix.Name{CommonName: "a-permanent-identifier"},
+				PublicKey: signer.Public(),
+				ExtraExtensions: []pkix.Extension{
+					{
+						Id:    asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 8, 3},
+						Value: []byte("a-permanent-identifier"),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			inter := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "inter"}}
+			root := &x509.Certificate{Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: "root"}}
+
+			return test{
+				o:   o,
+				csr: csr,
+				prov: &MockProvisioner{
+					MauthorizeSign: func(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]provisioner.SignOption, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, token, "")
+						return nil, nil
+					},
+					MgetOptions: func() *provisioner.Options {
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+				// TODO(hs): we should work on making the mocks more realistic. Ideally, we should get rid of
+				// the mock entirely, relying on an instances of provisioner, authority and DB (possibly hardest), so
+				// that behavior of the tests is what an actual CA would do. We could gradually phase them out by
+				// using the mocking functions as a wrapper for actual test helpers generated per test case or per
+				// function that's tested.
+				ca: &mockSignAuth{
+					sign: func(_csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.SignOptions, extraOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+						assert.Equals(t, _csr, csr)
+						return []*x509.Certificate{leaf, inter, root}, nil
+					},
+				},
+				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{
+							ID:          id,
+							Fingerprint: fingerprint,
+							Status:      StatusValid,
+						}, nil
+					},
+					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
+						cert.ID = "certID"
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.OrderID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Leaf, leaf)
+						assert.Equals(t, cert.Intermediates, []*x509.Certificate{inter, root})
+						return nil
+					},
+					MockUpdateOrder: func(ctx context.Context, updo *Order) error {
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.CertificateID, "certID")
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Status, StatusValid)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ID, o.ID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AccountID, o.AccountID)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.ExpiresAt, o.ExpiresAt)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.AuthorizationIDs, o.AuthorizationIDs)
+						assert.Equals(t, updo.Identifiers, o.Identifiers)
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+			}
+		},
 		"ok/new-cert-dns": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			now := clock.Now()
 			o := &Order{
@@ -660,6 +1050,9 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
 					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
 						cert.ID = "certID"
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
@@ -721,6 +1114,9 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
 					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
 						cert.ID = "certID"
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
@@ -785,6 +1181,9 @@ func TestOrder_Finalize(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 				db: &MockDB{
+					MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+						return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+					},
 					MockCreateCertificate: func(ctx context.Context, cert *Certificate) error {
 						cert.ID = "certID"
 						assert.Equals(t, cert.AccountID, o.AccountID)
@@ -1492,3 +1891,55 @@ func TestOrder_sans(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestOrder_getAuthorizationFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	type fields struct {
+		AuthorizationIDs []string
+	}
+	type args struct {
+		ctx context.Context
+		db  DB
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		fields  fields
+		args    args
+		want    string
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"ok", fields{[]string{"az1", "az2"}}, args{ctx, &MockDB{
+			MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+				return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+			},
+		}}, "", false},
+		{"ok fingerprint", fields{[]string{"az1", "az2"}}, args{ctx, &MockDB{
+			MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+				if id == "az1" {
+					return &Authorization{ID: id, Status: StatusValid}, nil
+				}
+				return &Authorization{ID: id, Fingerprint: "fingerprint", Status: StatusValid}, nil
+			},
+		}}, "fingerprint", false},
+		{"fail", fields{[]string{"az1", "az2"}}, args{ctx, &MockDB{
+			MockGetAuthorization: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Authorization, error) {
+				return nil, errors.New("force")
+			},
+		}}, "", true},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			o := &Order{
+				AuthorizationIDs: tt.fields.AuthorizationIDs,
+			}
+			got, err := o.getAuthorizationFingerprint(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.db)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Order.getAuthorizationFingerprint() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("Order.getAuthorizationFingerprint() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

api/api.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package api
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto"
 	"crypto/dsa" //nolint:staticcheck // support legacy algorithms
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/sshutil"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api/log"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api/render"
@@ -224,8 +227,39 @@ type RootResponse struct {
 // ProvisionersResponse is the response object that returns the list of
 // provisioners.
 type ProvisionersResponse struct {
-	Provisioners provisioner.List `json:"provisioners"`
+	Provisioners provisioner.List
-	NextCursor   string           `json:"nextCursor"`
+	NextCursor   string
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler. It marshals the ProvisionersResponse
+// into a byte slice.
+//
+// Special treatment is given to the SCEP provisioner, as it contains a
+// challenge secret that MUST NOT be leaked in (public) HTTP responses. The
+// challenge value is thus redacted in HTTP responses.
+func (p ProvisionersResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	for _, item := range p.Provisioners {
+		scepProv, ok := item.(*provisioner.SCEP)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		old := scepProv.ChallengePassword
+		scepProv.ChallengePassword = "*** REDACTED ***"
+		defer func(p string) { //nolint:gocritic // defer in loop required to restore initial state of provisioners
+			scepProv.ChallengePassword = p
+		}(old)
+	}
+
+	var list = struct {
+		Provisioners []provisioner.Interface `json:"provisioners"`
+		NextCursor   string                  `json:"nextCursor"`
+	}{
+		Provisioners: []provisioner.Interface(p.Provisioners),
+		NextCursor:   p.NextCursor,
+	}
+
+	return json.Marshal(list)
 }
 
 // ProvisionerKeyResponse is the response object that returns the encrypted key
@@ -257,7 +291,7 @@ func (h *caHandler) Route(r Router) {
 // New creates a new RouterHandler with the CA endpoints.
 //
 // Deprecated: Use api.Route(r Router)
-func New(auth Authority) RouterHandler {
+func New(Authority) RouterHandler {
 	return &caHandler{}
 }
 
@@ -304,7 +338,7 @@ func Version(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 // Health is an HTTP handler that returns the status of the server.
-func Health(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func Health(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	render.JSON(w, HealthResponse{Status: "ok"})
 }
 
@@ -438,7 +472,7 @@ func logOtt(w http.ResponseWriter, token string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// LogCertificate add certificate fields to the log message.
+// LogCertificate adds certificate fields to the log message.
 func LogCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, cert *x509.Certificate) {
 	if rl, ok := w.(logging.ResponseLogger); ok {
 		m := map[string]interface{}{
@@ -470,6 +504,41 @@ func LogCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, cert *x509.Certificate) {
 	}
 }
 
+// LogSSHCertificate adds SSH certificate fields to the log message.
+func LogSSHCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, cert *ssh.Certificate) {
+	if rl, ok := w.(logging.ResponseLogger); ok {
+		mak := bytes.TrimSpace(ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(cert))
+		var certificate string
+		parts := strings.Split(string(mak), " ")
+		if len(parts) > 1 {
+			certificate = parts[1]
+		}
+		var userOrHost string
+		if cert.CertType == ssh.HostCert {
+			userOrHost = "host"
+		} else {
+			userOrHost = "user"
+		}
+		certificateType := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s certificate", parts[0], userOrHost) // e.g. ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com user certificate
+		m := map[string]interface{}{
+			"serial":           cert.Serial,
+			"principals":       cert.ValidPrincipals,
+			"valid-from":       time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidAfter), 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+			"valid-to":         time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidBefore), 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+			"certificate":      certificate,
+			"certificate-type": certificateType,
+		}
+		fingerprint, err := sshutil.FormatFingerprint(mak, sshutil.DefaultFingerprint)
+		if err == nil {
+			fpParts := strings.Split(fingerprint, " ")
+			if len(fpParts) > 3 {
+				m["public-key"] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", fpParts[1], fpParts[len(fpParts)-1])
+			}
+		}
+		rl.WithFields(m)
+	}
+}
+
 // ParseCursor parses the cursor and limit from the request query params.
 func ParseCursor(r *http.Request) (cursor string, limit int, err error) {
 	q := r.URL.Query()

api/api_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto"
-	"crypto/dsa" //nolint
+	"crypto/dsa" //nolint:staticcheck // support legacy algorithms
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
@@ -28,12 +28,15 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	sassert "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	squarejose "gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
+
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
@@ -1564,3 +1567,122 @@ func mustCertificate(t *testing.T, pub, priv interface{}) *x509.Certificate {
 	}
 	return cert
 }
+
+func TestProvisionersResponse_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+
+	k := map[string]any{
+		"use": "sig",
+		"kty": "EC",
+		"kid": "4UELJx8e0aS9m0CH3fZ0EB7D5aUPICb759zALHFejvc",
+		"crv": "P-256",
+		"alg": "ES256",
+		"x":   "7ZdAAMZCFU4XwgblI5RfZouBi8lYmF6DlZusNNnsbm8",
+		"y":   "sQr2JdzwD2fgyrymBEXWsxDxFNjjqN64qLLSbLdLZ9Y",
+	}
+	key := squarejose.JSONWebKey{}
+	b, err := json.Marshal(k)
+	assert.FatalError(t, err)
+	err = json.Unmarshal(b, &key)
+	assert.FatalError(t, err)
+
+	r := ProvisionersResponse{
+		Provisioners: provisioner.List{
+			&provisioner.SCEP{
+				Name:                          "scep",
+				Type:                          "scep",
+				ChallengePassword:             "not-so-secret",
+				MinimumPublicKeyLength:        2048,
+				EncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier: 2,
+			},
+			&provisioner.JWK{
+				EncryptedKey: "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwicDJjIjoxMDAwMDAsInAycyI6IlhOdmYxQjgxSUlLMFA2NUkwcmtGTGcifQ.XaN9zcPQeWt49zchUDm34FECUTHfQTn_.tmNHPQDqR3ebsWfd.9WZr3YVdeOyJh36vvx0VlRtluhvYp4K7jJ1KGDr1qypwZ3ziBVSNbYYQ71du7fTtrnfG1wgGTVR39tWSzBU-zwQ5hdV3rpMAaEbod5zeW6SHd95H3Bvcb43YiiqJFNL5sGZzFb7FqzVmpsZ1efiv6sZaGDHtnCAL6r12UG5EZuqGfM0jGCZitUz2m9TUKXJL5DJ7MOYbFfkCEsUBPDm_TInliSVn2kMJhFa0VOe5wZk5YOuYM3lNYW64HGtbf-llN2Xk-4O9TfeSPizBx9ZqGpeu8pz13efUDT2WL9tWo6-0UE-CrG0bScm8lFTncTkHcu49_a5NaUBkYlBjEiw.thPcx3t1AUcWuEygXIY3Fg",
+				Key:          &key,
+				Name:         "step-cli",
+				Type:         "JWK",
+			},
+		},
+		NextCursor: "next",
+	}
+
+	expected := map[string]any{
+		"provisioners": []map[string]any{
+			{
+				"type":                          "scep",
+				"name":                          "scep",
+				"challenge":                     "*** REDACTED ***",
+				"minimumPublicKeyLength":        2048,
+				"encryptionAlgorithmIdentifier": 2,
+			},
+			{
+				"type": "JWK",
+				"name": "step-cli",
+				"key": map[string]any{
+					"use": "sig",
+					"kty": "EC",
+					"kid": "4UELJx8e0aS9m0CH3fZ0EB7D5aUPICb759zALHFejvc",
+					"crv": "P-256",
+					"alg": "ES256",
+					"x":   "7ZdAAMZCFU4XwgblI5RfZouBi8lYmF6DlZusNNnsbm8",
+					"y":   "sQr2JdzwD2fgyrymBEXWsxDxFNjjqN64qLLSbLdLZ9Y",
+				},
+				"encryptedKey": "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwicDJjIjoxMDAwMDAsInAycyI6IlhOdmYxQjgxSUlLMFA2NUkwcmtGTGcifQ.XaN9zcPQeWt49zchUDm34FECUTHfQTn_.tmNHPQDqR3ebsWfd.9WZr3YVdeOyJh36vvx0VlRtluhvYp4K7jJ1KGDr1qypwZ3ziBVSNbYYQ71du7fTtrnfG1wgGTVR39tWSzBU-zwQ5hdV3rpMAaEbod5zeW6SHd95H3Bvcb43YiiqJFNL5sGZzFb7FqzVmpsZ1efiv6sZaGDHtnCAL6r12UG5EZuqGfM0jGCZitUz2m9TUKXJL5DJ7MOYbFfkCEsUBPDm_TInliSVn2kMJhFa0VOe5wZk5YOuYM3lNYW64HGtbf-llN2Xk-4O9TfeSPizBx9ZqGpeu8pz13efUDT2WL9tWo6-0UE-CrG0bScm8lFTncTkHcu49_a5NaUBkYlBjEiw.thPcx3t1AUcWuEygXIY3Fg",
+			},
+		},
+		"nextCursor": "next",
+	}
+
+	expBytes, err := json.Marshal(expected)
+	sassert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	br, err := r.MarshalJSON()
+	sassert.NoError(t, err)
+	sassert.JSONEq(t, string(expBytes), string(br))
+
+	keyCopy := key
+	expList := provisioner.List{
+		&provisioner.SCEP{
+			Name:                          "scep",
+			Type:                          "scep",
+			ChallengePassword:             "not-so-secret",
+			MinimumPublicKeyLength:        2048,
+			EncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier: 2,
+		},
+		&provisioner.JWK{
+			EncryptedKey: "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwicDJjIjoxMDAwMDAsInAycyI6IlhOdmYxQjgxSUlLMFA2NUkwcmtGTGcifQ.XaN9zcPQeWt49zchUDm34FECUTHfQTn_.tmNHPQDqR3ebsWfd.9WZr3YVdeOyJh36vvx0VlRtluhvYp4K7jJ1KGDr1qypwZ3ziBVSNbYYQ71du7fTtrnfG1wgGTVR39tWSzBU-zwQ5hdV3rpMAaEbod5zeW6SHd95H3Bvcb43YiiqJFNL5sGZzFb7FqzVmpsZ1efiv6sZaGDHtnCAL6r12UG5EZuqGfM0jGCZitUz2m9TUKXJL5DJ7MOYbFfkCEsUBPDm_TInliSVn2kMJhFa0VOe5wZk5YOuYM3lNYW64HGtbf-llN2Xk-4O9TfeSPizBx9ZqGpeu8pz13efUDT2WL9tWo6-0UE-CrG0bScm8lFTncTkHcu49_a5NaUBkYlBjEiw.thPcx3t1AUcWuEygXIY3Fg",
+			Key:          &keyCopy,
+			Name:         "step-cli",
+			Type:         "JWK",
+		},
+	}
+
+	// MarshalJSON must not affect the struct properties itself
+	sassert.Equal(t, expList, r.Provisioners)
+}
+
+const (
+	fixtureECDSACertificate = `ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com 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 herman`
+)
+
+func TestLogSSHCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+
+	out, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(fixtureECDSACertificate))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cert, ok := out.(*ssh.Certificate)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	rl := logging.NewResponseLogger(w)
+	LogSSHCertificate(rl, cert)
+
+	sassert.Equal(t, 200, w.Result().StatusCode)
+
+	fields := rl.Fields()
+	sassert.Equal(t, uint64(14376510277651266987), fields["serial"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, []string{"herman"}, fields["principals"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com user certificate", fields["certificate-type"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, time.Unix(1674129191, 0).Format(time.RFC3339), fields["valid-from"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, time.Unix(1674186851, 0).Format(time.RFC3339), fields["valid-to"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, "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", fields["certificate"])
+	sassert.Equal(t, "SHA256:RvkDPGwl/G9d7LUFm1kmWhvOD9I/moPq4yxcb0STwr0 (ECDSA-CERT)", fields["public-key"])
+}

api/crl.go

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ func CRL(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	_, formatAsPEM := r.URL.Query()["pem"]
 	if formatAsPEM {
-		pemBytes := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/x-pem-file")
+		w.Header().Add("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"crl.pem\"")
+
+		_ = pem.Encode(w, &pem.Block{
 			Type:  "X509 CRL",
 			Bytes: crlBytes,
 		})
-		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/x-pem-file")
-		w.Header().Add("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"crl.pem\"")
-		w.Write(pemBytes)
 	} else {
 		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/pkix-crl")
 		w.Header().Add("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"crl.der\"")

api/render/render.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 package render
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
@@ -24,14 +23,25 @@ func JSON(w http.ResponseWriter, v interface{}) {
 // JSONStatus sets the Content-Type of w to application/json unless one is
 // specified.
 func JSONStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, v interface{}, status int) {
-	var b bytes.Buffer
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(v); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
 	setContentTypeUnlessPresent(w, "application/json")
 	w.WriteHeader(status)
-	_, _ = b.WriteTo(w)
+
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(v); err != nil {
+		var errUnsupportedType *json.UnsupportedTypeError
+		if errors.As(err, &errUnsupportedType) {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		var errUnsupportedValue *json.UnsupportedValueError
+		if errors.As(err, &errUnsupportedValue) {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		var errMarshalError *json.MarshalerError
+		if errors.As(err, &errMarshalError) {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
 
 	log.EnabledResponse(w, v)
 }

api/render/render_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package render
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strconv"
@@ -26,10 +28,43 @@ func TestJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, rw.Fields())
 }
 
-func TestJSONPanics(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONPanicsOnUnsupportedType(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+	jsonPanicTest[json.UnsupportedTypeError](t, make(chan struct{}))
-		JSON(httptest.NewRecorder(), make(chan struct{}))
+}
-	})
+
+func TestJSONPanicsOnUnsupportedValue(t *testing.T) {
+	jsonPanicTest[json.UnsupportedValueError](t, math.NaN())
+}
+
+func TestJSONPanicsOnMarshalerError(t *testing.T) {
+	var v erroneousJSONMarshaler
+	jsonPanicTest[json.MarshalerError](t, v)
+}
+
+type erroneousJSONMarshaler struct{}
+
+func (erroneousJSONMarshaler) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, assert.AnError
+}
+
+func jsonPanicTest[T json.UnsupportedTypeError | json.UnsupportedValueError | json.MarshalerError](t *testing.T, v any) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	defer func() {
+		var err error
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected panic")
+		} else if e, ok := r.(error); !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("did not panic with an error (%T)", r)
+		} else {
+			err = e
+		}
+
+		var e *T
+		assert.ErrorAs(t, err, &e)
+	}()
+
+	JSON(httptest.NewRecorder(), v)
 }
 
 type renderableError struct {

api/sign.go

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ func Sign(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if len(certChainPEM) > 1 {
 		caPEM = certChainPEM[1]
 	}
+
 	LogCertificate(w, certChain[0])
 	render.JSONStatus(w, &SignResponse{
 		ServerPEM:    certChainPEM[0],

api/ssh.go

@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ func SSHSign(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		identityCertificate = certChainToPEM(certChain)
 	}
 
+	LogSSHCertificate(w, cert)
 	render.JSONStatus(w, &SSHSignResponse{
 		Certificate:         SSHCertificate{cert},
 		AddUserCertificate:  addUserCertificate,

api/sshRekey.go

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func SSHRekey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	LogSSHCertificate(w, newCert)
 	render.JSONStatus(w, &SSHRekeyResponse{
 		Certificate:         SSHCertificate{newCert},
 		IdentityCertificate: identity,

api/sshRenew.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ func SSHRenew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	LogSSHCertificate(w, newCert)
 	render.JSONStatus(w, &SSHSignResponse{
 		Certificate:         SSHCertificate{newCert},
 		IdentityCertificate: identity,

authority/admin/api/acme.go

@@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ func NewACMEAdminResponder() ACMEAdminResponder {
 }
 
 // GetExternalAccountKeys writes the response for the EAB keys GET endpoint
-func (h *acmeAdminResponder) GetExternalAccountKeys(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func (h *acmeAdminResponder) GetExternalAccountKeys(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	render.Error(w, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotImplementedType, "this functionality is currently only available in Certificate Manager: https://u.step.sm/cm"))
 }
 
 // CreateExternalAccountKey writes the response for the EAB key POST endpoint
-func (h *acmeAdminResponder) CreateExternalAccountKey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func (h *acmeAdminResponder) CreateExternalAccountKey(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	render.Error(w, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotImplementedType, "this functionality is currently only available in Certificate Manager: https://u.step.sm/cm"))
 }
 
 // DeleteExternalAccountKey writes the response for the EAB key DELETE endpoint
-func (h *acmeAdminResponder) DeleteExternalAccountKey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+func (h *acmeAdminResponder) DeleteExternalAccountKey(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	render.Error(w, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotImplementedType, "this functionality is currently only available in Certificate Manager: https://u.step.sm/cm"))
 }
 

authority/admin/api/webhook.go

@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ func validateWebhook(webhook *linkedca.Webhook) error {
 
 	// kind
 	switch webhook.Kind {
-	case linkedca.Webhook_ENRICHING, linkedca.Webhook_AUTHORIZING:
+	case linkedca.Webhook_ENRICHING, linkedca.Webhook_AUTHORIZING, linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE:
 	default:
-		return admin.NewError(admin.ErrorBadRequestType, "webhook kind is invalid")
+		return admin.NewError(admin.ErrorBadRequestType, "webhook kind %q is invalid", webhook.Kind)
 	}
 
 	return nil

authority/admin/api/webhook_test.go

@@ -180,6 +180,26 @@ func TestWebhookAdminResponder_CreateProvisionerWebhook(t *testing.T) {
 				statusCode: 400,
 			}
 		},
+		"fail/unsupported-webhook-kind": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			prov := &linkedca.Provisioner{
+				Name: "provName",
+			}
+			ctx := linkedca.NewContextWithProvisioner(context.Background(), prov)
+			adminErr := admin.NewError(admin.ErrorBadRequestType, `(line 5:13): invalid value for enum type: "UNSUPPORTED"`)
+			adminErr.Message = `(line 5:13): invalid value for enum type: "UNSUPPORTED"`
+			body := []byte(`
+			{
+				"name": "metadata",
+				"url": "https://example.com",
+				"kind": "UNSUPPORTED",
+			}`)
+			return test{
+				ctx:        ctx,
+				body:       body,
+				err:        adminErr,
+				statusCode: 400,
+			}
+		},
 		"fail/auth.UpdateProvisioner-error": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			adm := &linkedca.Admin{
 				Subject: "step",

authority/admin/db/nosql/admin.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (dba *dbAdmin) clone() *dbAdmin {
 	return &u
 }
 
-func (db *DB) getDBAdminBytes(ctx context.Context, id string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBAdminBytes(_ context.Context, id string) ([]byte, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(adminsTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotFoundType, "admin %s not found", id)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func (db *DB) GetAdmin(ctx context.Context, id string) (*linkedca.Admin, error)
 // GetAdmins retrieves and unmarshals all active (not deleted) admins
 // from the database.
 // TODO should we be paginating?
-func (db *DB) GetAdmins(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
+func (db *DB) GetAdmins(context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
 	dbEntries, err := db.db.List(adminsTable)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error loading admins")
@@ -115,12 +115,10 @@ func (db *DB) GetAdmins(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
 			if errors.As(err, &ae) {
 				if ae.IsType(admin.ErrorDeletedType) || ae.IsType(admin.ErrorAuthorityMismatchType) {
 					continue
-				} else {
-					return nil, err
 				}
-			} else {
 				return nil, err
 			}
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		if adm.AuthorityId != db.authorityID {
 			continue

authority/admin/db/nosql/nosql.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func New(db nosqlDB.DB, authorityID string) (*DB, error) {
 
 // save writes the new data to the database, overwriting the old data if it
 // existed.
-func (db *DB) save(ctx context.Context, id string, nu, old interface{}, typ string, table []byte) error {
+func (db *DB) save(_ context.Context, id string, nu, old interface{}, typ string, table []byte) error {
 	var (
 		err  error
 		newB []byte

authority/admin/db/nosql/policy.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (dbap *dbAuthorityPolicy) convert() *linkedca.Policy {
 	return dbToLinked(dbap.Policy)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) getDBAuthorityPolicyBytes(ctx context.Context, authorityID string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBAuthorityPolicyBytes(_ context.Context, authorityID string) ([]byte, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(authorityPoliciesTable, []byte(authorityID))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotFoundType, "authority policy not found")

authority/admin/db/nosql/provisioner.go

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func (dbp *dbProvisioner) convert2linkedca() (*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (db *DB) getDBProvisionerBytes(ctx context.Context, id string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *DB) getDBProvisionerBytes(_ context.Context, id string) ([]byte, error) {
 	data, err := db.db.Get(provisionersTable, []byte(id))
 	if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 		return nil, admin.NewError(admin.ErrorNotFoundType, "provisioner %s not found", id)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func (db *DB) GetProvisioner(ctx context.Context, id string) (*linkedca.Provisio
 
 // GetProvisioners retrieves and unmarshals all active (not deleted) provisioners
 // from the database.
-func (db *DB) GetProvisioners(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
+func (db *DB) GetProvisioners(_ context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
 	dbEntries, err := db.db.List(provisionersTable)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error loading provisioners")
@@ -145,12 +145,10 @@ func (db *DB) GetProvisioners(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Provisioner, err
 			if errors.As(err, &ae) {
 				if ae.IsType(admin.ErrorDeletedType) || ae.IsType(admin.ErrorAuthorityMismatchType) {
 					continue
-				} else {
-					return nil, err
 				}
-			} else {
 				return nil, err
 			}
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		if prov.AuthorityId != db.authorityID {
 			continue

authority/authority.go

@@ -545,50 +545,6 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {
 		tmplVars.SSH.UserFederatedKeys = append(tmplVars.SSH.UserFederatedKeys, a.sshCAUserFederatedCerts...)
 	}
 
-	// Check if a KMS with decryption capability is required and available
-	if a.requiresDecrypter() {
-		if _, ok := a.keyManager.(kmsapi.Decrypter); !ok {
-			return errors.New("keymanager doesn't provide crypto.Decrypter")
-		}
-	}
-
-	// TODO: decide if this is a good approach for providing the SCEP functionality
-	// It currently mirrors the logic for the x509CAService
-	if a.requiresSCEPService() && a.scepService == nil {
-		var options scep.Options
-
-		// Read intermediate and create X509 signer and decrypter for default CAS.
-		options.CertificateChain, err = pemutil.ReadCertificateBundle(a.config.IntermediateCert)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		options.CertificateChain = append(options.CertificateChain, a.rootX509Certs...)
-		options.Signer, err = a.keyManager.CreateSigner(&kmsapi.CreateSignerRequest{
-			SigningKey: a.config.IntermediateKey,
-			Password:   a.password,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if km, ok := a.keyManager.(kmsapi.Decrypter); ok {
-			options.Decrypter, err = km.CreateDecrypter(&kmsapi.CreateDecrypterRequest{
-				DecryptionKey: a.config.IntermediateKey,
-				Password:      a.password,
-			})
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		a.scepService, err = scep.NewService(ctx, options)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		// TODO: mimick the x509CAService GetCertificateAuthority here too?
-	}
-
 	if a.config.AuthorityConfig.EnableAdmin {
 		// Initialize step-ca Admin Database if it's not already initialized using
 		// WithAdminDB.
@@ -684,6 +640,50 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Check if a KMS with decryption capability is required and available
+	if a.requiresDecrypter() {
+		if _, ok := a.keyManager.(kmsapi.Decrypter); !ok {
+			return errors.New("keymanager doesn't provide crypto.Decrypter")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TODO: decide if this is a good approach for providing the SCEP functionality
+	// It currently mirrors the logic for the x509CAService
+	if a.requiresSCEPService() && a.scepService == nil {
+		var options scep.Options
+
+		// Read intermediate and create X509 signer and decrypter for default CAS.
+		options.CertificateChain, err = pemutil.ReadCertificateBundle(a.config.IntermediateCert)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		options.CertificateChain = append(options.CertificateChain, a.rootX509Certs...)
+		options.Signer, err = a.keyManager.CreateSigner(&kmsapi.CreateSignerRequest{
+			SigningKey: a.config.IntermediateKey,
+			Password:   a.password,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if km, ok := a.keyManager.(kmsapi.Decrypter); ok {
+			options.Decrypter, err = km.CreateDecrypter(&kmsapi.CreateDecrypterRequest{
+				DecryptionKey: a.config.IntermediateKey,
+				Password:      a.password,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		a.scepService, err = scep.NewService(ctx, options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// TODO: mimick the x509CAService GetCertificateAuthority here too?
+	}
+
 	// Load X509 constraints engine.
 	//
 	// This is currently only available in CA mode.

authority/authorize.go

@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ func (a *Authority) authorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate)
 }
 
 // authorizeSSHCertificate returns an error if the given certificate is revoked.
-func (a *Authority) authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx context.Context, cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+func (a *Authority) authorizeSSHCertificate(_ context.Context, cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
 	var err error
 	var isRevoked bool
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ func (a *Authority) authorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error
 
 // AuthorizeRenewToken validates the renew token and returns the leaf
 // certificate in the x5cInsecure header.
-func (a *Authority) AuthorizeRenewToken(ctx context.Context, ott string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
+func (a *Authority) AuthorizeRenewToken(_ context.Context, ott string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
 	var claims jose.Claims
 	jwt, chain, err := jose.ParseX5cInsecure(ott, a.rootX509Certs)
 	if err != nil {

authority/config/config.go

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	CommonName       string               `json:"commonName,omitempty"`
 	CRL              *CRLConfig           `json:"crl,omitempty"`
 	SkipValidation   bool                 `json:"-"`
+	NNSServer        string               `json:"nnsServer,omitempty"`
 
 	// Keeps record of the filename the Config is read from
 	loadedFromFilepath string
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ type CRLConfig struct {
 	GenerateOnRevoke bool                  `json:"generateOnRevoke,omitempty"`
 	CacheDuration    *provisioner.Duration `json:"cacheDuration,omitempty"`
 	RenewPeriod      *provisioner.Duration `json:"renewPeriod,omitempty"`
+	IDPurl           string                `json:"idpURL,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // IsEnabled returns if the CRL is enabled.
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ func (c *AuthConfig) init() {
 }
 
 // Validate validates the authority configuration.
-func (c *AuthConfig) Validate(audiences provisioner.Audiences) error {
+func (c *AuthConfig) Validate(provisioner.Audiences) error {
 	if c == nil {
 		return errors.New("authority cannot be undefined")
 	}

authority/linkedca.go

@@ -381,19 +381,19 @@ func (c *linkedCaClient) IsSSHRevoked(serial string) (bool, error) {
 	return resp.Status != linkedca.RevocationStatus_ACTIVE, nil
 }
 
-func (c *linkedCaClient) CreateAuthorityPolicy(ctx context.Context, policy *linkedca.Policy) error {
+func (c *linkedCaClient) CreateAuthorityPolicy(_ context.Context, _ *linkedca.Policy) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented yet")
 }
 
-func (c *linkedCaClient) GetAuthorityPolicy(ctx context.Context) (*linkedca.Policy, error) {
+func (c *linkedCaClient) GetAuthorityPolicy(context.Context) (*linkedca.Policy, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented yet")
 }
 
-func (c *linkedCaClient) UpdateAuthorityPolicy(ctx context.Context, policy *linkedca.Policy) error {
+func (c *linkedCaClient) UpdateAuthorityPolicy(_ context.Context, _ *linkedca.Policy) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented yet")
 }
 
-func (c *linkedCaClient) DeleteAuthorityPolicy(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (c *linkedCaClient) DeleteAuthorityPolicy(context.Context) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented yet")
 }
 

authority/policy.go

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ func (a *Authority) checkProvisionerPolicy(ctx context.Context, provName string,
 
 // checkPolicy checks if a new or updated policy configuration results in the user
 // locking themselves or other admins out of the CA.
-func (a *Authority) checkPolicy(ctx context.Context, currentAdmin *linkedca.Admin, otherAdmins []*linkedca.Admin, p *linkedca.Policy) error {
+func (a *Authority) checkPolicy(_ context.Context, currentAdmin *linkedca.Admin, otherAdmins []*linkedca.Admin, p *linkedca.Policy) error {
 	// convert the policy; return early if nil
 	policyOptions := authPolicy.LinkedToCertificates(p)
 	if policyOptions == nil {
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func isAllowed(engine authPolicy.X509Policy, sans []string) error {
 		if isNamePolicyError && policyErr.Reason == policy.NotAllowed {
 			return &PolicyError{
 				Typ: AdminLockOut,
-				Err: fmt.Errorf("the provided policy would lock out %s from the CA. Please update your policy to include %s as an allowed name", sans, sans),
+				Err: fmt.Errorf("the provided policy would lock out %s from the CA. Please create an x509 policy to include %s as an allowed DNS name", sans, sans),
 			}
 		}
 		return &PolicyError{

authority/policy_test.go

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestAuthority_checkPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				err: &PolicyError{
 					Typ: AdminLockOut,
-					Err: errors.New("the provided policy would lock out [step] from the CA. Please update your policy to include [step] as an allowed name"),
+					Err: errors.New("the provided policy would lock out [step] from the CA. Please create an x509 policy to include [step] as an allowed DNS name"),
 				},
 			}
 		},
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestAuthority_checkPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				err: &PolicyError{
 					Typ: AdminLockOut,
-					Err: errors.New("the provided policy would lock out [otherAdmin] from the CA. Please update your policy to include [otherAdmin] as an allowed name"),
+					Err: errors.New("the provided policy would lock out [otherAdmin] from the CA. Please create an x509 policy to include [otherAdmin] as an allowed DNS name"),
 				},
 			}
 		},

authority/provisioner/acme.go

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ const (
 	TLS_ALPN_01 ACMEChallenge = "tls-alpn-01"
 	// DEVICE_ATTEST_01 is the device-attest-01 ACME challenge.
 	DEVICE_ATTEST_01 ACMEChallenge = "device-attest-01"
+	// NNS_01 is the nns-01 ACME challenge.
+	NNS_01 ACMEChallenge = "nns-01"
 )
 
 // String returns a normalized version of the challenge.
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ func (c ACMEChallenge) String() string {
 // Validate returns an error if the acme challenge is not a valid one.
 func (c ACMEChallenge) Validate() error {
 	switch ACMEChallenge(c.String()) {
-	case HTTP_01, DNS_01, TLS_ALPN_01, DEVICE_ATTEST_01:
+	case HTTP_01, DNS_01, TLS_ALPN_01, DEVICE_ATTEST_01, NNS_01:
 		return nil
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("acme challenge %q is not supported", c)
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ func (c ACMEChallenge) Validate() error {
 type ACMEAttestationFormat string
 
 const (
-	// APPLE is the format used to enable device-attest-01 on apple devices.
+	// APPLE is the format used to enable device-attest-01 on Apple devices.
 	APPLE ACMEAttestationFormat = "apple"
 
 	// STEP is the format used to enable device-attest-01 on devices that
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ const (
 	// TODO(mariano): should we rename this to something else.
 	STEP ACMEAttestationFormat = "step"
 
-	// TPM is the format used to enable device-attest-01 on TPMs.
+	// TPM is the format used to enable device-attest-01 with TPMs.
 	TPM ACMEAttestationFormat = "tpm"
 )
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ func (p *ACME) GetIDForToken() string {
 }
 
 // GetTokenID returns the identifier of the token.
-func (p *ACME) GetTokenID(ott string) (string, error) {
+func (p *ACME) GetTokenID(string) (string, error) {
 	return "", errors.New("acme provisioner does not implement GetTokenID")
 }
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ func (p *ACME) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	// Parse attestation roots.
-	// The pool will be nil if the there are not roots.
+	// The pool will be nil if there are no roots.
 	if rest := p.AttestationRoots; len(rest) > 0 {
 		var block *pem.Block
 		var hasCert bool
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ type ACMEIdentifier struct {
 
 // AuthorizeOrderIdentifier verifies the provisioner is allowed to issue a
 // certificate for an ACME Order Identifier.
-func (p *ACME) AuthorizeOrderIdentifier(ctx context.Context, identifier ACMEIdentifier) error {
+func (p *ACME) AuthorizeOrderIdentifier(_ context.Context, identifier ACMEIdentifier) error {
 	x509Policy := p.ctl.getPolicy().getX509()
 
 	// identifier is allowed if no policy is configured
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ func (p *ACME) AuthorizeOrderIdentifier(ctx context.Context, identifier ACMEIden
 // AuthorizeSign does not do any validation, because all validation is handled
 // in the ACME protocol. This method returns a list of modifiers / constraints
 // on the resulting certificate.
-func (p *ACME) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *ACME) AuthorizeSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	opts := []SignOption{
 		p,
 		// modifiers / withOptions
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ func (p *ACME) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, e
 // the CA. It can be used to authorize revocation of a certificate. With the
 // ACME protocol, revocation authorization is specified and performed as part
 // of the client/server interaction, so this is a no-op.
-func (p *ACME) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *ACME) AuthorizeRevoke(context.Context, string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -289,9 +291,9 @@ func (p *ACME) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) error
 // IsChallengeEnabled checks if the given challenge is enabled. By default
 // http-01, dns-01 and tls-alpn-01 are enabled, to disable any of them the
 // Challenge provisioner property should have at least one element.
-func (p *ACME) IsChallengeEnabled(ctx context.Context, challenge ACMEChallenge) bool {
+func (p *ACME) IsChallengeEnabled(_ context.Context, challenge ACMEChallenge) bool {
 	enabledChallenges := []ACMEChallenge{
-		HTTP_01, DNS_01, TLS_ALPN_01,
+		HTTP_01, DNS_01, TLS_ALPN_01, NNS_01,
 	}
 	if len(p.Challenges) > 0 {
 		enabledChallenges = p.Challenges
@@ -307,7 +309,7 @@ func (p *ACME) IsChallengeEnabled(ctx context.Context, challenge ACMEChallenge)
 // IsAttestationFormatEnabled checks if the given attestation format is enabled.
 // By default apple, step and tpm are enabled, to disable any of them the
 // AttestationFormat provisioner property should have at least one element.
-func (p *ACME) IsAttestationFormatEnabled(ctx context.Context, format ACMEAttestationFormat) bool {
+func (p *ACME) IsAttestationFormatEnabled(_ context.Context, format ACMEAttestationFormat) bool {
 	enabledFormats := []ACMEAttestationFormat{
 		APPLE, STEP, TPM,
 	}

authority/provisioner/aws.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 // awsIssuer is the string used as issuer in the generated tokens.
@@ -73,6 +74,14 @@ const awsMetadataTokenTTLHeader = "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds" //nolin
 // The fifth certificate is used in:
 //
 //	me-south-1
+//
+// The sixth certificate is used in:
+//
+//	me-central-1
+//
+// The seventh certificate is used in:
+//
+//	ap-southeast-3
 const awsCertificate = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDIjCCAougAwIBAgIJAKnL4UEDMN/FMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMGoxCzAJBgNV
 BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpXYXNoaW5ndG9uMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdTZWF0dGxlMRgw
@@ -154,6 +163,34 @@ DAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOBgQBhkNTBIFgWFd+ZhC/LhRUY
 4OjEiykmbEp6hlzQ79T0Tfbn5A4NYDI2icBP0+hmf6qSnIhwJF6typyd1yPK5Fqt
 NTpxxcXmUKquX+pHmIkK1LKDO8rNE84jqxrxRsfDi6by82fjVYf2pgjJW8R1FAw+
 mL5WQRFexbfB5aXhcMo0AA==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 // awsSignatureAlgorithm is the signature algorithm used to verify the identity
@@ -435,7 +472,7 @@ func (p *AWS) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token and returns the sign options that
 // will be used on certificate creation.
-func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	payload, err := p.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "aws.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -485,7 +522,11 @@ func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, er
 		commonNameValidator(payload.Claims.Subject),
 		newValidityValidator(p.ctl.Claimer.MinTLSCertDuration(), p.ctl.Claimer.MaxTLSCertDuration()),
 		newX509NamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getX509()),
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_X509),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_X509,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(doc.InstanceID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }
 
@@ -708,7 +749,7 @@ func (p *AWS) authorizeToken(token string) (*awsPayload, error) {
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
-func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("aws.AuthorizeSSHSign; ssh ca is disabled for aws provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
@@ -768,6 +809,10 @@ func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Ensure that all principal names are allowed
 		newSSHNamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getSSHHost(), nil),
 		// Call webhooks
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_SSH),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_SSH,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(doc.InstanceID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }

authority/provisioner/azure.go

@@ -20,13 +20,19 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 // azureOIDCBaseURL is the base discovery url for Microsoft Azure tokens.
 const azureOIDCBaseURL = "https://login.microsoftonline.com"
 
 //nolint:gosec // azureIdentityTokenURL is the URL to get the identity token for an instance.
-const azureIdentityTokenURL = "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https%3A%2F%2Fmanagement.azure.com%2F"
+const azureIdentityTokenURL = "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token"
+
+const azureIdentityTokenAPIVersion = "2018-02-01"
+
+// azureInstanceComputeURL is the URL to get the instance compute metadata.
+const azureInstanceComputeURL = "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/compute/azEnvironment"
 
 // azureDefaultAudience is the default audience used.
 const azureDefaultAudience = "https://management.azure.com/"
@@ -35,15 +41,27 @@ const azureDefaultAudience = "https://management.azure.com/"
 // Using case insensitive as resourceGroups appears as resourcegroups.
 var azureXMSMirIDRegExp = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^/subscriptions/([^/]+)/resourceGroups/([^/]+)/providers/Microsoft.(Compute/virtualMachines|ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities)/([^/]+)$`)
 
+// azureEnvironments is the list of all Azure environments.
+var azureEnvironments = map[string]string{
+	"AzurePublicCloud":       "https://management.azure.com/",
+	"AzureCloud":             "https://management.azure.com/",
+	"AzureUSGovernmentCloud": "https://management.usgovcloudapi.net/",
+	"AzureUSGovernment":      "https://management.usgovcloudapi.net/",
+	"AzureChinaCloud":        "https://management.chinacloudapi.cn/",
+	"AzureGermanCloud":       "https://management.microsoftazure.de/",
+}
+
 type azureConfig struct {
-	oidcDiscoveryURL string
+	oidcDiscoveryURL   string
-	identityTokenURL string
+	identityTokenURL   string
+	instanceComputeURL string
 }
 
 func newAzureConfig(tenantID string) *azureConfig {
 	return &azureConfig{
-		oidcDiscoveryURL: azureOIDCBaseURL + "/" + tenantID + "/.well-known/openid-configuration",
+		oidcDiscoveryURL:   azureOIDCBaseURL + "/" + tenantID + "/.well-known/openid-configuration",
-		identityTokenURL: azureIdentityTokenURL,
+		identityTokenURL:   azureIdentityTokenURL,
+		instanceComputeURL: azureInstanceComputeURL,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -103,6 +121,7 @@ type Azure struct {
 	oidcConfig             openIDConfiguration
 	keyStore               *keyStore
 	ctl                    *Controller
+	environment            string
 }
 
 // GetID returns the provisioner unique identifier.
@@ -164,14 +183,35 @@ func (p *Azure) GetEncryptedKey() (kid, key string, ok bool) {
 // GetIdentityToken retrieves from the metadata service the identity token and
 // returns it.
 func (p *Azure) GetIdentityToken(subject, caURL string) (string, error) {
+	_, _ = subject, caURL // unused input
+
 	// Initialize the config if this method is used from the cli.
 	p.assertConfig()
 
+	// default to AzurePublicCloud to keep existing behavior
+	identityTokenResource := azureEnvironments["AzurePublicCloud"]
+
+	var err error
+	p.environment, err = p.getAzureEnvironment()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error getting azure environment")
+	}
+
+	if resource, ok := azureEnvironments[p.environment]; ok {
+		identityTokenResource = resource
+	}
+
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", p.config.identityTokenURL, http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error creating request")
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Metadata", "true")
+
+	query := req.URL.Query()
+	query.Add("resource", identityTokenResource)
+	query.Add("api-version", azureIdentityTokenAPIVersion)
+	req.URL.RawQuery = query.Encode()
+
 	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error getting identity token, are you in a Azure VM?")
@@ -276,7 +316,7 @@ func (p *Azure) authorizeToken(token string) (*azurePayload, string, string, str
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token and returns the sign options that
 // will be used on certificate creation.
-func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	_, name, group, subscription, identityObjectID, err := p.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "azure.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -364,7 +404,11 @@ func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		defaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		newValidityValidator(p.ctl.Claimer.MinTLSCertDuration(), p.ctl.Claimer.MaxTLSCertDuration()),
 		newX509NamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getX509()),
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_X509),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_X509,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(identityObjectID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }
 
@@ -377,12 +421,12 @@ func (p *Azure) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) erro
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
-func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("azure.AuthorizeSSHSign; sshCA is disabled for provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
 
-	_, name, _, _, _, err := p.authorizeToken(token)
+	_, name, _, _, identityObjectID, err := p.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "azure.AuthorizeSSHSign")
 	}
@@ -434,7 +478,11 @@ func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOptio
 		// Ensure that all principal names are allowed
 		newSSHNamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getSSHHost(), nil),
 		// Call webhooks
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_SSH),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_SSH,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(identityObjectID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }
 
@@ -444,3 +492,37 @@ func (p *Azure) assertConfig() {
 		p.config = newAzureConfig(p.TenantID)
 	}
 }
+
+// getAzureEnvironment returns the Azure environment for the current instance
+func (p *Azure) getAzureEnvironment() (string, error) {
+	if p.environment != "" {
+		return p.environment, nil
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", p.config.instanceComputeURL, http.NoBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error creating request")
+	}
+	req.Header.Add("Metadata", "True")
+
+	query := req.URL.Query()
+	query.Add("format", "text")
+	query.Add("api-version", "2021-02-01")
+	req.URL.RawQuery = query.Encode()
+
+	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error getting azure instance environment, are you in a Azure VM?")
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error reading azure environment response")
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("error getting azure environment: status=%d, response=%s", resp.StatusCode, b)
+	}
+
+	return string(b), nil
+}

authority/provisioner/azure_test.go

@@ -100,7 +100,14 @@ func TestAzure_GetIdentityToken(t *testing.T) {
 		time.Now(), &p1.keyStore.keySet.Keys[0])
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	srvIdentity := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		wantResource := r.URL.Query().Get("want_resource")
+		resource := r.URL.Query().Get("resource")
+		if wantResource == "" || resource != wantResource {
+			http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Azure query param resource = %s, wantResource %s", resource, wantResource), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
 		switch r.URL.Path {
 		case "/bad-request":
 			http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
@@ -111,29 +118,58 @@ func TestAzure_GetIdentityToken(t *testing.T) {
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"access_token":"%s"}`, t1)
 		}
 	}))
-	defer srv.Close()
+	defer srvIdentity.Close()
+
+	srvInstance := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/bad-request":
+			http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		case "/AzureChinaCloud":
+			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+			w.Write([]byte("AzureChinaCloud"))
+		case "/AzureGermanCloud":
+			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+			w.Write([]byte("AzureGermanCloud"))
+		case "/AzureUSGovernmentCloud":
+			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+			w.Write([]byte("AzureUSGovernmentCloud"))
+		default:
+			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+			w.Write([]byte("AzurePublicCloud"))
+		}
+	}))
+	defer srvInstance.Close()
 
 	type args struct {
 		subject string
 		caURL   string
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name             string
+		name               string
-		azure            *Azure
+		azure              *Azure
-		args             args
+		args               args
-		identityTokenURL string
+		identityTokenURL   string
-		want             string
+		instanceComputeURL string
-		wantErr          bool
+		wantEnvironment    string
+		want               string
+		wantErr            bool
 	}{
-		{"ok", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srv.URL, t1, false},
+		{"ok", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL, srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", t1, false},
-		{"fail request", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srv.URL + "/bad-request", "", true},
+		{"ok azure china", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL, srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", t1, false},
-		{"fail unmarshal", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srv.URL + "/bad-json", "", true},
+		{"ok azure germany", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL, srvInstance.URL, "AzureGermanCloud", t1, false},
-		{"fail url", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, "://ca.smallstep.com", "", true},
+		{"ok azure us gov", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL, srvInstance.URL, "AzureUSGovernmentCloud", t1, false},
-		{"fail connect", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, "foobarzar", "", true},
+		{"fail instance request", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL + "/bad-request", srvInstance.URL + "/bad-request", "AzurePublicCloud", "", true},
+		{"fail request", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL + "/bad-request", srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", "", true},
+		{"fail unmarshal", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, srvIdentity.URL + "/bad-json", srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", "", true},
+		{"fail url", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, "://ca.smallstep.com", srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", "", true},
+		{"fail connect", p1, args{"subject", "caURL"}, "foobarzar", srvInstance.URL, "AzurePublicCloud", "", true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tt.azure.config.identityTokenURL = tt.identityTokenURL
+			// reset environment between tests to avoid caching issues
+			p1.environment = ""
+			tt.azure.config.identityTokenURL = tt.identityTokenURL + "?want_resource=" + azureEnvironments[tt.wantEnvironment]
+			tt.azure.config.instanceComputeURL = tt.instanceComputeURL + "/" + tt.wantEnvironment
 			got, err := tt.azure.GetIdentityToken(tt.args.subject, tt.args.caURL)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("Azure.GetIdentityToken() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)

authority/provisioner/controller.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func (c *Controller) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *ssh.Certificat
 	return DefaultAuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx, c, cert)
 }
 
-func (c *Controller) newWebhookController(templateData WebhookSetter, certType linkedca.Webhook_CertType) *WebhookController {
+func (c *Controller) newWebhookController(templateData WebhookSetter, certType linkedca.Webhook_CertType, opts ...webhook.RequestBodyOption) *WebhookController {
 	client := c.webhookClient
 	if client == nil {
 		client = http.DefaultClient
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ func (c *Controller) newWebhookController(templateData WebhookSetter, certType l
 		client:       client,
 		webhooks:     c.webhooks,
 		certType:     certType,
+		options:      opts,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ type AuthorizeSSHRenewFunc func(ctx context.Context, p *Controller, cert *ssh.Ce
 // DefaultIdentityFunc return a default identity depending on the provisioner
 // type. For OIDC email is always present and the usernames might
 // contain empty strings.
-func DefaultIdentityFunc(ctx context.Context, p Interface, email string) (*Identity, error) {
+func DefaultIdentityFunc(_ context.Context, p Interface, email string) (*Identity, error) {
 	switch k := p.(type) {
 	case *OIDC:
 		// OIDC principals would be:
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ func DefaultIdentityFunc(ctx context.Context, p Interface, email string) (*Ident
 // will return an error if the provisioner has the renewal disabled, if the
 // certificate is not yet valid or if the certificate is expired and renew after
 // expiry is disabled.
-func DefaultAuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, p *Controller, cert *x509.Certificate) error {
+func DefaultAuthorizeRenew(_ context.Context, p *Controller, cert *x509.Certificate) error {
 	if p.Claimer.IsDisableRenewal() {
 		return errs.Unauthorized("renew is disabled for provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ func DefaultAuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, p *Controller, cert *x509.Certif
 // will return an error if the provisioner has the renewal disabled, if the
 // certificate is not yet valid or if the certificate is expired and renew after
 // expiry is disabled.
-func DefaultAuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, p *Controller, cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+func DefaultAuthorizeSSHRenew(_ context.Context, p *Controller, cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
 	if p.Claimer.IsDisableRenewal() {
 		return errs.Unauthorized("renew is disabled for provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}

authority/provisioner/controller_test.go

@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/policy"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 var trueValue = true
@@ -449,16 +452,39 @@ func TestDefaultAuthorizeSSHRenew(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func Test_newWebhookController(t *testing.T) {
-	c := &Controller{}
+	cert, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/x5c-leaf.crt", pemutil.WithFirstBlock())
-	data := x509util.TemplateData{"foo": "bar"}
+	if err != nil {
-	ctl := c.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_X509)
+		t.Fatal(err)
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ctl.TemplateData, data) {
-		t.Error("Failed to set templateData")
 	}
-	if ctl.certType != linkedca.Webhook_X509 {
+	opts := []webhook.RequestBodyOption{webhook.WithX5CCertificate(cert)}
-		t.Error("Failed to set certType")
+
+	type args struct {
+		templateData WebhookSetter
+		certType     linkedca.Webhook_CertType
+		opts         []webhook.RequestBodyOption
 	}
-	if ctl.client == nil {
+	tests := []struct {
-		t.Error("Failed to set client")
+		name string
+		args args
+		want *WebhookController
+	}{
+		{"ok", args{x509util.TemplateData{"foo": "bar"}, linkedca.Webhook_X509, nil}, &WebhookController{
+			TemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{"foo": "bar"},
+			certType:     linkedca.Webhook_X509,
+			client:       http.DefaultClient,
+		}},
+		{"ok with options", args{x509util.TemplateData{"foo": "bar"}, linkedca.Webhook_SSH, opts}, &WebhookController{
+			TemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{"foo": "bar"},
+			certType:     linkedca.Webhook_SSH,
+			client:       http.DefaultClient,
+			options:      opts,
+		}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		c := &Controller{}
+		got := c.newWebhookController(tt.args.templateData, tt.args.certType, tt.args.opts...)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+			t.Errorf("newWebhookController() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+		}
 	}
 }

authority/provisioner/gcp.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 // gcpCertsURL is the url that serves Google OAuth2 public keys.
@@ -169,6 +170,8 @@ func (p *GCP) GetIdentityURL(audience string) string {
 
 // GetIdentityToken does an HTTP request to the identity url.
 func (p *GCP) GetIdentityToken(subject, caURL string) (string, error) {
+	_ = subject // unused input
+
 	audience, err := generateSignAudience(caURL, p.GetIDForToken())
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ func (p *GCP) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token and returns the sign options that
 // will be used on certificate creation.
-func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "gcp.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -273,7 +276,11 @@ func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, er
 		defaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		newValidityValidator(p.ctl.Claimer.MinTLSCertDuration(), p.ctl.Claimer.MaxTLSCertDuration()),
 		newX509NamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getX509()),
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_X509),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_X509,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(ce.InstanceID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }
 
@@ -380,7 +387,7 @@ func (p *GCP) authorizeToken(token string) (*gcpPayload, error) {
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
-func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("gcp.AuthorizeSSHSign; sshCA is disabled for gcp provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
@@ -440,6 +447,10 @@ func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Ensure that all principal names are allowed
 		newSSHNamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getSSHHost(), nil),
 		// Call webhooks
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_SSH),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_SSH,
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(ce.InstanceID),
+		),
 	), nil
 }

authority/provisioner/jwk.go

@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ func (p *JWK) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*jwtPayload, err
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an error if the provisioner does not have rights to
 // revoke the certificate with serial number in the `sub` property.
-func (p *JWK) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *JWK) AuthorizeRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	_, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Revoke)
 	// TODO(hs): authorize the SANs using x509 name policy allow/deny rules (also for other provisioners with AuthorizeRevoke)
 	return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "jwk.AuthorizeRevoke")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token.
-func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Sign)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "jwk.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func (p *JWK) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) error
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
-func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("jwk.AuthorizeSSHSign; sshCA is disabled for jwk provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRevoke returns nil if the token is valid, false otherwise.
-func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	_, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.SSHRevoke)
 	// TODO(hs): authorize the principals using SSH name policy allow/deny rules (also for other provisioners with AuthorizeSSHRevoke)
 	return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "jwk.AuthorizeSSHRevoke")

authority/provisioner/k8sSA.go

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func (p *K8sSA) GetIDForToken() string {
 }
 
 // GetTokenID returns an unimplemented error and does not use the input ott.
-func (p *K8sSA) GetTokenID(ott string) (string, error) {
+func (p *K8sSA) GetTokenID(string) (string, error) {
 	return "", errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ func (p *K8sSA) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 // claims for case specific downstream parsing.
 // e.g. a Sign request will auth/validate different fields than a Revoke request.
 func (p *K8sSA) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*k8sSAPayload, error) {
+	_ = audiences // unused input
 	jwt, err := jose.ParseSigned(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusUnauthorized, err,
@@ -207,13 +208,13 @@ func (p *K8sSA) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*k8sSAPayload,
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an error if the provisioner does not have rights to
 // revoke the certificate with serial number in the `sub` property.
-func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	_, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Revoke)
 	return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "k8ssa.AuthorizeRevoke")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token.
-func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Sign)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "k8ssa.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) erro
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign validates an request for an SSH certificate.
-func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("k8ssa.AuthorizeSSHSign; sshCA is disabled for k8sSA provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}

authority/provisioner/nebula.go

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func (p *Nebula) GetEncryptedKey() (kid, key string, ok bool) {
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSign returns the list of SignOption for a Sign request.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	crt, claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Sign)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
 // Currently the Nebula provisioner only grants host SSH certificates.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("ssh is disabled for nebula provisioner '%s'", p.Name)
 	}
@@ -275,12 +275,12 @@ func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, crt *x509.Certificate) erro
 }
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an error if the token is not valid.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	return p.validateToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Revoke)
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRevoke returns an error if SSH is disabled or the token is invalid.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return errs.Unauthorized("ssh is disabled for nebula provisioner '%s'", p.Name)
 	}
@@ -291,12 +291,12 @@ func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRenew returns an unauthorized error.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRenew(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	return nil, errs.Unauthorized("nebula provisioner does not support SSH renew")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRekey returns an unauthorized error.
-func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
+func (p *Nebula) AuthorizeSSHRekey(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errs.Unauthorized("nebula provisioner does not support SSH rekey")
 }
 

authority/provisioner/noop.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func (p *noop) GetIDForToken() string {
 	return "noop"
 }
 
-func (p *noop) GetTokenID(token string) (string, error) {
+func (p *noop) GetTokenID(string) (string, error) {
 	return "", nil
 }
 
@@ -33,35 +33,35 @@ func (p *noop) GetEncryptedKey() (kid, key string, ok bool) {
 	return "", "", false
 }
 
-func (p *noop) Init(config Config) error {
+func (p *noop) Init(Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	return []SignOption{p}, nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) error {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeRenew(context.Context, *x509.Certificate) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeRevoke(context.Context, string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	return []SignOption{p}, nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRenew(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	//nolint:nilnil // fine for noop
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(context.Context, string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
+func (p *noop) AuthorizeSSHRekey(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, []SignOption{}, nil
 }

authority/provisioner/oidc.go

@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) ValidatePayload(p openIDPayload) error {
 			}
 		}
 		if !found {
-			return errs.Unauthorized("validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: email is not allowed")
+			return errs.Unauthorized("validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: email %q is not allowed", p.Email)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) authorizeToken(token string) (*openIDPayload, error) {
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an error if the provisioner does not have rights to
 // revoke the certificate with serial number in the `sub` property.
 // Only tokens generated by an admin have the right to revoke a certificate.
-func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	claims, err := o.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "oidc.AuthorizeRevoke")
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token.
-func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := o.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "oidc.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -385,16 +385,13 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption
 	}
 
 	var data sshutil.TemplateData
-	var principals []string
-
 	if claims.Email == "" {
-		// If email is empty, use the Subject claim instead to create minimal data for the template to use
+		// If email is empty, use the Subject claim instead to create minimal
+		// data for the template to use.
 		data = sshutil.CreateTemplateData(sshutil.UserCert, claims.Subject, nil)
 		if v, err := unsafeParseSigned(token); err == nil {
 			data.SetToken(v)
 		}
-
-		principals = nil
 	} else {
 		// Get the identity using either the default identityFunc or one injected
 		// externally. Note that the PreferredUsername might be empty.
@@ -417,8 +414,6 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption
 		for k, v := range iden.Permissions.CriticalOptions {
 			data.AddCriticalOption(k, v)
 		}
-
-		principals = iden.Usernames
 	}
 
 	// Use the default template unless no-templates are configured and email is
@@ -446,8 +441,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption
 		})
 	} else {
 		signOptions = append(signOptions, sshCertOptionsValidator(SignSSHOptions{
-			CertType:   SSHUserCert,
+			CertType: SSHUserCert,
-			Principals: principals,
 		}))
 	}
 
@@ -469,7 +463,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRevoke returns nil if the token is valid, false otherwise.
-func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	claims, err := o.authorizeToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "oidc.AuthorizeSSHRevoke")

authority/provisioner/oidc_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
@@ -221,39 +222,37 @@ func TestOIDC_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		args       args
 		code       int
 		wantIssuer string
-		wantErr    bool
+		expErr     error
 	}{
-		{"ok1", p1, args{t1}, http.StatusOK, issuer, false},
+		{"ok1", p1, args{t1}, http.StatusOK, issuer, nil},
-		{"ok tenantid", p2, args{t2}, http.StatusOK, tenantIssuer, false},
+		{"ok tenantid", p2, args{t2}, http.StatusOK, tenantIssuer, nil},
-		{"ok admin", p3, args{t3}, http.StatusOK, issuer, false},
+		{"ok admin", p3, args{t3}, http.StatusOK, issuer, nil},
-		{"ok domain", p3, args{t4}, http.StatusOK, issuer, false},
+		{"ok domain", p3, args{t4}, http.StatusOK, issuer, nil},
-		{"ok no email", p3, args{t5}, http.StatusOK, issuer, false},
+		{"ok no email", p3, args{t5}, http.StatusOK, issuer, nil},
-		{"fail-domain", p3, args{failDomain}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-domain", p3, args{failDomain}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken: validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: email "name@example.com" is not allowed`)},
-		{"fail-key", p1, args{failKey}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-key", p1, args{failKey}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken; cannot validate oidc token`)},
-		{"fail-token", p1, args{failTok}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-token", p1, args{failTok}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken; error parsing oidc token: invalid character '~' looking for beginning of value`)},
-		{"fail-claims", p1, args{failClaims}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-claims", p1, args{failClaims}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken; error parsing oidc token claims: invalid character '~' looking for beginning of value`)},
-		{"fail-issuer", p1, args{failIss}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-issuer", p1, args{failIss}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken: validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: square/go-jose/jwt: validation failed, invalid issuer claim (iss)`)},
-		{"fail-audience", p1, args{failAud}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-audience", p1, args{failAud}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken: validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: square/go-jose/jwt: validation failed, invalid audience claim (aud)`)},
-		{"fail-signature", p1, args{failSig}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-signature", p1, args{failSig}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken; cannot validate oidc token`)},
-		{"fail-expired", p1, args{failExp}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-expired", p1, args{failExp}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken: validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: square/go-jose/jwt: validation failed, token is expired (exp)`)},
-		{"fail-not-before", p1, args{failNbf}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", true},
+		{"fail-not-before", p1, args{failNbf}, http.StatusUnauthorized, "", errors.New(`oidc.AuthorizeToken: validatePayload: failed to validate oidc token payload: square/go-jose/jwt: validation failed, token not valid yet (nbf)`)},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got, err := tt.prov.authorizeToken(tt.args.token)
-			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+			if tt.expErr != nil {
-				fmt.Println(tt)
+				require.Error(t, err)
-				t.Errorf("OIDC.Authorize() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				require.EqualError(t, err, tt.expErr.Error())
-				return
+
-			}
-			if err != nil {
 				var sc render.StatusCodedError
-				assert.Fatal(t, errors.As(err, &sc), "error does not implement StatusCodedError interface")
+				require.ErrorAs(t, err, &sc, "error does not implement StatusCodedError interface")
-				assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tt.code)
+				require.Equal(t, tt.code, sc.StatusCode())
-				assert.Nil(t, got)
+				require.Nil(t, got)
 			} else {
-				assert.NotNil(t, got)
+				require.NotNil(t, got)
-				assert.Equals(t, got.Issuer, tt.wantIssuer)
+				require.Equal(t, tt.wantIssuer, got.Issuer)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -339,8 +338,6 @@ func TestOIDC_AuthorizeSign(t *testing.T) {
 					case *validityValidator:
 						assert.Equals(t, v.min, tt.prov.ctl.Claimer.MinTLSCertDuration())
 						assert.Equals(t, v.max, tt.prov.ctl.Claimer.MaxTLSCertDuration())
-					case emailOnlyIdentity:
-						assert.Equals(t, string(v), "name@smallstep.com")
 					case *x509NamePolicyValidator:
 						assert.Equals(t, nil, v.policyEngine)
 					case *WebhookController:
@@ -582,6 +579,9 @@ func TestOIDC_AuthorizeSSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 		{"ok-principals", p1, args{t1, SignSSHOptions{Principals: []string{"name"}}, pub},
 			&SignSSHOptions{CertType: "user", Principals: []string{"name", "name@smallstep.com"},
 				ValidAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm), ValidBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(userDuration))}, http.StatusOK, false, false},
+		{"ok-principals-ignore-passed", p1, args{t1, SignSSHOptions{Principals: []string{"root"}}, pub},
+			&SignSSHOptions{CertType: "user", Principals: []string{"name", "name@smallstep.com"},
+				ValidAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm), ValidBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(userDuration))}, http.StatusOK, false, false},
 		{"ok-principals-getIdentity", p4, args{okGetIdentityToken, SignSSHOptions{Principals: []string{"mariano"}}, pub},
 			&SignSSHOptions{CertType: "user", Principals: []string{"max", "mariano"},
 				ValidAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm), ValidBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(userDuration))}, http.StatusOK, false, false},
@@ -600,7 +600,6 @@ func TestOIDC_AuthorizeSSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 				ValidAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm), ValidBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(userDuration))}, http.StatusOK, false, false},
 		{"fail-rsa1024", p1, args{t1, SignSSHOptions{}, rsa1024.Public()}, expectedUserOptions, http.StatusOK, false, true},
 		{"fail-user-host", p1, args{t1, SignSSHOptions{CertType: "host"}, pub}, nil, http.StatusOK, false, true},
-		{"fail-user-principals", p1, args{t1, SignSSHOptions{Principals: []string{"root"}}, pub}, nil, http.StatusOK, false, true},
 		{"fail-getIdentity", p5, args{failGetIdentityToken, SignSSHOptions{}, pub}, nil, http.StatusInternalServerError, true, false},
 		{"fail-sshCA-disabled", p6, args{"foo", SignSSHOptions{}, pub}, nil, http.StatusUnauthorized, true, false},
 		// Missing parametrs

authority/provisioner/provisioner.go

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 )
 
 // Interface is the interface that all provisioner types must implement.
@@ -297,43 +298,43 @@ type base struct{}
 
 // AuthorizeSign returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for signing x509 Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeSign not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for revoking x509 Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeRevoke(context.Context, string) error {
 	return errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeRevoke not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeRenew returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for renewing x509 Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) error {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeRenew(context.Context, *x509.Certificate) error {
 	return errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeRenew not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for signing SSH Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeSSHSign not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for revoking SSH Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(context.Context, string) error {
 	return errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeSSHRevoke not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRenew returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for renewing SSH Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRenew(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	return nil, errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeSSHRenew not implemented")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRekey returns an unimplemented error. Provisioners should overwrite
 // this method if they will support authorizing tokens for rekeying SSH Certificates.
-func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
+func (b *base) AuthorizeSSHRekey(context.Context, string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errs.Unauthorized("provisioner.AuthorizeSSHRekey not implemented")
 }
 

authority/provisioner/scep.go

@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@ package provisioner
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 // SCEP is the SCEP provisioner type, an entity that can authorize the
@@ -33,8 +39,8 @@ type SCEP struct {
 	Options                       *Options `json:"options,omitempty"`
 	Claims                        *Claims  `json:"claims,omitempty"`
 	ctl                           *Controller
-	secretChallengePassword       string
 	encryptionAlgorithm           int
+	challengeValidationController *challengeValidationController
 }
 
 // GetID returns the provisioner unique identifier.
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ func (s *SCEP) GetEncryptedKey() (string, string, bool) {
 }
 
 // GetTokenID returns the identifier of the token.
-func (s *SCEP) GetTokenID(ott string) (string, error) {
+func (s *SCEP) GetTokenID(string) (string, error) {
 	return "", errors.New("scep provisioner does not implement GetTokenID")
 }
 
@@ -82,6 +88,67 @@ func (s *SCEP) DefaultTLSCertDuration() time.Duration {
 	return s.ctl.Claimer.DefaultTLSCertDuration()
 }
 
+type challengeValidationController struct {
+	client   *http.Client
+	webhooks []*Webhook
+}
+
+// newChallengeValidationController creates a new challengeValidationController
+// that performs challenge validation through webhooks.
+func newChallengeValidationController(client *http.Client, webhooks []*Webhook) *challengeValidationController {
+	scepHooks := []*Webhook{}
+	for _, wh := range webhooks {
+		if wh.Kind != linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !isCertTypeOK(wh) {
+			continue
+		}
+		scepHooks = append(scepHooks, wh)
+	}
+	return &challengeValidationController{
+		client:   client,
+		webhooks: scepHooks,
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrSCEPChallengeInvalid = errors.New("webhook server did not allow request")
+)
+
+// Validate executes zero or more configured webhooks to
+// validate the SCEP challenge. If at least one of them indicates
+// the challenge value is accepted, validation succeeds. In
+// that case, the other webhooks will be skipped. If none of
+// the webhooks indicates the value of the challenge was accepted,
+// an error is returned.
+func (c *challengeValidationController) Validate(ctx context.Context, challenge, transactionID string) error {
+	for _, wh := range c.webhooks {
+		req := &webhook.RequestBody{
+			SCEPChallenge:     challenge,
+			SCEPTransactionID: transactionID,
+		}
+		resp, err := wh.DoWithContext(ctx, c.client, req, nil) // TODO(hs): support templated URL? Requires some refactoring
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed executing webhook request: %w", err)
+		}
+		if resp.Allow {
+			return nil // return early when response is positive
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ErrSCEPChallengeInvalid
+}
+
+// isCertTypeOK returns whether or not the webhook can be used
+// with the SCEP challenge validation webhook controller.
+func isCertTypeOK(wh *Webhook) bool {
+	if wh.CertType == linkedca.Webhook_ALL.String() || wh.CertType == "" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return linkedca.Webhook_X509.String() == wh.CertType
+}
+
 // Init initializes and validates the fields of a SCEP type.
 func (s *SCEP) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 	switch {
@@ -91,10 +158,6 @@ func (s *SCEP) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 		return errors.New("provisioner name cannot be empty")
 	}
 
-	// Mask the actual challenge value, so it won't be marshaled
-	s.secretChallengePassword = s.ChallengePassword
-	s.ChallengePassword = "*** redacted ***"
-
 	// Default to 2048 bits minimum public key length (for CSRs) if not set
 	if s.MinimumPublicKeyLength == 0 {
 		s.MinimumPublicKeyLength = 2048
@@ -109,6 +172,11 @@ func (s *SCEP) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 		return errors.New("only encryption algorithm identifiers from 0 to 4 are valid")
 	}
 
+	s.challengeValidationController = newChallengeValidationController(
+		config.WebhookClient,
+		s.GetOptions().GetWebhooks(),
+	)
+
 	// TODO: add other, SCEP specific, options?
 
 	s.ctl, err = NewController(s, s.Claims, config, s.Options)
@@ -118,7 +186,7 @@ func (s *SCEP) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 // AuthorizeSign does not do any verification, because all verification is handled
 // in the SCEP protocol. This method returns a list of modifiers / constraints
 // on the resulting certificate.
-func (s *SCEP) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (s *SCEP) AuthorizeSign(context.Context, string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	return []SignOption{
 		s,
 		// modifiers / withOptions
@@ -133,11 +201,6 @@ func (s *SCEP) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, e
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// GetChallengePassword returns the challenge password
-func (s *SCEP) GetChallengePassword() string {
-	return s.secretChallengePassword
-}
-
 // GetCapabilities returns the CA capabilities
 func (s *SCEP) GetCapabilities() []string {
 	return s.Capabilities
@@ -156,3 +219,43 @@ func (s *SCEP) ShouldIncludeRootInChain() bool {
 func (s *SCEP) GetContentEncryptionAlgorithm() int {
 	return s.encryptionAlgorithm
 }
+
+// ValidateChallenge validates the provided challenge. It starts by
+// selecting the validation method to use, then performs validation
+// according to that method.
+func (s *SCEP) ValidateChallenge(ctx context.Context, challenge, transactionID string) error {
+	if s.challengeValidationController == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("provisioner %q wasn't initialized", s.Name)
+	}
+	switch s.selectValidationMethod() {
+	case validationMethodWebhook:
+		return s.challengeValidationController.Validate(ctx, challenge, transactionID)
+	default:
+		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(s.ChallengePassword), []byte(challenge)) == 0 {
+			return errors.New("invalid challenge password provided")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type validationMethod string
+
+const (
+	validationMethodNone    validationMethod = "none"
+	validationMethodStatic  validationMethod = "static"
+	validationMethodWebhook validationMethod = "webhook"
+)
+
+// selectValidationMethod returns the method to validate SCEP
+// challenges. If a webhook is configured with kind `SCEPCHALLENGE`,
+// the webhook method will be used. If a challenge password is set,
+// the static method is used. It will default to the `none` method.
+func (s *SCEP) selectValidationMethod() validationMethod {
+	if len(s.challengeValidationController.webhooks) > 0 {
+		return validationMethodWebhook
+	}
+	if s.ChallengePassword != "" {
+		return validationMethodStatic
+	}
+	return validationMethodNone
+}

authority/provisioner/scep_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+package provisioner
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+)
+
+func Test_challengeValidationController_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	type request struct {
+		Challenge     string `json:"scepChallenge"`
+		TransactionID string `json:"scepTransactionID"`
+	}
+	type response struct {
+		Allow bool `json:"allow"`
+	}
+	nokServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		req := &request{}
+		err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "not-allowed", req.Challenge)
+		assert.Equal(t, "transaction-1", req.TransactionID)
+		b, err := json.Marshal(response{Allow: false})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write(b)
+	}))
+	okServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		req := &request{}
+		err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "challenge", req.Challenge)
+		assert.Equal(t, "transaction-1", req.TransactionID)
+		b, err := json.Marshal(response{Allow: true})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write(b)
+	}))
+	type fields struct {
+		client   *http.Client
+		webhooks []*Webhook
+	}
+	type args struct {
+		challenge     string
+		transactionID string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		fields fields
+		args   args
+		server *httptest.Server
+		expErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "fail/no-webhook",
+			fields: fields{http.DefaultClient, nil},
+			args:   args{"no-webhook", "transaction-1"},
+			expErr: errors.New("webhook server did not allow request"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "fail/wrong-cert-type",
+			fields: fields{http.DefaultClient, []*Webhook{
+				{
+					Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+					CertType: linkedca.Webhook_SSH.String(),
+				},
+			}},
+			args:   args{"wrong-cert-type", "transaction-1"},
+			expErr: errors.New("webhook server did not allow request"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "fail/wrong-secret-value",
+			fields: fields{http.DefaultClient, []*Webhook{
+				{
+					ID:       "webhook-id-1",
+					Name:     "webhook-name-1",
+					Secret:   "{{}}",
+					Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+					CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String(),
+					URL:      okServer.URL,
+				},
+			}},
+			args: args{
+				challenge:     "wrong-secret-value",
+				transactionID: "transaction-1",
+			},
+			expErr: errors.New("failed executing webhook request: illegal base64 data at input byte 0"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "fail/not-allowed",
+			fields: fields{http.DefaultClient, []*Webhook{
+				{
+					ID:       "webhook-id-1",
+					Name:     "webhook-name-1",
+					Secret:   "MTIzNAo=",
+					Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+					CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String(),
+					URL:      nokServer.URL,
+				},
+			}},
+			args: args{
+				challenge:     "not-allowed",
+				transactionID: "transaction-1",
+			},
+			server: nokServer,
+			expErr: errors.New("webhook server did not allow request"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ok",
+			fields: fields{http.DefaultClient, []*Webhook{
+				{
+					ID:       "webhook-id-1",
+					Name:     "webhook-name-1",
+					Secret:   "MTIzNAo=",
+					Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+					CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String(),
+					URL:      okServer.URL,
+				},
+			}},
+			args: args{
+				challenge:     "challenge",
+				transactionID: "transaction-1",
+			},
+			server: okServer,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			c := newChallengeValidationController(tt.fields.client, tt.fields.webhooks)
+
+			if tt.server != nil {
+				defer tt.server.Close()
+			}
+
+			ctx := context.Background()
+			err := c.Validate(ctx, tt.args.challenge, tt.args.transactionID)
+
+			if tt.expErr != nil {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.expErr.Error())
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestController_isCertTypeOK(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.True(t, isCertTypeOK(&Webhook{CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String()}))
+	assert.True(t, isCertTypeOK(&Webhook{CertType: linkedca.Webhook_ALL.String()}))
+	assert.True(t, isCertTypeOK(&Webhook{CertType: ""}))
+	assert.False(t, isCertTypeOK(&Webhook{CertType: linkedca.Webhook_SSH.String()}))
+}
+
+func Test_selectValidationMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		p    *SCEP
+		want validationMethod
+	}{
+		{"webhooks", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+			Options: &Options{
+				Webhooks: []*Webhook{
+					{
+						Kind: linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}, "webhook"},
+		{"challenge", &SCEP{
+			Name:              "SCEP",
+			Type:              "SCEP",
+			ChallengePassword: "pass",
+		}, "static"},
+		{"challenge-with-different-webhook", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+			Options: &Options{
+				Webhooks: []*Webhook{
+					{
+						Kind: linkedca.Webhook_AUTHORIZING.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			ChallengePassword: "pass",
+		}, "static"},
+		{"none", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+		}, "none"},
+		{"none-with-different-webhook", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+			Options: &Options{
+				Webhooks: []*Webhook{
+					{
+						Kind: linkedca.Webhook_AUTHORIZING.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}, "none"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := tt.p.Init(Config{Claims: globalProvisionerClaims})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			got := tt.p.selectValidationMethod()
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSCEP_ValidateChallenge(t *testing.T) {
+	type request struct {
+		Challenge     string `json:"scepChallenge"`
+		TransactionID string `json:"scepTransactionID"`
+	}
+	type response struct {
+		Allow bool `json:"allow"`
+	}
+	okServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		req := &request{}
+		err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webhook-challenge", req.Challenge)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webhook-transaction-1", req.TransactionID)
+		b, err := json.Marshal(response{Allow: true})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write(b)
+	}))
+	type args struct {
+		challenge     string
+		transactionID string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		p      *SCEP
+		server *httptest.Server
+		args   args
+		expErr error
+	}{
+		{"ok/webhooks", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+			Options: &Options{
+				Webhooks: []*Webhook{
+					{
+						ID:       "webhook-id-1",
+						Name:     "webhook-name-1",
+						Secret:   "MTIzNAo=",
+						Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+						CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String(),
+						URL:      okServer.URL,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}, okServer, args{"webhook-challenge", "webhook-transaction-1"},
+			nil,
+		},
+		{"fail/webhooks-secret-configuration", &SCEP{
+			Name: "SCEP",
+			Type: "SCEP",
+			Options: &Options{
+				Webhooks: []*Webhook{
+					{
+						ID:       "webhook-id-1",
+						Name:     "webhook-name-1",
+						Secret:   "{{}}",
+						Kind:     linkedca.Webhook_SCEPCHALLENGE.String(),
+						CertType: linkedca.Webhook_X509.String(),
+						URL:      okServer.URL,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}, nil, args{"webhook-challenge", "webhook-transaction-1"},
+			errors.New("failed executing webhook request: illegal base64 data at input byte 0"),
+		},
+		{"ok/static-challenge", &SCEP{
+			Name:              "SCEP",
+			Type:              "SCEP",
+			Options:           &Options{},
+			ChallengePassword: "secret-static-challenge",
+		}, nil, args{"secret-static-challenge", "static-transaction-1"},
+			nil,
+		},
+		{"fail/wrong-static-challenge", &SCEP{
+			Name:              "SCEP",
+			Type:              "SCEP",
+			Options:           &Options{},
+			ChallengePassword: "secret-static-challenge",
+		}, nil, args{"the-wrong-challenge-secret", "static-transaction-1"},
+			errors.New("invalid challenge password provided"),
+		},
+		{"ok/no-challenge", &SCEP{
+			Name:              "SCEP",
+			Type:              "SCEP",
+			Options:           &Options{},
+			ChallengePassword: "",
+		}, nil, args{"", "static-transaction-1"},
+			nil,
+		},
+		{"fail/no-challenge-but-provided", &SCEP{
+			Name:              "SCEP",
+			Type:              "SCEP",
+			Options:           &Options{},
+			ChallengePassword: "",
+		}, nil, args{"a-challenge-value", "static-transaction-1"},
+			errors.New("invalid challenge password provided"),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+
+			if tt.server != nil {
+				defer tt.server.Close()
+			}
+
+			err := tt.p.Init(Config{Claims: globalProvisionerClaims, WebhookClient: http.DefaultClient})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			ctx := context.Background()
+
+			err = tt.p.ValidateChallenge(ctx, tt.args.challenge, tt.args.transactionID)
+			if tt.expErr != nil {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.expErr.Error())
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}

authority/provisioner/sign_options.go

@@ -83,31 +83,6 @@ type AttestationData struct {
 	PermanentIdentifier string
 }
 
-// emailOnlyIdentity is a CertificateRequestValidator that checks that the only
-// SAN provided is the given email address.
-type emailOnlyIdentity string
-
-func (e emailOnlyIdentity) Valid(req *x509.CertificateRequest) error {
-	switch {
-	case len(req.DNSNames) > 0:
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request cannot contain DNS names")
-	case len(req.IPAddresses) > 0:
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request cannot contain IP addresses")
-	case len(req.URIs) > 0:
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request cannot contain URIs")
-	case len(req.EmailAddresses) == 0:
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request does not contain any email address")
-	case len(req.EmailAddresses) > 1:
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request contains too many email addresses")
-	case req.EmailAddresses[0] == "":
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request cannot contain an empty email address")
-	case req.EmailAddresses[0] != string(e):
-		return errs.Forbidden("certificate request does not contain the valid email address - got %s, want %s", req.EmailAddresses[0], e)
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 // defaultPublicKeyValidator validates the public key of a certificate request.
 type defaultPublicKeyValidator struct{}
 

authority/provisioner/sign_options_test.go

@@ -16,38 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 )
 
-func Test_emailOnlyIdentity_Valid(t *testing.T) {
-	uri, err := url.Parse("https://example.com/1.0/getUser")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	type args struct {
-		req *x509.CertificateRequest
-	}
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		e       emailOnlyIdentity
-		args    args
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{"ok", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{EmailAddresses: []string{"name@smallstep.com"}}}, false},
-		{"DNSNames", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{DNSNames: []string{"foo.bar.zar"}}}, true},
-		{"IPAddresses", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{IPAddresses: []net.IP{net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)}}}, true},
-		{"URIs", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{URIs: []*url.URL{uri}}}, true},
-		{"no-emails", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{EmailAddresses: []string{}}}, true},
-		{"empty-email", "", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{EmailAddresses: []string{""}}}, true},
-		{"multiple-emails", "name@smallstep.com", args{&x509.CertificateRequest{EmailAddresses: []string{"name@smallstep.com", "foo@smallstep.com"}}}, true},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if err := tt.e.Valid(tt.args.req); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
-				t.Errorf("emailOnlyIdentity.Valid() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func Test_defaultPublicKeyValidator_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 	_shortRSA, err := pemutil.Read("./testdata/certs/short-rsa.csr")
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options.go

@@ -125,35 +125,6 @@ func (o SignSSHOptions) match(got SignSSHOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// sshCertPrincipalsModifier is an SSHCertModifier that sets the
-// principals to the SSH certificate.
-type sshCertPrincipalsModifier []string
-
-// Modify the ValidPrincipals value of the cert.
-func (o sshCertPrincipalsModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
-	cert.ValidPrincipals = []string(o)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// sshCertKeyIDModifier is an SSHCertModifier that sets the given
-// Key ID in the SSH certificate.
-type sshCertKeyIDModifier string
-
-func (m sshCertKeyIDModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
-	cert.KeyId = string(m)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// sshCertTypeModifier is an SSHCertModifier that sets the
-// certificate type.
-type sshCertTypeModifier string
-
-// Modify sets the CertType for the ssh certificate.
-func (m sshCertTypeModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
-	cert.CertType = sshCertTypeUInt32(string(m))
-	return nil
-}
-
 // sshCertValidAfterModifier is an SSHCertModifier that sets the
 // ValidAfter in the SSH certificate.
 type sshCertValidAfterModifier uint64
@@ -172,51 +143,6 @@ func (m sshCertValidBeforeModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptio
 	return nil
 }
 
-// sshCertDefaultsModifier implements a SSHCertModifier that
-// modifies the certificate with the given options if they are not set.
-type sshCertDefaultsModifier SignSSHOptions
-
-// Modify implements the SSHCertModifier interface.
-func (m sshCertDefaultsModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
-	if cert.CertType == 0 {
-		cert.CertType = sshCertTypeUInt32(m.CertType)
-	}
-	if len(cert.ValidPrincipals) == 0 {
-		cert.ValidPrincipals = m.Principals
-	}
-	if cert.ValidAfter == 0 && !m.ValidAfter.IsZero() {
-		cert.ValidAfter = uint64(m.ValidAfter.Unix())
-	}
-	if cert.ValidBefore == 0 && !m.ValidBefore.IsZero() {
-		cert.ValidBefore = uint64(m.ValidBefore.Unix())
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// sshDefaultExtensionModifier implements an SSHCertModifier that sets
-// the default extensions in an SSH certificate.
-type sshDefaultExtensionModifier struct{}
-
-func (m *sshDefaultExtensionModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
-	switch cert.CertType {
-	// Default to no extensions for HostCert.
-	case ssh.HostCert:
-		return nil
-	case ssh.UserCert:
-		if cert.Extensions == nil {
-			cert.Extensions = make(map[string]string)
-		}
-		cert.Extensions["permit-X11-forwarding"] = ""
-		cert.Extensions["permit-agent-forwarding"] = ""
-		cert.Extensions["permit-port-forwarding"] = ""
-		cert.Extensions["permit-pty"] = ""
-		cert.Extensions["permit-user-rc"] = ""
-		return nil
-	default:
-		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate has an unknown type '%d'", cert.CertType)
-	}
-}
-
 // sshDefaultDuration is an SSHCertModifier that sets the certificate
 // ValidAfter and ValidBefore if they have not been set. It will fail if a
 // CertType has not been set or is not valid.
@@ -385,7 +311,7 @@ type sshCertDefaultValidator struct{}
 // Valid returns an error if the given certificate does not contain the
 // necessary fields. We skip ValidPrincipals and Extensions as with custom
 // templates you can set them empty.
-func (v *sshCertDefaultValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, o SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (v *sshCertDefaultValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
 	switch {
 	case len(cert.Nonce) == 0:
 		return errs.Forbidden("ssh certificate nonce cannot be empty")
@@ -420,7 +346,7 @@ type sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator struct{}
 // TODO: this is the only validator that checks the key type. We should execute
 // this before the signing. We should add a new validations interface or extend
 // SSHCertOptionsValidator with the key.
-func (v sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, o SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (v sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ SignSSHOptions) error {
 	if cert.Key == nil {
 		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate key cannot be nil")
 	}

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options_test.go

@@ -202,97 +202,6 @@ func TestSSHOptions_Match(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func Test_sshCertPrincipalsModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
-	type test struct {
-		modifier sshCertPrincipalsModifier
-		cert     *ssh.Certificate
-		expected []string
-	}
-	tests := map[string]func() test{
-		"ok": func() test {
-			a := []string{"foo", "bar"}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertPrincipalsModifier(a),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				expected: a,
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	for name, run := range tests {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tc := run()
-			if assert.Nil(t, tc.modifier.Modify(tc.cert, SignSSHOptions{})) {
-				assert.Equals(t, tc.cert.ValidPrincipals, tc.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_sshCertKeyIDModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
-	type test struct {
-		modifier sshCertKeyIDModifier
-		cert     *ssh.Certificate
-		expected string
-	}
-	tests := map[string]func() test{
-		"ok": func() test {
-			a := "foo"
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertKeyIDModifier(a),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				expected: a,
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	for name, run := range tests {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tc := run()
-			if assert.Nil(t, tc.modifier.Modify(tc.cert, SignSSHOptions{})) {
-				assert.Equals(t, tc.cert.KeyId, tc.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_sshCertTypeModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
-	type test struct {
-		modifier sshCertTypeModifier
-		cert     *ssh.Certificate
-		expected uint32
-	}
-	tests := map[string]func() test{
-		"ok/user": func() test {
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertTypeModifier("user"),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				expected: ssh.UserCert,
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/host": func() test {
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertTypeModifier("host"),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				expected: ssh.HostCert,
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/default": func() test {
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertTypeModifier("foo"),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				expected: 0,
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	for name, run := range tests {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tc := run()
-			if assert.Nil(t, tc.modifier.Modify(tc.cert, SignSSHOptions{})) {
-				assert.Equals(t, tc.cert.CertType, tc.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func Test_sshCertValidAfterModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
 	type test struct {
 		modifier sshCertValidAfterModifier
@@ -318,176 +227,6 @@ func Test_sshCertValidAfterModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func Test_sshCertDefaultsModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
-	type test struct {
-		modifier sshCertDefaultsModifier
-		cert     *ssh.Certificate
-		valid    func(*ssh.Certificate)
-	}
-	tests := map[string]func() test{
-		"ok/changes": func() test {
-			n := time.Now()
-			va := NewTimeDuration(n.Add(1 * time.Minute))
-			vb := NewTimeDuration(n.Add(5 * time.Minute))
-			so := SignSSHOptions{
-				Principals:  []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				CertType:    "host",
-				ValidAfter:  va,
-				ValidBefore: vb,
-			}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertDefaultsModifier(so),
-				cert:     new(ssh.Certificate),
-				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidPrincipals, so.Principals)
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.CertType, uint32(ssh.HostCert))
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidAfter, uint64(so.ValidAfter.RelativeTime(time.Now()).Unix()))
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, uint64(so.ValidBefore.RelativeTime(time.Now()).Unix()))
-				},
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/no-changes": func() test {
-			n := time.Now()
-			so := SignSSHOptions{
-				Principals:  []string{"foo", "bar"},
-				CertType:    "host",
-				ValidAfter:  NewTimeDuration(n.Add(15 * time.Minute)),
-				ValidBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(25 * time.Minute)),
-			}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshCertDefaultsModifier(so),
-				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
-					CertType:        uint32(ssh.UserCert),
-					ValidPrincipals: []string{"zap", "zoop"},
-					ValidAfter:      15,
-					ValidBefore:     25,
-				},
-				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidPrincipals, []string{"zap", "zoop"})
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.CertType, uint32(ssh.UserCert))
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidAfter, uint64(15))
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, uint64(25))
-				},
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	for name, run := range tests {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tc := run()
-			if assert.Nil(t, tc.modifier.Modify(tc.cert, SignSSHOptions{})) {
-				tc.valid(tc.cert)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_sshDefaultExtensionModifier_Modify(t *testing.T) {
-	type test struct {
-		modifier sshDefaultExtensionModifier
-		cert     *ssh.Certificate
-		valid    func(*ssh.Certificate)
-		err      error
-	}
-	tests := map[string]func() test{
-		"fail/unexpected-cert-type": func() test {
-			cert := &ssh.Certificate{CertType: 3}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
-				cert:     cert,
-				err:      errors.New("ssh certificate has an unknown type '3'"),
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/host": func() test {
-			cert := &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
-				cert:     cert,
-				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
-					assert.Len(t, 0, cert.Extensions)
-				},
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/user/extensions-exists": func() test {
-			cert := &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, Permissions: ssh.Permissions{Extensions: map[string]string{
-				"foo": "bar",
-			}}}
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
-				cert:     cert,
-				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
-					val, ok := cert.Extensions["foo"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "bar")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-X11-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-agent-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-port-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-pty"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-user-rc"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-				},
-			}
-		},
-		"ok/user/no-extensions": func() test {
-			return test{
-				modifier: sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
-				cert:     &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert},
-				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
-					_, ok := cert.Extensions["foo"]
-					assert.False(t, ok)
-
-					val, ok := cert.Extensions["permit-X11-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-agent-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-port-forwarding"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-pty"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-
-					val, ok = cert.Extensions["permit-user-rc"]
-					assert.True(t, ok)
-					assert.Equals(t, val, "")
-				},
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	for name, run := range tests {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tc := run()
-			if err := tc.modifier.Modify(tc.cert, SignSSHOptions{}); err != nil {
-				if assert.NotNil(t, tc.err) {
-					assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tc.err.Error())
-				}
-			} else {
-				if assert.Nil(t, tc.err) {
-					tc.valid(tc.cert)
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func Test_sshCertDefaultValidator_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 	pub, _, err := keyutil.GenerateDefaultKeyPair()
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)

authority/provisioner/sshpop.go

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string, checkValidity
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRevoke validates the authorization token and extracts/validates
 // the SSH certificate from the ssh-pop header.
-func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.SSHRevoke, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRevoke")
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Cert
 
 // AuthorizeSSHRekey validates the authorization token and extracts/validates
 // the SSH certificate from the ssh-pop header.
-func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
+func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRekey(_ context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.SSHRekey, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRekey")

authority/provisioner/utils_test.go

@@ -665,6 +665,9 @@ func generateAzureWithServer() (*Azure, *httptest.Server, error) {
 					AccessToken: tok,
 				})
 			}
+		case "/metadata/instance/compute/azEnvironment":
+			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+			w.Write([]byte("AzurePublicCloud"))
 		default:
 			http.NotFound(w, r)
 		}
@@ -672,6 +675,7 @@ func generateAzureWithServer() (*Azure, *httptest.Server, error) {
 	srv.Start()
 	az.config.oidcDiscoveryURL = srv.URL + "/" + az.TenantID + "/.well-known/openid-configuration"
 	az.config.identityTokenURL = srv.URL + "/metadata/identity/oauth2/token"
+	az.config.instanceComputeURL = srv.URL + "/metadata/instance/compute/azEnvironment"
 	return az, srv, nil
 }
 

authority/provisioner/webhook.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ type WebhookController struct {
 	client       *http.Client
 	webhooks     []*Webhook
 	certType     linkedca.Webhook_CertType
+	options      []webhook.RequestBodyOption
 	TemplateData WebhookSetter
 }
 
@@ -39,6 +40,14 @@ func (wc *WebhookController) Enrich(req *webhook.RequestBody) error {
 	if wc == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	// Apply extra options in the webhook controller
+	for _, fn := range wc.options {
+		if err := fn(req); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, wh := range wc.webhooks {
 		if wh.Kind != linkedca.Webhook_ENRICHING.String() {
 			continue
@@ -63,6 +72,14 @@ func (wc *WebhookController) Authorize(req *webhook.RequestBody) error {
 	if wc == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	// Apply extra options in the webhook controller
+	for _, fn := range wc.options {
+		if err := fn(req); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, wh := range wc.webhooks {
 		if wh.Kind != linkedca.Webhook_AUTHORIZING.String() {
 			continue
@@ -107,6 +124,13 @@ type Webhook struct {
 }
 
 func (w *Webhook) Do(client *http.Client, reqBody *webhook.RequestBody, data any) (*webhook.ResponseBody, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*10)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	return w.DoWithContext(ctx, client, reqBody, data)
+}
+
+func (w *Webhook) DoWithContext(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, reqBody *webhook.RequestBody, data any) (*webhook.ResponseBody, error) {
 	tmpl, err := template.New("url").Funcs(templates.StepFuncMap()).Parse(w.URL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -129,8 +153,6 @@ func (w *Webhook) Do(client *http.Client, reqBody *webhook.RequestBody, data any
 			reqBody.Token = tmpl[sshutil.TokenKey]
 		}
 	*/
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*10)
-	defer cancel()
 
 	reqBody.Timestamp = time.Now()
 

authority/provisioner/webhook_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 )
@@ -96,12 +98,18 @@ func TestWebhookController_isCertTypeOK(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestWebhookController_Enrich(t *testing.T) {
+	cert, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/x5c-leaf.crt", pemutil.WithFirstBlock())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
 	type test struct {
 		ctl                *WebhookController
 		req                *webhook.RequestBody
 		responses          []*webhook.ResponseBody
 		expectErr          bool
 		expectTemplateData any
+		assertRequest      func(t *testing.T, req *webhook.RequestBody)
 	}
 	tests := map[string]test{
 		"ok/no enriching webhooks": {
@@ -170,6 +178,29 @@ func TestWebhookController_Enrich(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		"ok/with options": {
+			ctl: &WebhookController{
+				client:       http.DefaultClient,
+				webhooks:     []*Webhook{{Name: "people", Kind: "ENRICHING"}},
+				TemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{},
+				options:      []webhook.RequestBodyOption{webhook.WithX5CCertificate(cert)},
+			},
+			req:                &webhook.RequestBody{},
+			responses:          []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: true, Data: map[string]any{"role": "bar"}}},
+			expectErr:          false,
+			expectTemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{"Webhooks": map[string]any{"people": map[string]any{"role": "bar"}}},
+			assertRequest: func(t *testing.T, req *webhook.RequestBody) {
+				key, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(cert.PublicKey)
+				assert.FatalError(t, err)
+				assert.Equals(t, &webhook.X5CCertificate{
+					Raw:                cert.Raw,
+					PublicKey:          key,
+					PublicKeyAlgorithm: cert.PublicKeyAlgorithm.String(),
+					NotBefore:          cert.NotBefore,
+					NotAfter:           cert.NotAfter,
+				}, req.X5CCertificate)
+			},
+		},
 		"deny": {
 			ctl: &WebhookController{
 				client:       http.DefaultClient,
@@ -181,6 +212,20 @@ func TestWebhookController_Enrich(t *testing.T) {
 			expectErr:          true,
 			expectTemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{},
 		},
+		"fail/with options": {
+			ctl: &WebhookController{
+				client:       http.DefaultClient,
+				webhooks:     []*Webhook{{Name: "people", Kind: "ENRICHING"}},
+				TemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{},
+				options: []webhook.RequestBodyOption{webhook.WithX5CCertificate(&x509.Certificate{
+					PublicKey: []byte("bad"),
+				})},
+			},
+			req:                &webhook.RequestBody{},
+			responses:          []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: false}},
+			expectErr:          true,
+			expectTemplateData: x509util.TemplateData{},
+		},
 	}
 	for name, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -200,16 +245,25 @@ func TestWebhookController_Enrich(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("Got err %v, want %v", err, test.expectErr)
 			}
 			assert.Equals(t, test.expectTemplateData, test.ctl.TemplateData)
+			if test.assertRequest != nil {
+				test.assertRequest(t, test.req)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWebhookController_Authorize(t *testing.T) {
+	cert, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/x5c-leaf.crt", pemutil.WithFirstBlock())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
 	type test struct {
-		ctl       *WebhookController
+		ctl           *WebhookController
-		req       *webhook.RequestBody
+		req           *webhook.RequestBody
-		responses []*webhook.ResponseBody
+		responses     []*webhook.ResponseBody
-		expectErr bool
+		expectErr     bool
+		assertRequest func(t *testing.T, req *webhook.RequestBody)
 	}
 	tests := map[string]test{
 		"ok/no enriching webhooks": {
@@ -240,6 +294,27 @@ func TestWebhookController_Authorize(t *testing.T) {
 			responses: []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: false}},
 			expectErr: false,
 		},
+		"ok/with options": {
+			ctl: &WebhookController{
+				client:   http.DefaultClient,
+				webhooks: []*Webhook{{Name: "people", Kind: "AUTHORIZING"}},
+				options:  []webhook.RequestBodyOption{webhook.WithX5CCertificate(cert)},
+			},
+			req:       &webhook.RequestBody{},
+			responses: []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: true}},
+			expectErr: false,
+			assertRequest: func(t *testing.T, req *webhook.RequestBody) {
+				key, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(cert.PublicKey)
+				assert.FatalError(t, err)
+				assert.Equals(t, &webhook.X5CCertificate{
+					Raw:                cert.Raw,
+					PublicKey:          key,
+					PublicKeyAlgorithm: cert.PublicKeyAlgorithm.String(),
+					NotBefore:          cert.NotBefore,
+					NotAfter:           cert.NotAfter,
+				}, req.X5CCertificate)
+			},
+		},
 		"deny": {
 			ctl: &WebhookController{
 				client:   http.DefaultClient,
@@ -249,6 +324,18 @@ func TestWebhookController_Authorize(t *testing.T) {
 			responses: []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: false}},
 			expectErr: true,
 		},
+		"fail/with options": {
+			ctl: &WebhookController{
+				client:   http.DefaultClient,
+				webhooks: []*Webhook{{Name: "people", Kind: "AUTHORIZING"}},
+				options: []webhook.RequestBodyOption{webhook.WithX5CCertificate(&x509.Certificate{
+					PublicKey: []byte("bad"),
+				})},
+			},
+			req:       &webhook.RequestBody{},
+			responses: []*webhook.ResponseBody{{Allow: false}},
+			expectErr: true,
+		},
 	}
 	for name, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -267,6 +354,9 @@ func TestWebhookController_Authorize(t *testing.T) {
 			if (err != nil) != test.expectErr {
 				t.Fatalf("Got err %v, want %v", err, test.expectErr)
 			}
+			if test.assertRequest != nil {
+				test.assertRequest(t, test.req)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }

authority/provisioner/x5c.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/webhook"
 )
 
 // x5cPayload extends jwt.Claims with step attributes.
@@ -187,13 +188,13 @@ func (p *X5C) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*x5cPayload, err
 
 // AuthorizeRevoke returns an error if the provisioner does not have rights to
 // revoke the certificate with serial number in the `sub` property.
-func (p *X5C) AuthorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
+func (p *X5C) AuthorizeRevoke(_ context.Context, token string) error {
 	_, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Revoke)
 	return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "x5c.AuthorizeRevoke")
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSign validates the given token.
-func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	claims, err := p.authorizeToken(token, p.ctl.Audiences.Sign)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "x5c.AuthorizeSign")
@@ -215,7 +216,8 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, er
 	// The X509 certificate will be available using the template variable
 	// AuthorizationCrt. For example {{ .AuthorizationCrt.DNSNames }} can be
 	// used to get all the domains.
-	data.SetAuthorizationCertificate(claims.chains[0][0])
+	x5cLeaf := claims.chains[0][0]
+	data.SetAuthorizationCertificate(x5cLeaf)
 
 	templateOptions, err := TemplateOptions(p.Options, data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, er
 		newProvisionerExtensionOption(TypeX5C, p.Name, ""),
 		profileLimitDuration{
 			p.ctl.Claimer.DefaultTLSCertDuration(),
-			claims.chains[0][0].NotBefore, claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter,
+			x5cLeaf.NotBefore, x5cLeaf.NotAfter,
 		},
 		// validators
 		commonNameValidator(claims.Subject),
@@ -246,7 +248,12 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, er
 		defaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		newValidityValidator(p.ctl.Claimer.MinTLSCertDuration(), p.ctl.Claimer.MaxTLSCertDuration()),
 		newX509NamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getX509()),
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_X509),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_X509,
+			webhook.WithX5CCertificate(x5cLeaf),
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(x5cLeaf.Subject.CommonName),
+		),
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -256,7 +263,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeRenew(ctx context.Context, cert *x509.Certificate) error
 }
 
 // AuthorizeSSHSign returns the list of SignOption for a SignSSH request.
-func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
+func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(_ context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption, error) {
 	if !p.ctl.Claimer.IsSSHCAEnabled() {
 		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("x5c.AuthorizeSSHSign; sshCA is disabled for x5c provisioner '%s'", p.GetName())
 	}
@@ -305,7 +312,8 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	// The X509 certificate will be available using the template variable
 	// AuthorizationCrt. For example {{ .AuthorizationCrt.DNSNames }} can be
 	// used to get all the domains.
-	data.SetAuthorizationCertificate(claims.chains[0][0])
+	x5cLeaf := claims.chains[0][0]
+	data.SetAuthorizationCertificate(x5cLeaf)
 
 	templateOptions, err := TemplateSSHOptions(p.Options, data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -325,7 +333,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	return append(signOptions,
 		p,
 		// Checks the validity bounds, and set the validity if has not been set.
-		&sshLimitDuration{p.ctl.Claimer, claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter},
+		&sshLimitDuration{p.ctl.Claimer, x5cLeaf.NotAfter},
 		// Validate public key.
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.
@@ -335,6 +343,11 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Ensure that all principal names are allowed
 		newSSHNamePolicyValidator(p.ctl.getPolicy().getSSHHost(), p.ctl.getPolicy().getSSHUser()),
 		// Call webhooks
-		p.ctl.newWebhookController(data, linkedca.Webhook_SSH),
+		p.ctl.newWebhookController(
+			data,
+			linkedca.Webhook_SSH,
+			webhook.WithX5CCertificate(x5cLeaf),
+			webhook.WithAuthorizationPrincipal(x5cLeaf.Subject.CommonName),
+		),
 	), nil
 }

authority/provisioner/x5c_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/randutil"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api/render"
@@ -497,6 +498,8 @@ func TestX5C_AuthorizeSign(t *testing.T) {
 								assert.Equals(t, nil, v.policyEngine)
 							case *WebhookController:
 								assert.Len(t, 0, v.webhooks)
+								assert.Equals(t, linkedca.Webhook_X509, v.certType)
+								assert.Len(t, 2, v.options)
 							default:
 								assert.FatalError(t, fmt.Errorf("unexpected sign option of type %T", v))
 							}
@@ -790,8 +793,6 @@ func TestX5C_AuthorizeSSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 								assert.Equals(t, int64(v), tc.claims.Step.SSH.ValidAfter.RelativeTime(nw).Unix())
 							case sshCertValidBeforeModifier:
 								assert.Equals(t, int64(v), tc.claims.Step.SSH.ValidBefore.RelativeTime(nw).Unix())
-							case sshCertDefaultsModifier:
-								assert.Equals(t, SignSSHOptions(v), SignSSHOptions{CertType: SSHUserCert})
 							case *sshLimitDuration:
 								assert.Equals(t, v.Claimer, tc.p.ctl.Claimer)
 								assert.Equals(t, v.NotAfter, x5cCerts[0].NotAfter)
@@ -803,6 +804,8 @@ func TestX5C_AuthorizeSSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 							case *sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator, *sshCertDefaultValidator, sshCertificateOptionsFunc:
 							case *WebhookController:
 								assert.Len(t, 0, v.webhooks)
+								assert.Equals(t, linkedca.Webhook_SSH, v.certType)
+								assert.Len(t, 2, v.options)
 							default:
 								assert.FatalError(t, fmt.Errorf("unexpected sign option of type %T", v))
 							}

authority/provisioners.go

@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ func ProvisionerToLinkedca(p provisioner.Interface) (*linkedca.Provisioner, erro
 				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_SCEP{
 					SCEP: &linkedca.SCEPProvisioner{
 						ForceCn:                       p.ForceCN,
-						Challenge:                     p.GetChallengePassword(),
+						Challenge:                     p.ChallengePassword,
 						Capabilities:                  p.Capabilities,
 						MinimumPublicKeyLength:        int32(p.MinimumPublicKeyLength),
 						IncludeRoot:                   p.IncludeRoot,

authority/provisioners_test.go

@@ -9,14 +9,17 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api/render"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
-	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
-	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
-	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 )
 
 func TestGetEncryptedKey(t *testing.T) {
@@ -29,9 +32,9 @@ func TestGetEncryptedKey(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := map[string]func(t *testing.T) *ek{
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) *ek {
 			c, err := LoadConfiguration("../ca/testdata/ca.json")
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			a, err := New(c)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			return &ek{
 				a:   a,
 				kid: c.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners[1].(*provisioner.JWK).Key.KeyID,
@@ -39,9 +42,9 @@ func TestGetEncryptedKey(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		"fail-not-found": func(t *testing.T) *ek {
 			c, err := LoadConfiguration("../ca/testdata/ca.json")
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			a, err := New(c)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			return &ek{
 				a:    a,
 				kid:  "foo",
@@ -95,9 +98,16 @@ func TestGetProvisioners(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := map[string]func(t *testing.T) *gp{
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) *gp {
 			c, err := LoadConfiguration("../ca/testdata/ca.json")
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			a, err := New(c)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			return &gp{a: a}
+		},
+		"ok/rsa": func(t *testing.T) *gp {
+			c, err := LoadConfiguration("../ca/testdata/rsaca.json")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			a, err := New(c)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 			return &gp{a: a}
 		},
 	}
@@ -111,13 +121,13 @@ func TestGetProvisioners(t *testing.T) {
 				if assert.NotNil(t, tc.err) {
 					var sc render.StatusCodedError
 					if assert.True(t, errors.As(err, &sc), "error does not implement StatusCodedError interface") {
-						assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tc.code)
+						assert.Equals(t, tc.code, sc.StatusCode())
 					}
-					assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tc.err.Error())
+					assert.HasPrefix(t, tc.err.Error(), err.Error())
 				}
 			} else {
 				if assert.Nil(t, tc.err) {
-					assert.Equals(t, ps, tc.a.config.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners)
+					assert.Equals(t, tc.a.config.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners, ps)
 					assert.Equals(t, "", next)
 				}
 			}
@@ -127,20 +137,20 @@ func TestGetProvisioners(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestAuthority_LoadProvisionerByCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 	_, priv, err := keyutil.GenerateDefaultKeyPair()
-	assert.FatalError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	csr := getCSR(t, priv)
 
 	sign := func(a *Authority, extraOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) *x509.Certificate {
 		key, err := jose.ReadKey("testdata/secrets/step_cli_key_priv.jwk", jose.WithPassword([]byte("pass")))
-		assert.FatalError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		token, err := generateToken("smallstep test", "step-cli", testAudiences.Sign[0], []string{"test.smallstep.com"}, time.Now(), key)
-		assert.FatalError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		ctx := provisioner.NewContextWithMethod(context.Background(), provisioner.SignMethod)
 		opts, err := a.Authorize(ctx, token)
-		assert.FatalError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		opts = append(opts, extraOpts...)
 		certs, err := a.Sign(csr, provisioner.SignOptions{}, opts...)
-		assert.FatalError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		return certs[0]
 	}
 	getProvisioner := func(a *Authority, name string) provisioner.Interface {
@@ -169,9 +179,7 @@ func TestAuthority_LoadProvisionerByCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		MGetCertificateData: func(serialNumber string) (*db.CertificateData, error) {
 			p, err := a1.LoadProvisionerByName("dev")
-			if err != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, err)
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
 			return &db.CertificateData{
 				Provisioner: &db.ProvisionerData{
 					ID:   p.GetID(),
@@ -186,9 +194,7 @@ func TestAuthority_LoadProvisionerByCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 	a2.adminDB = &mockAdminDB{
 		MGetCertificateData: (func(s string) (*db.CertificateData, error) {
 			p, err := a2.LoadProvisionerByName("dev")
-			if err != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, err)
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
 			return &db.CertificateData{
 				Provisioner: &db.ProvisionerData{
 					ID:   p.GetID(),

authority/ssh.go

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (a *Authority) GetSSHFederation(context.Context) (*config.SSHKeys, error) {
 }
 
 // GetSSHConfig returns rendered templates for clients (user) or servers (host).
-func (a *Authority) GetSSHConfig(ctx context.Context, typ string, data map[string]string) ([]templates.Output, error) {
+func (a *Authority) GetSSHConfig(_ context.Context, typ string, data map[string]string) ([]templates.Output, error) {
 	if a.sshCAUserCertSignKey == nil && a.sshCAHostCertSignKey == nil {
 		return nil, errs.NotFound("getSSHConfig: ssh is not configured")
 	}
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func (a *Authority) GetSSHBastion(ctx context.Context, user, hostname string) (*
 }
 
 // SignSSH creates a signed SSH certificate with the given public key and options.
-func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions, signOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
+func (a *Authority) SignSSH(_ context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions, signOpts ...provisioner.SignOption) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	var (
 		certOptions []sshutil.Option
 		mods        []provisioner.SSHCertModifier
@@ -663,11 +663,7 @@ func callEnrichingWebhooksSSH(webhookCtl webhookController, cr sshutil.Certifica
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := webhookCtl.Enrich(whEnrichReq); err != nil {
+	return webhookCtl.Enrich(whEnrichReq)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 func callAuthorizingWebhooksSSH(webhookCtl webhookController, cert *sshutil.Certificate, certTpl *ssh.Certificate) error {
@@ -680,9 +676,5 @@ func callAuthorizingWebhooksSSH(webhookCtl webhookController, cert *sshutil.Cert
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := webhookCtl.Authorize(whAuthBody); err != nil {
+	return webhookCtl.Authorize(whAuthBody)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }

authority/ssh_test.go

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (m sshTestModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, _ provisioner.SignSSHOpti
 
 type sshTestCertModifier string
 
-func (m sshTestCertModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (m sshTestCertModifier) Modify(*ssh.Certificate, provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
 	if m == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (m sshTestCertModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts provisioner.Sign
 
 type sshTestCertValidator string
 
-func (v sshTestCertValidator) Valid(crt *ssh.Certificate, opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (v sshTestCertValidator) Valid(*ssh.Certificate, provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
 	if v == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (v sshTestCertValidator) Valid(crt *ssh.Certificate, opts provisioner.SignS
 
 type sshTestOptionsValidator string
 
-func (v sshTestOptionsValidator) Valid(opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (v sshTestOptionsValidator) Valid(provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
 	if v == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (v sshTestOptionsValidator) Valid(opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
 
 type sshTestOptionsModifier string
 
-func (m sshTestOptionsModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
+func (m sshTestOptionsModifier) Modify(*ssh.Certificate, provisioner.SignSSHOptions) error {
 	if m == "" {
 		return nil
 	}

authority/tls.go

@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ func (a *Authority) isAllowedToSignX509Certificate(cert *x509.Certificate) error
 
 // AreSANsAllowed evaluates the provided sans against the
 // authority X.509 policy.
-func (a *Authority) AreSANsAllowed(ctx context.Context, sans []string) error {
+func (a *Authority) AreSANsAllowed(_ context.Context, sans []string) error {
 	return a.policyEngine.AreSANsAllowed(sans)
 }
 
@@ -773,13 +773,20 @@ func (a *Authority) GenerateCertificateRevocationList() error {
 		NextUpdate:          now.Add(updateDuration),
 	}
 
+	// Set CRL IDP to config item, otherwise, leave as default
+	var fullName string
+	if a.config.CRL.IDPurl != "" {
+		fullName = a.config.CRL.IDPurl
+	} else {
+		fullName = a.config.Audience("/1.0/crl")[0]
+	}
+
 	// Add distribution point.
 	//
 	// Note that this is currently using the port 443 by default.
-	fullName := a.config.Audience("/1.0/crl")[0]
 	if b, err := marshalDistributionPoint(fullName, false); err == nil {
 		revocationList.ExtraExtensions = []pkix.Extension{
-			{Id: oidExtensionIssuingDistributionPoint, Value: b},
+			{Id: oidExtensionIssuingDistributionPoint, Critical: true, Value: b},
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -962,11 +969,7 @@ func callEnrichingWebhooksX509(webhookCtl webhookController, attData *provisione
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := webhookCtl.Enrich(whEnrichReq); err != nil {
+	return webhookCtl.Enrich(whEnrichReq)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 func callAuthorizingWebhooksX509(webhookCtl webhookController, cert *x509util.Certificate, leaf *x509.Certificate, attData *provisioner.AttestationData) error {
@@ -986,9 +989,5 @@ func callAuthorizingWebhooksX509(webhookCtl webhookController, cert *x509util.Ce
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := webhookCtl.Authorize(whAuthBody); err != nil {
+	return webhookCtl.Authorize(whAuthBody)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }

authority/tls_test.go

@@ -1146,18 +1146,17 @@ func TestAuthority_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 									assert.False(t, reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2))
 								}
 								continue
-							} else {
+							}
-								found := false
+							found := false
-								for _, ext2 := range leaf.Extensions {
+							for _, ext2 := range leaf.Extensions {
-									if reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2) {
+								if reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2) {
-										found = true
+									found = true
-										break
+									break
-									}
-								}
-								if !found {
-									t.Errorf("x509 extension %s not found in renewed certificate", ext1.Id.String())
 								}
 							}
+							if !found {
+								t.Errorf("x509 extension %s not found in renewed certificate", ext1.Id.String())
+							}
 						}
 					}
 
@@ -1363,18 +1362,17 @@ func TestAuthority_Rekey(t *testing.T) {
 									assert.False(t, reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2))
 								}
 								continue
-							} else {
+							}
-								found := false
+							found := false
-								for _, ext2 := range leaf.Extensions {
+							for _, ext2 := range leaf.Extensions {
-									if reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2) {
+								if reflect.DeepEqual(ext1, ext2) {
-										found = true
+									found = true
-										break
+									break
-									}
-								}
-								if !found {
-									t.Errorf("x509 extension %s not found in renewed certificate", ext1.Id.String())
 								}
 							}
+							if !found {
+								t.Errorf("x509 extension %s not found in renewed certificate", ext1.Id.String())
+							}
 						}
 					}
 
@@ -1936,14 +1934,14 @@ func TestAuthority_CRL(t *testing.T) {
 		tc := f()
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			if crlBytes, err := tc.auth.GetCertificateRevocationList(); err == nil {
-				crl, parseErr := x509.ParseCRL(crlBytes)
+				crl, parseErr := x509.ParseRevocationList(crlBytes)
 				if parseErr != nil {
 					t.Errorf("x509.ParseCertificateRequest() error = %v, wantErr %v", parseErr, nil)
 					return
 				}
 
 				var cmpList []string
-				for _, c := range crl.TBSCertList.RevokedCertificates {
+				for _, c := range crl.RevokedCertificates {
 					cmpList = append(cmpList, c.SerialNumber.String())
 				}
 

authority/webhook_test.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type mockWebhookController struct {
 
 var _ webhookController = &mockWebhookController{}
 
-func (wc *mockWebhookController) Enrich(req *webhook.RequestBody) error {
+func (wc *mockWebhookController) Enrich(*webhook.RequestBody) error {
 	for key, data := range wc.respData {
 		wc.templateData.SetWebhook(key, data)
 	}
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ func (wc *mockWebhookController) Enrich(req *webhook.RequestBody) error {
 	return wc.enrichErr
 }
 
-func (wc *mockWebhookController) Authorize(req *webhook.RequestBody) error {
+func (wc *mockWebhookController) Authorize(*webhook.RequestBody) error {
 	return wc.authorizeErr
 }

ca/adminClient.go

@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ type AdminClient struct {
 	x5cSubject  string
 }
 
+var ErrAdminAPINotImplemented = errors.New("admin API not implemented")
+var ErrAdminAPINotAuthorized = errors.New("admin API not authorized")
+
 // AdminClientError is the client side representation of an
 // AdminError returned by the CA.
 type AdminClientError struct {
@@ -137,6 +140,28 @@ func (c *AdminClient) retryOnError(r *http.Response) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// IsEnabled checks if the admin API is enabled.
+func (c *AdminClient) IsEnabled() error {
+	u := c.endpoint.ResolveReference(&url.URL{Path: path.Join(adminURLPrefix, "admins")})
+	resp, err := c.client.Get(u.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return clientError(err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode < http.StatusBadRequest {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch resp.StatusCode {
+	case http.StatusNotFound, http.StatusNotImplemented:
+		return ErrAdminAPINotImplemented
+	case http.StatusUnauthorized:
+		return ErrAdminAPINotAuthorized
+	default:
+		return errors.Errorf("unexpected status code when performing is-enabled check for Admin API: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+}
+
 // GetAdmin performs the GET /admin/admin/{id} request to the CA.
 func (c *AdminClient) GetAdmin(id string) (*linkedca.Admin, error) {
 	var retried bool
@@ -244,7 +269,7 @@ retry:
 }
 
 // GetAdmins returns all admins from the GET /admin/admins request to the CA.
-func (c *AdminClient) GetAdmins(opts ...AdminOption) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
+func (c *AdminClient) GetAdmins(...AdminOption) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
 	var (
 		cursor = ""
 		admins = []*linkedca.Admin{}
@@ -449,7 +474,7 @@ retry:
 }
 
 // GetProvisioners returns all admins from the GET /admin/admins request to the CA.
-func (c *AdminClient) GetProvisioners(opts ...AdminOption) (provisioner.List, error) {
+func (c *AdminClient) GetProvisioners(...AdminOption) (provisioner.List, error) {
 	var (
 		cursor = ""
 		provs  = provisioner.List{}

ca/bootstrap.go

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func Bootstrap(token string) (*Client, error) {
 //	}
 //	resp, err := client.Get("https://internal.smallstep.com")
 func BootstrapClient(ctx context.Context, token string, options ...TLSOption) (*http.Client, error) {
-	b, err := createBootstrap(token)
+	b, err := createBootstrap(token) //nolint:contextcheck // deeply nested context; temporary
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func BootstrapServer(ctx context.Context, token string, base *http.Server, optio
 		return nil, errors.New("server TLSConfig is already set")
 	}
 
-	b, err := createBootstrap(token)
+	b, err := createBootstrap(token) //nolint:contextcheck // deeply nested context; temporary
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func BootstrapServer(ctx context.Context, token string, base *http.Server, optio
 //	... // register services
 //	srv.Serve(lis)
 func BootstrapListener(ctx context.Context, token string, inner net.Listener, options ...TLSOption) (net.Listener, error) {
-	b, err := createBootstrap(token)
+	b, err := createBootstrap(token) //nolint:contextcheck // deeply nested context; temporary
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

ca/bootstrap_test.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func newLocalListener() net.Listener {
 	return l
 }
 
-func setMinCertDuration(d time.Duration) func() {
+func setMinCertDuration(time.Duration) func() {
 	tmp := minCertDuration
 	minCertDuration = 1 * time.Second
 	return func() {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func startCABootstrapServer() *httptest.Server {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	baseContext := buildContext(ca.auth, nil, nil, nil)
+	baseContext := buildContext(ca.auth, nil, nil, nil, "")
 	srv.Config.Handler = ca.srv.Handler
 	srv.Config.BaseContext = func(net.Listener) context.Context {
 		return baseContext
@@ -606,7 +606,13 @@ func doReload(ca *CA) error {
 	}
 	// Use same address in new server
 	newCA.srv.Addr = ca.srv.Addr
-	return ca.srv.Reload(newCA.srv)
+	if err := ca.srv.Reload(newCA.srv); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Wait a few ms until the http server calls listener.Accept()
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	return nil
 }
 
 func TestBootstrapListener(t *testing.T) {