cmd/frostfs-lens/internal/meta/root.go

@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
-	"time"
-
 	common "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/cmd/frostfs-lens/internal"
 	meta "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/metabase"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -37,10 +34,6 @@ func init() {
 func openMeta(cmd *cobra.Command) *meta.DB {
 	db := meta.New(
 		meta.WithPath(vPath),
-		meta.WithBoltDBOptions(&bbolt.Options{
-			ReadOnly: true,
-			Timeout:  100 * time.Millisecond,
-		}),
 		meta.WithEpochState(epochState{}),
 	)
 	common.ExitOnErr(cmd, common.Errf("could not open metabase: %w", db.Open(cmd.Context(), true)))

cmd/frostfs-node/config.go

@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
 	neogoutil "github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 )
@@ -107,17 +106,19 @@ type applicationConfiguration struct {
 }
 
 type shardCfg struct {
-	compress                  bool
+	compress                   bool
-	smallSizeObjectLimit      uint64
+	smallSizeObjectLimit       uint64
-	uncompressableContentType []string
+	uncompressableContentType  []string
-	refillMetabase            bool
+	refillMetabase             bool
-	mode                      shardmode.Mode
+	refillMetabaseWorkersCount int
+	mode                       shardmode.Mode
 
 	metaCfg struct {
 		path          string
 		perm          fs.FileMode
 		maxBatchSize  int
 		maxBatchDelay time.Duration
+		noSync        bool
 	}
 
 	subStorages []subStorageCfg
@@ -223,6 +224,7 @@ func (a *applicationConfiguration) updateShardConfig(c *config.Config, oldConfig
 	var newConfig shardCfg
 
 	newConfig.refillMetabase = oldConfig.RefillMetabase()
+	newConfig.refillMetabaseWorkersCount = oldConfig.RefillMetabaseWorkersCount()
 	newConfig.mode = oldConfig.Mode()
 	newConfig.compress = oldConfig.Compress()
 	newConfig.uncompressableContentType = oldConfig.UncompressableContentTypes()
@@ -324,6 +326,7 @@ func (a *applicationConfiguration) setMetabaseConfig(newConfig *shardCfg, oldCon
 	m.perm = metabaseCfg.BoltDB().Perm()
 	m.maxBatchDelay = metabaseCfg.BoltDB().MaxBatchDelay()
 	m.maxBatchSize = metabaseCfg.BoltDB().MaxBatchSize()
+	m.noSync = metabaseCfg.BoltDB().NoSync()
 }
 
 func (a *applicationConfiguration) setGCConfig(newConfig *shardCfg, oldConfig *shardconfig.Config) {
@@ -857,13 +860,9 @@ func (c *cfg) getShardOpts(shCfg shardCfg) shardOptsWithID {
 	mbOptions := []meta.Option{
 		meta.WithPath(shCfg.metaCfg.path),
 		meta.WithPermissions(shCfg.metaCfg.perm),
-		meta.WithMaxBatchSize(shCfg.metaCfg.maxBatchSize),
-		meta.WithMaxBatchDelay(shCfg.metaCfg.maxBatchDelay),
-		meta.WithBoltDBOptions(&bbolt.Options{
-			Timeout: 100 * time.Millisecond,
-		}),
 		meta.WithLogger(c.log),
 		meta.WithEpochState(c.cfgNetmap.state),
+		meta.WithNoSync(shCfg.metaCfg.noSync),
 	}
 	if c.metricsCollector != nil {
 		mbOptions = append(mbOptions, meta.WithMetrics(lsmetrics.NewMetabaseMetrics(shCfg.metaCfg.path, c.metricsCollector.MetabaseMetrics())))
@@ -874,6 +873,7 @@ func (c *cfg) getShardOpts(shCfg shardCfg) shardOptsWithID {
 	sh.shOpts = []shard.Option{
 		shard.WithLogger(c.log),
 		shard.WithRefillMetabase(shCfg.refillMetabase),
+		shard.WithRefillMetabaseWorkersCount(shCfg.refillMetabaseWorkersCount),
 		shard.WithMode(shCfg.mode),
 		shard.WithBlobStorOptions(blobstoreOpts...),
 		shard.WithMetaBaseOptions(mbOptions...),

cmd/frostfs-node/config/engine/config_test.go

@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ func TestEngineSection(t *testing.T) {
 
 				require.Equal(t, false, sc.RefillMetabase())
 				require.Equal(t, mode.ReadOnly, sc.Mode())
+				require.Equal(t, 100, sc.RefillMetabaseWorkersCount())
 			case 1:
 				require.Equal(t, "tmp/1/blob/pilorama.db", pl.Path())
 				require.Equal(t, fs.FileMode(0o644), pl.Perm())
@@ -164,6 +165,7 @@ func TestEngineSection(t *testing.T) {
 
 				require.Equal(t, true, sc.RefillMetabase())
 				require.Equal(t, mode.ReadWrite, sc.Mode())
+				require.Equal(t, shardconfig.RefillMetabaseWorkersCountDefault, sc.RefillMetabaseWorkersCount())
 			}
 			return nil
 		})

cmd/frostfs-node/config/engine/shard/config.go

@@ -16,8 +16,12 @@ import (
 // which provides access to Shard configurations.
 type Config config.Config
 
-// SmallSizeLimitDefault is a default limit of small objects payload in bytes.
+const (
-const SmallSizeLimitDefault = 1 << 20
+	// SmallSizeLimitDefault is a default limit of small objects payload in bytes.
+	SmallSizeLimitDefault                   = 1 << 20
+	EstimateCompressibilityThresholdDefault = 0.1
+	RefillMetabaseWorkersCountDefault       = 500
+)
 
 // From wraps config section into Config.
 func From(c *config.Config) *Config {
@@ -109,6 +113,20 @@ func (x *Config) RefillMetabase() bool {
 	)
 }
 
+// RefillMetabaseWorkersCount returns the value of "resync_metabase_worker_count" config parameter.
+//
+// Returns RefillMetabaseWorkersCountDefault if the value is not a positive number.
+func (x *Config) RefillMetabaseWorkersCount() int {
+	v := config.IntSafe(
+		(*config.Config)(x),
+		"resync_metabase_worker_count",
+	)
+	if v > 0 {
+		return int(v)
+	}
+	return RefillMetabaseWorkersCountDefault
+}
+
 // Mode return the value of "mode" config parameter.
 //
 // Panics if read the value is not one of predefined

config/example/node.env

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ FROSTFS_STORAGE_REBUILD_WORKERS_COUNT=1000
 ## 0 shard
 ### Flag to refill Metabase from BlobStor
 FROSTFS_STORAGE_SHARD_0_RESYNC_METABASE=false
+FROSTFS_STORAGE_SHARD_0_RESYNC_METABASE_WORKER_COUNT=100
 ### Flag to set shard mode
 FROSTFS_STORAGE_SHARD_0_MODE=read-only
 ### Write cache config

config/example/node.json

@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@
       "0": {
         "mode": "read-only",
         "resync_metabase": false,
+        "resync_metabase_worker_count": 100,
         "writecache": {
           "enabled": false,
           "no_sync": true,

config/example/node.yaml

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ storage:
         # degraded-read-only
         # disabled (do not work with the shard, allows to not remove it from the config)
       resync_metabase: false  # sync metabase with blobstor on start, expensive, leave false until complete understanding
+      resync_metabase_worker_count: 100
 
       writecache:
         enabled: false

docs/storage-node-configuration.md

@@ -177,17 +177,20 @@ Contains configuration for each shard. Keys must be consecutive numbers starting
 `default` subsection has the same format and specifies defaults for missing values.
 The following table describes configuration for each shard.
 
-| Parameter                           | Type                                        | Default value | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| Parameter                                        | Type                                        | Default value | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
-|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `compress`                          | `bool`                                      | `false`       | Flag to enable compression.                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| `compress`                                       | `bool`                                      | `false`       | Flag to enable compression.                                                                                                                                                                                       |
-| `compression_exclude_content_types` | `[]string`                                  |               | List of content-types to disable compression for. Content-type is taken from `Content-Type` object attribute. Each element can contain a star `*` as a first (last) character, which matches any prefix (suffix). |
+| `compression_exclude_content_types`              | `[]string`                                  |               | List of content-types to disable compression for. Content-type is taken from `Content-Type` object attribute. Each element can contain a star `*` as a first (last) character, which matches any prefix (suffix). |
-| `mode`                              | `string`                                    | `read-write`  | Shard Mode.<br/>Possible values:  `read-write`, `read-only`, `degraded`, `degraded-read-only`, `disabled`                                                                                                         |
+| `compression_estimate_compressibility`           | `bool`                                      | `false`       | If `true`, then noramalized compressibility estimation is used to decide compress data or not.                                                                                                                    |
-| `resync_metabase`                   | `bool`                                      | `false`       | Flag to enable metabase resync on start.                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| `compression_estimate_compressibility_threshold` | `float`                                     | `0.1`         | Normilized compressibility estimate threshold: data will compress if estimation if greater than this value.                                                                                                       |
-| `writecache`                        | [Writecache config](#writecache-subsection) |               | Write-cache configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                        |
+| `mode`                                           | `string`                                    | `read-write`  | Shard Mode.<br/>Possible values:  `read-write`, `read-only`, `degraded`, `degraded-read-only`, `disabled`                                                                                                         |
-| `metabase`                          | [Metabase config](#metabase-subsection)     |               | Metabase configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `resync_metabase`                                | `bool`                                      | `false`       | Flag to enable metabase resync on start.                                                                                                                                                                          |
-| `blobstor`                          | [Blobstor config](#blobstor-subsection)     |               | Blobstor configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `resync_metabase_worker_count`                   | `int`                                       | `1000`        | Count of concurrent workers to resync metabase.                                                                                                                                                                   |
-| `small_object_size`                 | `size`                                      | `1M`          | Maximum size of an object stored in blobovnicza tree.                                                                                                                                                             |
+| `writecache`                                     | [Writecache config](#writecache-subsection) |               | Write-cache configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                        |
-| `gc`                                | [GC config](#gc-subsection)                 |               | GC configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| `metabase`                                       | [Metabase config](#metabase-subsection)     |               | Metabase configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `blobstor`                                       | [Blobstor config](#blobstor-subsection)     |               | Blobstor configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| `small_object_size`                              | `size`                                      | `1M`          | Maximum size of an object stored in blobovnicza tree.                                                                                                                                                             |
+| `gc`                                             | [GC config](#gc-subsection)                 |               | GC configuration.                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 
 ### `blobstor` subsection
 

go.mod

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4 v4.1.0
+	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4 v4.2.0
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect

internal/logs/logs.go

@@ -545,4 +545,11 @@ const (
 	BlobovniczaSavingCountersToMetaSuccess                                  = "saving counters to blobovnicza's meta completed successfully"
 	BlobovniczaSavingCountersToMetaFailed                                   = "saving counters to blobovnicza's meta failed"
 	ObjectRemovalFailureExistsInWritecache                                  = "can't remove object: object must be flushed from writecache"
+	FailedToParseAddressFromKey                                             = "failed to parse address from key"
+	FailedToParseOwnerFromKey                                               = "failed to parse owner from key"
+	FailedToParsePayloadHashFromKey                                         = "failed to parse payload hash from key"
+	FailedToParseSplitIDFromKey                                             = "failed to parse splitID from key"
+	FailedToParseAttributeValueFromKey                                      = "failed to parse attribute value from key"
+	FailedToRunMetabaseGC                                                   = "failed to run badger GC on metabase"
+	MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix                                    = "could not iterate over the prefix"
 )

pkg/core/object/address.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 // AddressWithType groups object address with its FrostFS
 // object type.
 type AddressWithType struct {
-	Address oid.Address
+	Address         oid.Address
-	Type    objectSDK.Type
+	Type            objectSDK.Type
+	IsLinkingObject bool
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/blobovnicza/iterate.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package blobovnicza
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ func (b *Blobovnicza) Iterate(ctx context.Context, prm IteratePrm) (IterateRes,
 				}
 
 				if !prm.withoutData {
-					elem.data = v
+					elem.data = bytes.Clone(v)
 				}
 
 				return prm.handler(elem)

pkg/local_object_storage/engine/control_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/blobstor"
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/util/logger/test"
 	cidtest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 )
 
 // TestInitializationFailure checks that shard is initialized and closed even if media
@@ -57,12 +55,8 @@ func TestInitializationFailure(t *testing.T) {
 			shard.WithBlobStorOptions(
 				blobstor.WithStorages(storages)),
 			shard.WithMetaBaseOptions(
-				meta.WithBoltDBOptions(&bbolt.Options{
-					Timeout:  100 * time.Millisecond,
-					OpenFile: opts.openFileMetabase,
-				}),
 				meta.WithPath(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "metabase")),
-				meta.WithPermissions(0700),
+				meta.WithPermissions(0o700),
 				meta.WithEpochState(epochState{})),
 			shard.WithWriteCache(true),
 			shard.WithWriteCacheOptions(wcOpts),
@@ -228,7 +222,6 @@ func TestPersistentShardID(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, te.shards[1].id, newTe.shards[0].id)
 	require.Equal(t, te.shards[0].id, newTe.shards[1].id)
 	require.NoError(t, newTe.ng.Close(context.Background()))
-
 }
 
 func TestReload(t *testing.T) {
@@ -299,7 +292,7 @@ func engineWithShards(t *testing.T, path string, num int) (*StorageEngine, []str
 					blobstor.WithStorages(newStorages(filepath.Join(addPath, strconv.Itoa(id)), errSmallSize))),
 				shard.WithMetaBaseOptions(
 					meta.WithPath(filepath.Join(addPath, fmt.Sprintf("%d.metabase", id))),
-					meta.WithPermissions(0700),
+					meta.WithPermissions(0o700),
 					meta.WithEpochState(epochState{}),
 				),
 			}

pkg/local_object_storage/engine/put.go

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func (e *StorageEngine) putToShard(ctx context.Context, sh hashedShard, ind int,
 		var existPrm shard.ExistsPrm
 		existPrm.SetAddress(addr)
 
-		exists, err := sh.Exists(ctx, existPrm)
+		_, err := sh.Exists(ctx, existPrm)
 		if err != nil {
 			if shard.IsErrObjectExpired(err) {
 				// object is already found but
@@ -117,24 +117,6 @@ func (e *StorageEngine) putToShard(ctx context.Context, sh hashedShard, ind int,
 			return // this is not ErrAlreadyRemoved error so we can go to the next shard
 		}
 
-		alreadyExists = exists.Exists()
-		if alreadyExists {
-			if ind != 0 {
-				var toMoveItPrm shard.ToMoveItPrm
-				toMoveItPrm.SetAddress(addr)
-
-				_, err = sh.ToMoveIt(ctx, toMoveItPrm)
-				if err != nil {
-					e.log.Warn(logs.EngineCouldNotMarkObjectForShardRelocation,
-						zap.Stringer("shard", sh.ID()),
-						zap.String("error", err.Error()),
-					)
-				}
-			}
-
-			return
-		}
-
 		var putPrm shard.PutPrm
 		putPrm.SetObject(obj)
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/badger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+)
+
+const (
+	// replace with lock by objectID ?
+	retryCount   = 10
+	retryTimeout = 5 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
+func deleteByPrefix(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, prefix []byte) error {
+	const batchSize = 1000
+	for {
+		batch, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, prefix, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, key := range batch {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
+
+			if err := tx.Delete(key); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if len(batch) < batchSize {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func selectByPrefixBatch(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, prefix []byte, batchSize int) ([][]byte, error) {
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:       prefix,
+	})
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	var result [][]byte
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		result = append(result, it.Item().KeyCopy(nil))
+		if len(result) == batchSize {
+			return result, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, prefix, lastSeen []byte, withValues bool, batchSize int) ([]keyValue, error) {
+	opts := badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:       prefix,
+	}
+	if withValues {
+		opts.PrefetchValues = true
+	}
+	it := tx.NewIterator(opts)
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	var result []keyValue
+	for it.Seek(lastSeen); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+		if bytes.Equal(lastSeen, it.Item().Key()) {
+			continue
+		}
+		var current keyValue
+		current.Key = it.Item().KeyCopy(nil)
+		if withValues {
+			var err error
+			current.Value, err = it.Item().ValueCopy(nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		result = append(result, current)
+		if len(result) == batchSize {
+			return result, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func deleteByKey(tx *badger.Txn, key []byte) error {
+	return tx.Delete(key)
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/bucket.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+
+	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
+)
+
+type dbBucketDispatcher struct {
+	cond                 *sync.Cond
+	containerDispatchers map[cid.ID]*containerBucketDispatcher
+}
+
+func newDBBucketDispatcher() *dbBucketDispatcher {
+	return &dbBucketDispatcher{
+		cond:                 sync.NewCond(&sync.Mutex{}),
+		containerDispatchers: make(map[cid.ID]*containerBucketDispatcher),
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *dbBucketDispatcher) BucketID(id cid.ID) (uint16, func()) {
+	d.cond.L.Lock()
+	defer d.cond.L.Unlock()
+
+	cd := d.getOrCreateContainerDispatcher(id)
+	val, ok := cd.freeBucketID()
+	for !ok {
+		d.cond.Wait()
+		cd = d.getOrCreateContainerDispatcher(id)
+		val, ok = cd.freeBucketID()
+	}
+	return val, func() {
+		d.release(id, val)
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *dbBucketDispatcher) release(id cid.ID, bucketID uint16) {
+	d.cond.L.Lock()
+	defer d.cond.L.Unlock()
+
+	cd, ok := d.containerDispatchers[id]
+	if !ok {
+		panic("container bucket ID dispatcher not found")
+	}
+	notify := cd.full()
+	cd.release(bucketID)
+	if cd.empty() {
+		delete(d.containerDispatchers, id)
+	}
+	if notify {
+		d.cond.Broadcast()
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *dbBucketDispatcher) getOrCreateContainerDispatcher(id cid.ID) *containerBucketDispatcher {
+	existed, found := d.containerDispatchers[id]
+	if found {
+		return existed
+	}
+	created := newContainerDispatcher()
+	d.containerDispatchers[id] = created
+	return created
+}
+
+type containerBucketDispatcher struct {
+	free  []uint16
+	next  uint16
+	taken map[uint16]struct{}
+}
+
+func newContainerDispatcher() *containerBucketDispatcher {
+	return &containerBucketDispatcher{
+		taken: make(map[uint16]struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *containerBucketDispatcher) freeBucketID() (uint16, bool) {
+	if len(d.free) > 0 {
+		idx := len(d.free) - 1
+		result := d.free[idx]
+		d.free = d.free[:idx]
+		d.taken[result] = struct{}{}
+		return result, true
+	}
+	if d.next == math.MaxUint16 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	v := d.next
+	d.next++
+	d.taken[v] = struct{}{}
+	return v, true
+}
+
+func (d *containerBucketDispatcher) release(bucketID uint16) {
+	delete(d.taken, bucketID)
+	d.free = append(d.free, bucketID)
+}
+
+func (d *containerBucketDispatcher) empty() bool {
+	return len(d.taken) == 0
+}
+
+func (d *containerBucketDispatcher) full() bool {
+	return len(d.free) == 0 && len(d.taken) == math.MaxUint16
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/children.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -38,38 +38,33 @@ func (db *DB) GetChildren(ctx context.Context, addresses []oid.Address) (map[oid
 
 	result := make(map[oid.Address][]oid.Address, len(addresses))
 
-	buffer := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-	err := db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
 		for _, addr := range addresses {
 			if _, found := result[addr]; found {
 				continue
 			}
-
+			const batchSize = 1000
 			result[addr] = []oid.Address{}
-			bkt := tx.Bucket(parentBucketName(addr.Container(), buffer))
+			for {
-			if bkt == nil {
+				keys, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, parentKeyLongPrefix(addr.Container(), addr.Object()), batchSize)
-				continue
+				if err != nil {
-			}
-
-			binObjIDs, err := decodeList(bkt.Get(objectKey(addr.Object(), buffer)))
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			for _, binObjID := range binObjIDs {
-				var id oid.ID
-				if err = id.Decode(binObjID); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				var resultAddress oid.Address
+
-				resultAddress.SetContainer(addr.Container())
+				for _, key := range keys {
-				resultAddress.SetObject(id)
+					resultAddress, err := addressOfTargetFromParentKey(key)
-				result[addr] = append(result[addr], resultAddress)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					result[addr] = append(result[addr], resultAddress)
+				}
+				if len(keys) < batchSize {
+					break
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/containers.go

@@ -3,12 +3,20 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+)
+
+const (
+	containerSizeKeySize    = 1 + cidSize + 2
+	containerSizePrefixSize = 1 + cidSize
 )
 
 func (db *DB) Containers(ctx context.Context) (list []cid.ID, err error) {
@@ -30,8 +38,8 @@ func (db *DB) Containers(ctx context.Context) (list []cid.ID, err error) {
 		return nil, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		list, err = db.containers(tx)
+		list, err = containers(tx)
 
 		return err
 	})
@@ -39,24 +47,28 @@ func (db *DB) Containers(ctx context.Context) (list []cid.ID, err error) {
 	return list, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) containers(tx *bbolt.Tx) ([]cid.ID, error) {
+func containers(tx *badger.Txn) ([]cid.ID, error) {
 	result := make([]cid.ID, 0)
 	unique := make(map[string]struct{})
 	var cnr cid.ID
 
-	err := tx.ForEach(func(name []byte, _ *bbolt.Bucket) error {
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
-		if parseContainerID(&cnr, name, unique) {
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
-			result = append(result, cnr)
-			unique[string(name[1:bucketKeySize])] = struct{}{}
-		}
-
-		return nil
 	})
+	defer it.Close()
 
-	return result, err
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.Valid(); it.Next() {
+		name := it.Item().Key()
+		if parseContainerIDWithIgnore(&cnr, name, unique) {
+			result = append(result, cnr)
+			unique[string(name[1:containerSizePrefixSize])] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
 }
 
-func (db *DB) ContainerSize(id cid.ID) (size uint64, err error) {
+func (db *DB) ContainerSize(ctx context.Context, id cid.ID) (size uint64, err error) {
 	db.modeMtx.RLock()
 	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
 
@@ -64,58 +76,174 @@ func (db *DB) ContainerSize(id cid.ID) (size uint64, err error) {
 		return 0, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	result, err := db.containerSizesInternal(ctx, &id)
-		size, err = db.containerSize(tx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+	}
+	return result[id], nil
+}
 
-		return err
+func (db *DB) ContainerSizes(ctx context.Context) (map[cid.ID]uint64, error) {
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return nil, ErrDegradedMode
+	}
+
+	return db.containerSizesInternal(ctx, nil)
+}
+
+// ZeroSizeContainers returns containers with size = 0.
+func (db *DB) ZeroSizeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]cid.ID, error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("ZeroSizeContainers", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	ctx, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.ZeroSizeContainers")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	sizes, err := db.containerSizesInternal(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var result []cid.ID
+	for id, size := range sizes {
+		if size == 0 {
+			result = append(result, id)
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (db *DB) DeleteContainerSize(ctx context.Context, id cid.ID) error {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("DeleteContainerSize", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.DeleteContainerSize",
+		trace.WithAttributes(
+			attribute.Stringer("container_id", id),
+		))
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return ErrDegradedMode
+	}
+
+	if db.mode.ReadOnly() {
+		return ErrReadOnlyMode
+	}
+
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Update(
+		func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
+			return deleteByPrefix(ctx, txn, containerSizeKeyPrefix(id))
+		}))
+}
+
+func (db *DB) containerSizesInternal(ctx context.Context, id *cid.ID) (map[cid.ID]uint64, error) {
+	prefix := []byte{containerSizePrefix}
+	if id != nil {
+		prefix = containerSizeKeyPrefix(*id)
+	}
+	result := make(map[cid.ID]int64)
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
+			PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+			Prefix:         prefix,
+			PrefetchValues: true,
+		})
+		defer it.Close()
+
+		for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
+
+			key := it.Item().Key()
+			var cnr cid.ID
+			if err := cnr.Decode(key[1:containerSizePrefixSize]); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid container size key: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			if err := it.Item().Value(func(val []byte) error {
+				value, ok := parseInt64Value(val)
+				if !ok {
+					return fmt.Errorf("invalid container size value for container %s", cnr)
+				}
+				result[cnr] += value
+				return nil
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
 	})
-
+	if err != nil {
-	return size, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+		return nil, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-}
-
-func (db *DB) containerSize(tx *bbolt.Tx, id cid.ID) (uint64, error) {
-	containerVolume := tx.Bucket(containerVolumeBucketName)
-	key := make([]byte, cidSize)
-	id.Encode(key)
-
-	return parseContainerSize(containerVolume.Get(key)), nil
-}
-
-func parseContainerID(dst *cid.ID, name []byte, ignore map[string]struct{}) bool {
-	if len(name) != bucketKeySize {
-		return false
-	}
-	if _, ok := ignore[string(name[1:bucketKeySize])]; ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	return dst.Decode(name[1:bucketKeySize]) == nil
-}
-
-func parseContainerSize(v []byte) uint64 {
-	if len(v) == 0 {
-		return 0
 	}
 
-	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v)
+	return normilizeContainerSizes(result)
 }
 
-func changeContainerSize(tx *bbolt.Tx, id cid.ID, delta uint64, increase bool) error {
+func normilizeContainerSizes(sizes map[cid.ID]int64) (map[cid.ID]uint64, error) {
-	containerVolume := tx.Bucket(containerVolumeBucketName)
+	result := make(map[cid.ID]uint64, len(sizes))
-	key := make([]byte, cidSize)
+	for k, v := range sizes {
-	id.Encode(key)
+		if v < 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid cumulative size for container %s", k)
+		}
+		result[k] = uint64(v)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
 
-	size := parseContainerSize(containerVolume.Get(key))
+func changeContainerSize(tx *badger.Txn, id cid.ID, delta int64, bucketID uint16) error {
+	key := containerSizeKey(id, bucketID)
 
-	if increase {
+	v, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
-		size += delta
+	if err != nil {
-	} else if size > delta {
+		return err
-		size -= delta
-	} else {
-		size = 0
 	}
 
-	buf := make([]byte, 8) // consider using sync.Pool to decrease allocations
+	size, ok := parseInt64Value(v)
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf, size)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid container size value for container %s", id)
+	}
 
-	return containerVolume.Put(key, buf)
+	size += delta
+	value := marshalInt64(size)
+	return tx.Set(key, value)
+}
+
+// containerSizeKeyPrefix returns containerSizePrefix_CID key prefix.
+func containerSizeKeyPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, containerSizePrefixSize)
+	result[0] = containerSizePrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
+}
+
+// containerSizeKey returns containerVolumePrefix_CID_bucketID key.
+func containerSizeKey(cnr cid.ID, bucketID uint16) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, containerSizeKeySize)
+	result[0] = containerSizePrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(result[containerSizePrefixSize:], bucketID)
+	return result
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/containers_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package meta_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"math/rand"
-	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ func TestDB_Containers(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const N = 10
 
@@ -73,29 +73,13 @@ func TestDB_Containers(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assertContains(cnrs, cnr)
 	})
-
-	t.Run("ToMoveIt", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := testutil.GenerateObject()
-
-		require.NoError(t, putBig(db, obj))
-
-		cnrs, err := db.Containers(context.Background())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		cnr, _ := obj.ContainerID()
-		assertContains(cnrs, cnr)
-
-		require.NoError(t, metaToMoveIt(db, object.AddressOf(obj)))
-
-		cnrs, err = db.Containers(context.Background())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assertContains(cnrs, cnr)
-	})
 }
 
 func TestDB_ContainersCount(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const R, T, SG, L = 10, 11, 12, 13 // amount of object per type
 
@@ -123,24 +107,16 @@ func TestDB_ContainersCount(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	sort.Slice(expected, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return expected[i].EncodeToString() < expected[j].EncodeToString()
-	})
-
 	got, err := db.Containers(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, expected, got)
-	sort.Slice(got, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return got[i].EncodeToString() < got[j].EncodeToString()
-	})
-
-	require.Equal(t, expected, got)
 }
 
 func TestDB_ContainerSize(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const (
 		C = 3
@@ -175,7 +151,7 @@ func TestDB_ContainerSize(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for cnr, volume := range cids {
-		n, err := db.ContainerSize(cnr)
+		n, err := db.ContainerSize(context.Background(), cnr)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, volume, int(n))
 	}
@@ -193,7 +169,7 @@ func TestDB_ContainerSize(t *testing.T) {
 
 				volume -= int(obj.PayloadSize())
 
-				n, err := db.ContainerSize(cnr)
+				n, err := db.ContainerSize(context.Background(), cnr)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				require.Equal(t, volume, int(n))
 			}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/control.go

@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ package meta
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/internal/logs"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/util"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4/options"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
@@ -23,57 +25,105 @@ var ErrReadOnlyMode = logicerr.New("metabase is in a read-only mode")
 
 // Open boltDB instance for metabase.
 func (db *DB) Open(_ context.Context, readOnly bool) error {
-	err := util.MkdirAllX(filepath.Dir(db.info.Path), db.info.Permission)
+	m := mode.ReadWrite
+	if readOnly {
+		m = mode.ReadOnly
+	}
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+	db.mode = m
+	db.metrics.SetMode(m)
+
+	if m.NoMetabase() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return db.openDB(m)
+}
+
+func (db *DB) openDB(mode mode.Mode) error {
+	err := util.MkdirAllX(db.info.Path, db.info.Permission)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't create dir %s for metabase: %w", db.info.Path, err)
 	}
 
 	db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCreatedDirectoryForMetabase, zap.String("path", db.info.Path))
 
-	if db.boltOptions == nil {
+	opts := badgerOptions(db.info.Path, mode.ReadOnly())
-		opts := *bbolt.DefaultOptions
-		db.boltOptions = &opts
-	}
-	db.boltOptions.ReadOnly = readOnly
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.openBolt())
+	if db.cfg.noSync {
+		opts.SyncWrites = false
+		db.log.Warn("metabase open with no_sync=true", zap.String("path", db.info.Path))
+	}
+
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.openBadger(opts))
 }
 
-func (db *DB) openBolt() error {
+func badgerOptions(path string, readOnly bool) badger.Options {
+	opts := badger.DefaultOptions(path)
+
+	opts.BlockCacheSize = 0         // compression and encryption are disabled, so block cache should be disabled
+	opts.IndexCacheSize = 256 << 20 // 256MB, to not to keep all indicies in memory
+	opts.Compression = options.None // no need to compress metabase values
+	opts.Logger = nil
+	opts.MetricsEnabled = false
+	opts.NumLevelZeroTablesStall = math.MaxInt // to not to stall because of Level0 slow compaction
+	opts.NumMemtables = 32                     // default memtable size is 64MB, so max memory consumption will be 2GB before stall
+	opts.NumCompactors = 64
+	opts.SyncWrites = true
+	opts.ValueLogMaxEntries = math.MaxUint32 // default vLog file size is 1GB, so size is more clear than entries count
+	opts.ValueThreshold = 512
+	opts.LmaxCompaction = true
+	opts.ReadOnly = readOnly
+
+	return opts
+}
+
+func (db *DB) openBadger(opts badger.Options) error {
 	var err error
-
+	db.database, err = badger.Open(opts)
-	db.boltDB, err = bbolt.Open(db.info.Path, db.info.Permission, db.boltOptions)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't open boltDB database: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't open badger database: %w", err)
 	}
-	db.boltDB.MaxBatchDelay = db.boltBatchDelay
-	db.boltDB.MaxBatchSize = db.boltBatchSize
 
-	db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseOpenedBoltDBInstanceForMetabase)
+	if db.closed != nil {
+		close(db.closed)
+		db.wg.Wait()
+		db.closed = nil
+	}
 
-	db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCheckingMetabaseVersion)
+	db.closed = make(chan struct{})
-	return db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	db.wg.Add(1)
-		// The safest way to check if the metabase is fresh is to check if it has no buckets.
+	go db.collectGC()
-		// However, shard info can be present. So here we check that the number of buckets is
-		// at most 1.
-		// Another thing to consider is that tests do not persist shard ID, we want to support
-		// this case too.
-		var n int
-		err := tx.ForEach(func([]byte, *bbolt.Bucket) error {
-			if n++; n >= 2 { // do not iterate a lot
-				return errBreakBucketForEach
-			}
-			return nil
-		})
 
-		if err == errBreakBucketForEach {
+	return db.database.View(func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
-			db.initialized = true
+		data, err := valueOrNil(txn, shardInfoKey(versionKey))
-			err = nil
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-		return err
+		db.initialized = len(data) > 0
+		return nil
 	})
 }
 
+func (db *DB) collectGC() {
+	defer db.wg.Done()
+
+	timer := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-db.closed:
+			return
+		case <-timer.C:
+			if err := db.database.RunValueLogGC(0.5); err == nil {
+				_ = db.database.RunValueLogGC(0.5) // see https://dgraph.io/docs/badger/get-started/#garbage-collection
+			} else {
+				db.log.Error(logs.FailedToRunMetabaseGC, zap.Error(err), zap.String("path", db.info.Path))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Init initializes metabase. It creates static (CID-independent) buckets in underlying BoltDB instance.
 //
 // Returns ErrOutdatedVersion if a database at the provided path is outdated.
@@ -81,85 +131,61 @@ func (db *DB) openBolt() error {
 // Does nothing if metabase has already been initialized and filled. To roll back the database to its initial state,
 // use Reset.
 func (db *DB) Init() error {
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.init(false))
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.init(context.TODO(), false))
+}
+
+func (db *DB) Init2(ctx context.Context) error {
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.init(ctx, false))
 }
 
 // Reset resets metabase. Works similar to Init but cleans up all static buckets and
 // removes all dynamic (CID-dependent) ones in non-blank BoltDB instances.
-func (db *DB) Reset() error {
+func (db *DB) Reset(ctx context.Context) error {
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
 
 	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
 		return ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.init(true))
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.init(ctx, true))
 }
 
-func (db *DB) init(reset bool) error {
+func (db *DB) init(ctx context.Context, reset bool) error {
 	if db.mode.NoMetabase() || db.mode.ReadOnly() {
 		return nil
 	}
-
+	if reset {
-	mStaticBuckets := map[string]struct{}{
+		if err := db.database.DropAll(); err != nil {
-		string(containerVolumeBucketName): {},
+			return nil
-		string(graveyardBucketName):       {},
+		}
-		string(toMoveItBucketName):        {},
+		return db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		string(garbageBucketName):         {},
+			return updateVersion(tx, version)
-		string(shardInfoBucket):           {},
+		})
-		string(bucketNameLocked):          {},
 	}
 
-	return db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	return db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		var err error
+		err := checkVersion(tx, db.initialized)
-		if !reset {
-			// Normal open, check version and update if not initialized.
-			err := checkVersion(tx, db.initialized)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		for k := range mStaticBuckets {
-			name := []byte(k)
-			if reset {
-				err := tx.DeleteBucket(name)
-				if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, bbolt.ErrBucketNotFound) {
-					return fmt.Errorf("could not delete static bucket %s: %w", k, err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			_, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(name)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("could not create static bucket %s: %w", k, err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if !reset {
-			err = syncCounter(tx, false)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("could not sync object counter: %w", err)
-			}
-
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		err = tx.ForEach(func(name []byte, b *bbolt.Bucket) error {
-			if _, ok := mStaticBuckets[string(name)]; !ok {
-				return tx.DeleteBucket(name)
-			}
-
-			return nil
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		return updateVersion(tx, version)
+		err = syncCounter(ctx, tx, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not sync object counter: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
 	})
 }
 
 // SyncCounters forces to synchronize the object counters.
-func (db *DB) SyncCounters() error {
+func (db *DB) SyncCounters(ctx context.Context) error {
 	db.modeMtx.RLock()
 	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
 
@@ -169,16 +195,30 @@ func (db *DB) SyncCounters() error {
 		return ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		return syncCounter(tx, true)
+		return syncCounter(ctx, tx, true)
 	}))
 }
 
-// Close closes boltDB instance.
+// Close closes boltDB instance
+// and reports metabase metric.
 func (db *DB) Close() error {
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+
+	return db.close()
+}
+
+func (db *DB) close() error {
+	if db.closed != nil {
+		close(db.closed)
+		db.wg.Wait()
+		db.closed = nil
+	}
+
 	var err error
-	if db.boltDB != nil {
+	if db.database != nil {
-		err = metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.Close())
+		err = metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Close())
 	}
 	if err == nil {
 		db.metrics.Close()
@@ -202,14 +242,19 @@ func (db *DB) Reload(opts ...Option) (bool, error) {
 	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
 
 	if db.mode.NoMetabase() || c.info.Path != "" && filepath.Clean(db.info.Path) != filepath.Clean(c.info.Path) {
-		if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+		if err := db.close(); err != nil {
 			return false, err
 		}
 
 		db.mode = mode.Degraded
 		db.metrics.SetMode(mode.Degraded)
 		db.info.Path = c.info.Path
-		if err := db.openBolt(); err != nil {
+		opts := badgerOptions(db.info.Path, false)
+		if c.noSync {
+			opts.SyncWrites = false
+			db.log.Warn("metabase open with no_sync=true", zap.String("path", db.info.Path))
+		}
+		if err := db.openBadger(opts); err != nil {
 			return false, metaerr.Wrap(fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrDegradedMode, err))
 		}
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/control_test.go

@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ import (
 
 func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
-	err := db.Reset()
+	err := db.Reset(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	obj := testutil.GenerateObject()
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
 	assertExists(addr, true, nil)
 	assertExists(addrToInhume, false, client.IsErrObjectAlreadyRemoved)
 
-	err = db.Reset()
+	err = db.Reset(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assertExists(addr, false, nil)

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/counter.go

@@ -1,41 +1,50 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
+	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
-var objectPhyCounterKey = []byte("phy_counter")
+var (
-var objectLogicCounterKey = []byte("logic_counter")
+	errInvalidKeyLenght        = errors.New("invalid key length")
-
+	errInvalidKeyPrefix        = errors.New("invalid key prefix")
-type objectType uint8
+	errInvalidValueLenght      = errors.New("invalid value length")
+	errInvalidContainerIDValue = errors.New("invalid container ID value")
+)
 
 const (
-	_ objectType = iota
+	containerObjectCountKeySize    = 1 + cidSize + 2
-	phy
+	containerObjectCountPrefixSize = 1 + cidSize
-	logical
 )
 
 // ObjectCounters groups object counter
 // according to metabase state.
 type ObjectCounters struct {
-	logic uint64
+	Logic uint64
-	phy   uint64
+	Phy   uint64
+	User  uint64
 }
 
-// Logic returns logical object counter.
+func (o ObjectCounters) IsZero() bool {
-func (o ObjectCounters) Logic() uint64 {
+	return o.Phy == 0 && o.Logic == 0 && o.User == 0
-	return o.logic
 }
 
-// Phy returns physical object counter.
+type objectCounterValue struct {
-func (o ObjectCounters) Phy() uint64 {
+	Logic int64
-	return o.phy
+	Phy   int64
+	User  int64
 }
 
 // ObjectCounters returns object counters that metabase has
@@ -43,7 +52,7 @@ func (o ObjectCounters) Phy() uint64 {
 //
 // Returns only the errors that do not allow reading counter
 // in Bolt database.
-func (db *DB) ObjectCounters() (cc ObjectCounters, err error) {
+func (db *DB) ObjectCounters(ctx context.Context) (ObjectCounters, error) {
 	db.modeMtx.RLock()
 	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
 
@@ -51,63 +60,140 @@ func (db *DB) ObjectCounters() (cc ObjectCounters, err error) {
 		return ObjectCounters{}, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	var cc map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters
-		b := tx.Bucket(shardInfoBucket)
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		if b != nil {
+		var err error
-			data := b.Get(objectPhyCounterKey)
+		cc, err = containerObjectCounters(ctx, tx, nil)
-			if len(data) == 8 {
+		return err
-				cc.phy = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data)
-			}
-
-			data = b.Get(objectLogicCounterKey)
-			if len(data) == 8 {
-				cc.logic = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data)
-			}
-		}
-
-		return nil
 	})
-
+	if err != nil {
-	return cc, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+		return ObjectCounters{}, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+	}
+	var result ObjectCounters
+	for _, v := range cc {
+		result.Logic += v.Logic
+		result.Phy += v.Phy
+		result.User += v.User
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
-// updateCounter updates the object counter. Tx MUST be writable.
+type ContainerCounters struct {
-// If inc == `true`, increases the counter, decreases otherwise.
+	Counts map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters
-func (db *DB) updateCounter(tx *bbolt.Tx, typ objectType, delta uint64, inc bool) error {
+}
-	b := tx.Bucket(shardInfoBucket)
+
-	if b == nil {
+// ContainerCounters returns object counters for each container
-		return nil
+// that metabase has tracked since it was opened and initialized.
+//
+// Returns only the errors that do not allow reading counter
+// in Bolt database.
+//
+// It is guaranteed that the ContainerCounters fields are not nil.
+func (db *DB) ContainerCounters(ctx context.Context) (ContainerCounters, error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("ContainerCounters", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	ctx, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.ContainerCounters")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	cc := ContainerCounters{
+		Counts: make(map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters),
+	}
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		var err error
+		cc.Counts, err = containerObjectCounters(ctx, tx, nil)
+		return err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return ContainerCounters{}, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+	}
+	success = true
+	return cc, nil
+}
+
+func (db *DB) ContainerCount(ctx context.Context, id cid.ID) (ObjectCounters, error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("ContainerCount", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.ContainerCount")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return ObjectCounters{}, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	var counter uint64
+	var cc map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters
-	var counterKey []byte
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-
+		var err error
-	switch typ {
+		cc, err = containerObjectCounters(ctx, tx, &id)
-	case phy:
+		return err
-		counterKey = objectPhyCounterKey
+	})
-	case logical:
+	if err != nil {
-		counterKey = objectLogicCounterKey
+		return ObjectCounters{}, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-	default:
-		panic("unknown object type counter")
 	}
+	return cc[id], nil
+}
 
-	data := b.Get(counterKey)
+func containerCounterKey(cnrID cid.ID, bucketID uint16) []byte {
-	if len(data) == 8 {
+	result := make([]byte, containerObjectCountKeySize)
-		counter = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data)
+	result[0] = containerCountersPrefix
+	cnrID.Encode(result[1:])
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(result[containerObjectCountPrefixSize:], bucketID)
+	return result
+}
+
+func incCounters(tx *badger.Txn, cnrID cid.ID, isUserObject bool, bucketID uint16) error {
+	delta := objectCounterValue{
+		Logic: 1,
+		Phy:   1,
 	}
-
+	if isUserObject {
-	if inc {
+		delta.User = 1
-		counter += delta
-	} else if counter <= delta {
-		counter = 0
-	} else {
-		counter -= delta
 	}
+	return editContainerCounterValue(tx, cnrID, delta, bucketID)
+}
 
-	newCounter := make([]byte, 8)
+func updateContainerCounter(tx *badger.Txn, delta map[cid.ID]objectCounterValue, bucketIDs map[cid.ID]uint16) error {
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(newCounter, counter)
+	for cnrID, cnrDelta := range delta {
+		bucketID, found := bucketIDs[cnrID]
+		if !found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("bucket ID not found for container %s", cnrID)
+		}
+		if err := editContainerCounterValue(tx, cnrID, cnrDelta, bucketID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-	return b.Put(counterKey, newCounter)
+func editContainerCounterValue(tx *badger.Txn, cnrID cid.ID, delta objectCounterValue, bucketID uint16) error {
+	key := containerCounterKey(cnrID, bucketID)
+	val, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	setValue := delta
+	if val != nil {
+		exited, err := parseContainerCounterValue(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		setValue = mergeObjectCounterValues(setValue, exited)
+	}
+	return tx.Set(key, marshalContainerCounterValue(setValue))
 }
 
 // syncCounter updates object counters according to metabase state:
@@ -116,58 +202,267 @@ func (db *DB) updateCounter(tx *bbolt.Tx, typ objectType, delta uint64, inc bool
 //
 // Does nothing if counters are not empty and force is false. If force is
 // true, updates the counters anyway.
-func syncCounter(tx *bbolt.Tx, force bool) error {
+func syncCounter(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, force bool) error {
-	b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(shardInfoBucket)
+	if !force && containerObjectCounterInitialized(ctx, tx) {
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not get shard info bucket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if !force && len(b.Get(objectPhyCounterKey)) == 8 && len(b.Get(objectLogicCounterKey)) == 8 {
-		// the counters are already inited
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	// drop existed counters
+	err := deleteByPrefix(ctx, tx, []byte{containerCountersPrefix})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	counters, err := getActualObjectCounters(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return setObjectCounters(tx, counters)
+}
+
+func getActualObjectCounters(tx *badger.Txn) (map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters, error) {
 	var addr oid.Address
-	var phyCounter uint64
+	var isAvailable bool
-	var logicCounter uint64
+	counters := make(map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters)
 
-	graveyardBKT := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
+	err := iteratePhyObjects(tx, func(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID, obj *objectSDK.Object) error {
-	garbageBKT := tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
+		if v, ok := counters[cnr]; ok {
-	key := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
+			v.Phy++
-
+			counters[cnr] = v
-	err = iteratePhyObjects(tx, func(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID) error {
+		} else {
-		phyCounter++
+			counters[cnr] = ObjectCounters{
+				Phy: 1,
+			}
+		}
 
 		addr.SetContainer(cnr)
-		addr.SetObject(obj)
+		addr.SetObject(objID)
+		isAvailable = false
 
-		// check if an object is available: not with GCMark
+		st, err := inGraveyardWithKey(tx, addr)
-		// and not covered with a tombstone
+		if err != nil {
-		if inGraveyardWithKey(addressKey(addr, key), graveyardBKT, garbageBKT) == 0 {
+			return err
-			logicCounter++
+		}
+
+		if st == 0 {
+			if v, ok := counters[cnr]; ok {
+				v.Logic++
+				counters[cnr] = v
+			} else {
+				counters[cnr] = ObjectCounters{
+					Logic: 1,
+				}
+			}
+			isAvailable = true
+		}
+
+		if isAvailable && IsUserObject(obj) {
+			if v, ok := counters[cnr]; ok {
+				v.User++
+				counters[cnr] = v
+			} else {
+				counters[cnr] = ObjectCounters{
+					User: 1,
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not iterate objects: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not iterate objects: %w", err)
 	}
+	return counters, nil
+}
 
-	data := make([]byte, 8)
+func setObjectCounters(tx *badger.Txn, counters map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters) error {
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(data, phyCounter)
+	for cnrID, count := range counters {
-
+		delta := objectCounterValue{
-	err = b.Put(objectPhyCounterKey, data)
+			Logic: int64(count.Logic),
-	if err != nil {
+			Phy:   int64(count.Phy),
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not update phy object counter: %w", err)
+			User:  int64(count.User),
+		}
+		// this function called by init or refill, so no other updates should happen
+		// so here bucketID = 0 can be used
+		if err := editContainerCounterValue(tx, cnrID, delta, 0); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-
-	data = make([]byte, 8)
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(data, logicCounter)
-
-	err = b.Put(objectLogicCounterKey, data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not update logic object counter: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
+
+func IsUserObject(obj *objectSDK.Object) bool {
+	_, hasParentID := obj.ParentID()
+	return obj.Type() == objectSDK.TypeRegular &&
+		(obj.SplitID() == nil ||
+			(hasParentID && len(obj.Children()) == 0))
+}
+
+// ZeroCountContainers returns containers with objects count = 0 in metabase.
+func (db *DB) ZeroCountContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]cid.ID, error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("ZeroCountContainers", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	ctx, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.ZeroCountContainers")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return nil, ErrDegradedMode
+	}
+
+	var result []cid.ID
+
+	var cc map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		var err error
+		cc, err = containerObjectCounters(ctx, tx, nil)
+		return err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+	}
+	for cnrID, c := range cc {
+		if c.IsZero() {
+			result = append(result, cnrID)
+		}
+	}
+	success = true
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (db *DB) DeleteContainerCount(ctx context.Context, id cid.ID) error {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("DeleteContainerCount", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
+	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.DeleteContainerCount",
+		trace.WithAttributes(
+			attribute.Stringer("container_id", id),
+		))
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return ErrDegradedMode
+	}
+
+	if db.mode.ReadOnly() {
+		return ErrReadOnlyMode
+	}
+
+	prefix := make([]byte, containerObjectCountPrefixSize)
+	prefix[0] = containerCountersPrefix
+	id.Encode(prefix[1:])
+
+	err := db.database.Update(func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
+		return deleteByPrefix(ctx, txn, prefix)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return metaerr.Wrap(err)
+	}
+	success = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+func containerObjectCounterInitialized(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn) bool {
+	_, err := containerObjectCounters(ctx, tx, nil)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+func containerObjectCounters(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, cnrID *cid.ID) (map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters, error) {
+	prefix := []byte{containerCountersPrefix}
+	if cnrID != nil {
+		buf := make([]byte, cidSize)
+		cnrID.Encode(buf)
+		prefix = append(prefix, buf...)
+	}
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:         prefix,
+		PrefetchValues: true,
+	})
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	counters := make(map[cid.ID]objectCounterValue)
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		var cnrID cid.ID
+		if !parseContainerID(&cnrID, it.Item().Key()) {
+			return nil, errInvalidContainerIDValue
+		}
+
+		if err := it.Item().Value(func(val []byte) error {
+			oc, err := parseContainerCounterValue(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			counters[cnrID] = mergeObjectCounterValues(counters[cnrID], oc)
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container object counter value: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return normilizeObjectCounters(counters)
+}
+
+// parseContainerCounterValue return phy, logic values.
+func parseContainerCounterValue(buf []byte) (objectCounterValue, error) {
+	if len(buf) != 24 {
+		return objectCounterValue{}, errInvalidValueLenght
+	}
+	return objectCounterValue{
+		Phy:   int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf[:8])),
+		Logic: int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf[8:16])),
+		User:  int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf[16:])),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func marshalContainerCounterValue(v objectCounterValue) []byte {
+	buf := make([]byte, 24)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[:8], uint64(v.Phy))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[8:16], uint64(v.Logic))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[16:], uint64(v.User))
+	return buf
+}
+
+func mergeObjectCounterValues(lhs, rhs objectCounterValue) objectCounterValue {
+	lhs.Logic += rhs.Logic
+	lhs.Phy += rhs.Phy
+	lhs.User += rhs.User
+	return lhs
+}
+
+func normilizeObjectCounters(values map[cid.ID]objectCounterValue) (map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters, error) {
+	result := make(map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters, len(values))
+	for k, v := range values {
+		if v.Logic < 0 || v.Phy < 0 || v.User < 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container object counter for container ID %s", k.EncodeToString())
+		}
+		var oc ObjectCounters
+		oc.Logic = uint64(v.Logic)
+		oc.Phy = uint64(v.Phy)
+		oc.User = uint64(v.User)
+		result[k] = oc
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/counter_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	objectcore "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
 	meta "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/metabase"
+	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
 	oidtest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id/test"
@@ -21,62 +22,117 @@ func TestCounters(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("defaults", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
-		c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+		c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Zero(t, c.Phy())
+		require.Zero(t, c.Phy)
-		require.Zero(t, c.Logic())
+		require.Zero(t, c.Logic)
+		require.Zero(t, c.User)
+
+		cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Zero(t, len(cc.Counts))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("put", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		oo := make([]*objectSDK.Object, 0, objCount)
 		for i := 0; i < objCount; i++ {
 			oo = append(oo, testutil.GenerateObject())
 		}
 
 		var prm meta.PutPrm
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
 
 		for i := 0; i < objCount; i++ {
 			prm.SetObject(oo[i])
+			cnrID, _ := oo[i].ContainerID()
+			c := meta.ObjectCounters{}
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
+			}
 
 			_, err := db.Put(context.Background(), prm)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+			c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic)
+
+			cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("delete", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		oo := putObjs(t, db, objCount, false)
 
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+		for _, obj := range oo {
+			cnrID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
+			}
+		}
+
 		var prm meta.DeletePrm
 		for i := objCount - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-			prm.SetAddresses(objectcore.AddressOf(oo[i]))
+			prm.Address = objectcore.AddressOf(oo[i])
 
 			res, err := db.Delete(context.Background(), prm)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(1), res.AvailableObjectsRemoved())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(1), res.LogicCount)
 
-			c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+			c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), c.Phy())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), c.Phy)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), c.Logic())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), c.Logic)
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), c.User)
+
+			cnrID, _ := oo[i].ContainerID()
+			if v, ok := exp[cnrID]; ok {
+				v.Phy--
+				v.Logic--
+				v.User--
+				exp[cnrID] = v
+			}
+
+			cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("inhume", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		oo := putObjs(t, db, objCount, false)
 
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+		for _, obj := range oo {
+			cnrID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
+			}
+		}
+
 		inhumedObjs := make([]oid.Address, objCount/2)
 
 		for i, o := range oo {
@@ -87,66 +143,136 @@ func TestCounters(t *testing.T) {
 			inhumedObjs[i] = objectcore.AddressOf(o)
 		}
 
+		for _, addr := range inhumedObjs {
+			if v, ok := exp[addr.Container()]; ok {
+				v.Logic--
+				v.User--
+				if v.IsZero() {
+					delete(exp, addr.Container())
+				} else {
+					exp[addr.Container()] = v
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		var prm meta.InhumePrm
 		prm.SetTombstoneAddress(oidtest.Address())
 		prm.SetAddresses(inhumedObjs...)
 
 		res, err := db.Inhume(context.Background(), prm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(len(inhumedObjs)), res.AvailableInhumed())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(len(inhumedObjs)), res.LogicInhumed())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(len(inhumedObjs)), res.UserInhumed())
 
-		c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+		c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy)
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.Logic())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.Logic)
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.User)
+
+		cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("put_split", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		parObj := testutil.GenerateObject()
 
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+
 		// put objects and check that parent info
 		// does not affect the counter
 		for i := 0; i < objCount; i++ {
 			o := testutil.GenerateObject()
 			if i < objCount/2 { // half of the objs will have the parent
 				o.SetParent(parObj)
+				o.SetSplitID(objectSDK.NewSplitID())
+			}
+
+			cnrID, _ := o.ContainerID()
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
 			}
 
 			require.NoError(t, putBig(db, o))
 
-			c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+			c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic)
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.User)
+
+			cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("delete_split", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		oo := putObjs(t, db, objCount, true)
 
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+		for _, obj := range oo {
+			cnrID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
+			}
+		}
+
 		// delete objects that have parent info
 		// and check that it does not affect
 		// the counter
 		for i, o := range oo {
-			require.NoError(t, metaDelete(db, objectcore.AddressOf(o)))
+			addr := objectcore.AddressOf(o)
+			require.NoError(t, metaDelete(db, addr))
 
-			c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+			c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-i-1), c.Phy())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-i-1), c.Phy)
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-i-1), c.Logic())
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-i-1), c.Logic)
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-i-1), c.User)
+
+			if v, ok := exp[addr.Container()]; ok {
+				v.Logic--
+				v.Phy--
+				v.User--
+				if v.IsZero() {
+					delete(exp, addr.Container())
+				} else {
+					exp[addr.Container()] = v
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("inhume_split", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		db := newDB(t)
+		defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 		oo := putObjs(t, db, objCount, true)
 
+		exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+		for _, obj := range oo {
+			cnrID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+			exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+				Logic: 1,
+				Phy:   1,
+				User:  1,
+			}
+		}
+
 		inhumedObjs := make([]oid.Address, objCount/2)
 
 		for i, o := range oo {
@@ -157,6 +283,18 @@ func TestCounters(t *testing.T) {
 			inhumedObjs[i] = objectcore.AddressOf(o)
 		}
 
+		for _, addr := range inhumedObjs {
+			if v, ok := exp[addr.Container()]; ok {
+				v.Logic--
+				v.User--
+				if v.IsZero() {
+					delete(exp, addr.Container())
+				} else {
+					exp[addr.Container()] = v
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		var prm meta.InhumePrm
 		prm.SetTombstoneAddress(oidtest.Address())
 		prm.SetAddresses(inhumedObjs...)
@@ -164,14 +302,69 @@ func TestCounters(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := db.Inhume(context.Background(), prm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+		c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy)
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.Logic())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.Logic)
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount-len(inhumedObjs)), c.User)
+
+		cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 	})
 }
 
+func TestDoublePut(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+	obj := testutil.GenerateObject()
+
+	exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+	cnrID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+	exp[cnrID] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+		Logic: 1,
+		Phy:   1,
+		User:  1,
+	}
+
+	var prm meta.PutPrm
+	prm.SetObject(obj)
+	pr, err := db.Put(context.Background(), prm)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, pr.Inserted)
+
+	c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.Phy)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.User)
+
+	cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
+
+	pr, err = db.Put(context.Background(), prm)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, pr.Inserted)
+
+	c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.Phy)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), c.User)
+
+	cc, err = db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
+}
+
 func TestCounters_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	// That test is about expired objects without
 	// GCMark yet. Such objects should be treated as
@@ -184,18 +377,34 @@ func TestCounters_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	es := &epochState{epoch}
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(es))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	oo := make([]oid.Address, objCount)
 	for i := range oo {
 		oo[i] = putWithExpiration(t, db, objectSDK.TypeRegular, epoch+1)
 	}
 
+	exp := make(map[cid.ID]meta.ObjectCounters)
+	for _, addr := range oo {
+		exp[addr.Container()] = meta.ObjectCounters{
+			Logic: 1,
+			Phy:   1,
+			User:  1,
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 1. objects are available and counters are correct
 
-	c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.User)
+
+	cc, err := db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 
 	for _, o := range oo {
 		_, err := metaGet(db, o, true)
@@ -207,10 +416,16 @@ func TestCounters_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	es.e = epoch + 2
 
-	c, err = db.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(objCount), c.User)
+
+	cc, err = db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 
 	for _, o := range oo {
 		_, err := metaGet(db, o, true)
@@ -227,48 +442,91 @@ func TestCounters_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	inhumeRes, err := db.Inhume(context.Background(), inhumePrm)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), inhumeRes.AvailableInhumed())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), inhumeRes.LogicInhumed())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), inhumeRes.UserInhumed())
 
-	c, err = db.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)-1), c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)-1), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)-1), c.User)
+
+	if v, ok := exp[oo[0].Container()]; ok {
+		v.Logic--
+		v.User--
+		if v.IsZero() {
+			delete(exp, oo[0].Container())
+		} else {
+			exp[oo[0].Container()] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	cc, err = db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 
 	// 4. `Delete` an object with GCMark should decrease the
 	// phy counter but does not affect the logic counter (after
 	// that step they should be equal)
 
 	var deletePrm meta.DeletePrm
-	deletePrm.SetAddresses(oo[0])
+	deletePrm.Address = oo[0]
 
 	deleteRes, err := db.Delete(context.Background(), deletePrm)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Zero(t, deleteRes.AvailableObjectsRemoved())
+	require.Zero(t, deleteRes.LogicCount)
+	require.Zero(t, deleteRes.UserCount)
+
+	if v, ok := exp[oo[0].Container()]; ok {
+		v.Phy--
+		exp[oo[0].Container()] = v
+	}
 
 	oo = oo[1:]
 
-	c, err = db.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.User)
+
+	cc, err = db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 
 	// 5 `Delete` an expired object (like it would the control
 	// service do) should decrease both counters despite the
 	// expiration fact
 
-	deletePrm.SetAddresses(oo[0])
+	deletePrm.Address = oo[0]
 
 	deleteRes, err = db.Delete(context.Background(), deletePrm)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), deleteRes.AvailableObjectsRemoved())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), deleteRes.LogicCount)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), deleteRes.UserCount)
+
+	if v, ok := exp[oo[0].Container()]; ok {
+		v.Phy--
+		v.Logic--
+		v.User--
+		exp[oo[0].Container()] = v
+	}
 
 	oo = oo[1:]
 
-	c, err = db.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err = db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.Logic)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(len(oo)), c.User)
+
+	cc, err = db.ContainerCounters(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, meta.ContainerCounters{Counts: exp}, cc)
 }
 
 func putObjs(t *testing.T, db *meta.DB, count int, withParent bool) []*objectSDK.Object {
@@ -281,6 +539,7 @@ func putObjs(t *testing.T, db *meta.DB, count int, withParent bool) []*objectSDK
 		o := testutil.GenerateObject()
 		if withParent {
 			o.SetParent(parent)
+			o.SetSplitID(objectSDK.NewSplitID())
 		}
 
 		oo = append(oo, o)
@@ -289,11 +548,11 @@ func putObjs(t *testing.T, db *meta.DB, count int, withParent bool) []*objectSDK
 		_, err = db.Put(context.Background(), prm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		c, err := db.ObjectCounters()
+		c, err := db.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Phy)
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic())
+		require.Equal(t, uint64(i+1), c.Logic)
 	}
 
 	return oo

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/db.go

@@ -9,22 +9,16 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"time"
 
 	v2object "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/util/logger"
-	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"github.com/mr-tron/base58"
 	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
-type matcher struct {
-	matchSlow   func(string, []byte, string) bool
-	matchBucket func(*bbolt.Bucket, string, string, func([]byte, []byte) error) error
-}
-
 // EpochState is an interface that provides access to the
 // current epoch number.
 type EpochState interface {
@@ -39,28 +33,26 @@ type DB struct {
 	modeMtx sync.RWMutex
 	mode    mode.Mode
 
-	matchers map[objectSDK.SearchMatchType]matcher
+	database    *badger.DB
-
-	boltDB *bbolt.DB
-
 	initialized bool
+
+	bucketIDs *dbBucketDispatcher
+
+	wg     sync.WaitGroup
+	closed chan struct{}
 }
 
 // Option is an option of DB constructor.
 type Option func(*cfg)
 
 type cfg struct {
-	boltOptions *bbolt.Options // optional
-
-	boltBatchSize  int
-	boltBatchDelay time.Duration
-
 	info Info
 
 	log *logger.Logger
 
 	epochState EpochState
 	metrics    Metrics
+	noSync     bool
 }
 
 func defaultCfg() *cfg {
@@ -68,10 +60,8 @@ func defaultCfg() *cfg {
 		info: Info{
 			Permission: os.ModePerm, // 0777
 		},
-		boltBatchDelay: bbolt.DefaultMaxBatchDelay,
+		log:     &logger.Logger{Logger: zap.L()},
-		boltBatchSize:  bbolt.DefaultMaxBatchSize,
+		metrics: &noopMetrics{},
-		log:            &logger.Logger{Logger: zap.L()},
-		metrics:        &noopMetrics{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -88,25 +78,8 @@ func New(opts ...Option) *DB {
 	}
 
 	return &DB{
-		cfg: c,
+		cfg:       c,
-		matchers: map[objectSDK.SearchMatchType]matcher{
+		bucketIDs: newDBBucketDispatcher(),
-			objectSDK.MatchUnknown: {
-				matchSlow:   unknownMatcher,
-				matchBucket: unknownMatcherBucket,
-			},
-			objectSDK.MatchStringEqual: {
-				matchSlow:   stringEqualMatcher,
-				matchBucket: stringEqualMatcherBucket,
-			},
-			objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual: {
-				matchSlow:   stringNotEqualMatcher,
-				matchBucket: stringNotEqualMatcherBucket,
-			},
-			objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix: {
-				matchSlow:   stringCommonPrefixMatcher,
-				matchBucket: stringCommonPrefixMatcherBucket,
-			},
-		},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -258,37 +231,6 @@ func unknownMatcherBucket(_ *bbolt.Bucket, _ string, _ string, _ func([]byte, []
 	return nil
 }
 
-// bucketKeyHelper returns byte representation of val that is used as a key
-// in boltDB. Useful for getting filter values from unique and list indexes.
-func bucketKeyHelper(hdr string, val string) []byte {
-	switch hdr {
-	case v2object.FilterHeaderParent:
-		v, err := base58.Decode(val)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return v
-	case v2object.FilterHeaderPayloadHash:
-		v, err := hex.DecodeString(val)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		return v
-	case v2object.FilterHeaderSplitID:
-		s := objectSDK.NewSplitID()
-
-		err := s.Parse(val)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		return s.ToV2()
-	default:
-		return []byte(val)
-	}
-}
-
 // SetLogger sets logger. It is used after the shard ID was generated to use it in logs.
 func (db *DB) SetLogger(l *logger.Logger) {
 	db.log = l
@@ -306,13 +248,6 @@ func WithLogger(l *logger.Logger) Option {
 	}
 }
 
-// WithBoltDBOptions returns option to specify BoltDB options.
-func WithBoltDBOptions(opts *bbolt.Options) Option {
-	return func(c *cfg) {
-		c.boltOptions = opts
-	}
-}
-
 // WithPath returns option to set system path to Metabase.
 func WithPath(path string) Option {
 	return func(c *cfg) {
@@ -328,28 +263,6 @@ func WithPermissions(perm fs.FileMode) Option {
 	}
 }
 
-// WithMaxBatchSize returns option to specify maximum concurrent operations
-// to be processed in a single transactions.
-// This option is missing from `bbolt.Options` but is set right after DB is open.
-func WithMaxBatchSize(s int) Option {
-	return func(c *cfg) {
-		if s != 0 {
-			c.boltBatchSize = s
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// WithMaxBatchDelay returns option to specify maximum time to wait before
-// the batch of concurrent transactions is processed.
-// This option is missing from `bbolt.Options` but is set right after DB is open.
-func WithMaxBatchDelay(d time.Duration) Option {
-	return func(c *cfg) {
-		if d != 0 {
-			c.boltBatchDelay = d
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // WithEpochState return option to specify a source of current epoch height.
 func WithEpochState(s EpochState) Option {
 	return func(c *cfg) {
@@ -363,3 +276,9 @@ func WithMetrics(m Metrics) Option {
 		c.metrics = m
 	}
 }
+
+func WithNoSync(v bool) Option {
+	return func(c *cfg) {
+		c.noSync = v
+	}
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/db_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package meta_test
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ func newDB(t testing.TB, opts ...meta.Option) *meta.DB {
 	bdb := meta.New(
 		append([]meta.Option{
 			meta.WithPath(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "metabase")),
-			meta.WithPermissions(0600),
+			meta.WithPermissions(0o600),
 			meta.WithEpochState(epochState{}),
 		}, opts...)...,
 	)
@@ -53,11 +52,6 @@ func newDB(t testing.TB, opts ...meta.Option) *meta.DB {
 	require.NoError(t, bdb.Open(context.Background(), false))
 	require.NoError(t, bdb.Init())
 
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		bdb.Close()
-		os.Remove(bdb.DumpInfo().Path)
-	})
-
 	return bdb
 }
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/delete.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -12,52 +11,26 @@ import (
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/client"
+	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
+var errFailedToRemoveUniqueIndexes = errors.New("can't remove unique indexes")
+
 // DeletePrm groups the parameters of Delete operation.
 type DeletePrm struct {
-	addrs []oid.Address
+	Address oid.Address
 }
 
 // DeleteRes groups the resulting values of Delete operation.
 type DeleteRes struct {
-	rawRemoved       uint64
+	PhyCount   uint64
-	availableRemoved uint64
+	LogicCount uint64
-	sizes            []uint64
+	UserCount  uint64
-	availableSizes   []uint64
+	PhySize    uint64
-}
+	LogicSize  uint64
-
-// AvailableObjectsRemoved returns the number of removed available
-// objects.
-func (d DeleteRes) AvailableObjectsRemoved() uint64 {
-	return d.availableRemoved
-}
-
-// RawObjectsRemoved returns the number of removed raw objects.
-func (d DeleteRes) RawObjectsRemoved() uint64 {
-	return d.rawRemoved
-}
-
-// RemovedPhysicalObjectSizes returns the sizes of removed physical objects.
-func (d DeleteRes) RemovedPhysicalObjectSizes() []uint64 {
-	return d.sizes
-}
-
-// RemovedLogicalObjectSizes returns the sizes of removed logical objects.
-func (d DeleteRes) RemovedLogicalObjectSizes() []uint64 {
-	return d.availableSizes
-}
-
-// SetAddresses is a Delete option to set the addresses of the objects to delete.
-//
-// Option is required.
-func (p *DeletePrm) SetAddresses(addrs ...oid.Address) {
-	p.addrs = addrs
 }
 
 type referenceNumber struct {
@@ -68,8 +41,6 @@ type referenceNumber struct {
 	obj *objectSDK.Object
 }
 
-type referenceCounter map[string]*referenceNumber
-
 // Delete removed object records from metabase indexes.
 func (db *DB) Delete(ctx context.Context, prm DeletePrm) (DeleteRes, error) {
 	var (
@@ -80,10 +51,7 @@ func (db *DB) Delete(ctx context.Context, prm DeletePrm) (DeleteRes, error) {
 		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("Delete", time.Since(startedAt), deleted)
 	}()
 
-	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.Delete",
+	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.Delete")
-		trace.WithAttributes(
-			attribute.Int("addr_count", len(prm.addrs)),
-		))
 	defer span.End()
 
 	db.modeMtx.RLock()
@@ -95,87 +63,63 @@ func (db *DB) Delete(ctx context.Context, prm DeletePrm) (DeleteRes, error) {
 		return DeleteRes{}, ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
-	var rawRemoved uint64
+	bucketID, release := db.bucketIDs.BucketID(prm.Address.Container())
-	var availableRemoved uint64
+	defer release()
-	var err error
-	var sizes = make([]uint64, len(prm.addrs))
-	var availableSizes = make([]uint64, len(prm.addrs))
 
-	err = db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	var err error
-		// We need to clear slice because tx can try to execute multiple times.
+	var res DeleteRes
-		rawRemoved, availableRemoved, err = db.deleteGroup(tx, prm.addrs, sizes, availableSizes)
+
+	err = db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		res, err = db.deleteByAddress(ctx, tx, prm.Address, bucketID)
 		return err
 	})
 	if err == nil {
 		deleted = true
-		for i := range prm.addrs {
+		storagelog.Write(db.log,
-			storagelog.Write(db.log,
+			storagelog.AddressField(prm.Address),
-				storagelog.AddressField(prm.addrs[i]),
+			storagelog.OpField("metabase DELETE"))
-				storagelog.OpField("metabase DELETE"))
-		}
 	}
-	return DeleteRes{
+	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-		rawRemoved:       rawRemoved,
-		availableRemoved: availableRemoved,
-		sizes:            sizes,
-		availableSizes:   availableSizes,
-	}, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
 // deleteGroup deletes object from the metabase. Handles removal of the
 // references of the split objects.
-// The first return value is a physical objects removed number: physical
+func (db *DB) deleteByAddress(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, bucketID uint16) (DeleteRes, error) {
-// objects that were stored. The second return value is a logical objects
+	refCounter := &referenceNumber{}
-// removed number: objects that were available (without Tombstones, GCMarks
-// non-expired, etc.)
-func (db *DB) deleteGroup(tx *bbolt.Tx, addrs []oid.Address, sizes []uint64, availableSizes []uint64) (uint64, uint64, error) {
-	refCounter := make(referenceCounter, len(addrs))
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
+	res, err := db.delete(ctx, tx, addr, refCounter, currEpoch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return DeleteRes{}, err
+	}
 
-	var rawDeleted uint64
+	if err := db.updateCountersDelete(tx, addr.Container(), res, bucketID); err != nil {
-	var availableDeleted uint64
+		return DeleteRes{}, err
+	}
 
-	for i := range addrs {
+	if refCounter.cur == refCounter.all {
-		removed, available, size, err := db.delete(tx, addrs[i], refCounter, currEpoch)
+		err := db.deleteObject(ctx, tx, refCounter.obj, true)
 		if err != nil {
-			return 0, 0, err // maybe log and continue?
+			return DeleteRes{}, err
-		}
-
-		if removed {
-			rawDeleted++
-			sizes[i] = size
-		}
-
-		if available {
-			availableDeleted++
-			availableSizes[i] = size
 		}
 	}
+	return res, nil
+}
 
-	if rawDeleted > 0 {
+func (db *DB) updateCountersDelete(tx *badger.Txn, cnrID cid.ID, res DeleteRes, bucketID uint16) error {
-		err := db.updateCounter(tx, phy, rawDeleted, false)
+	delta := map[cid.ID]objectCounterValue{
-		if err != nil {
+		cnrID: {
-			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("could not decrease phy object counter: %w", err)
+			Logic: -1 * int64(res.LogicCount),
-		}
+			Phy:   -1 * int64(res.PhyCount),
+			User:  -1 * int64(res.UserCount),
+		},
 	}
-
+	bucketIDs := map[cid.ID]uint16{
-	if availableDeleted > 0 {
+		cnrID: bucketID,
-		err := db.updateCounter(tx, logical, availableDeleted, false)
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("could not decrease logical object counter: %w", err)
-		}
 	}
-
+	if err := updateContainerCounter(tx, delta, bucketIDs); err != nil {
-	for _, refNum := range refCounter {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not decrease container object counter: %w", err)
-		if refNum.cur == refNum.all {
-			err := db.deleteObject(tx, refNum.obj, true)
-			if err != nil {
-				return rawDeleted, availableDeleted, err // maybe log and continue?
-			}
-		}
 	}
-
+	return nil
-	return rawDeleted, availableDeleted, nil
 }
 
 // delete removes object indexes from the metabase. Counts the references
@@ -183,207 +127,161 @@ func (db *DB) deleteGroup(tx *bbolt.Tx, addrs []oid.Address, sizes []uint64, ava
 // The first return value indicates if an object has been removed. (removing a
 // non-exist object is error-free). The second return value indicates if an
 // object was available before the removal (for calculating the logical object
-// counter). The third return value is removed object payload size.
+// counter). The third return value The fourth return value is removed object payload size.
-func (db *DB) delete(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, refCounter referenceCounter, currEpoch uint64) (bool, bool, uint64, error) {
+func (db *DB) delete(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, refCounter *referenceNumber, currEpoch uint64) (DeleteRes, error) {
-	key := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
+	status, err := inGraveyardWithKey(tx, addr)
-	addrKey := addressKey(addr, key)
+	if err != nil {
-	garbageBKT := tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
+		return DeleteRes{}, err
-	graveyardBKT := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
-
-	removeAvailableObject := inGraveyardWithKey(addrKey, graveyardBKT, garbageBKT) == 0
-
-	// remove record from the garbage bucket
-	if garbageBKT != nil {
-		err := garbageBKT.Delete(addrKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, false, 0, fmt.Errorf("could not remove from garbage bucket: %w", err)
-		}
 	}
+	removeAvailableObject := status == 0
 
 	// unmarshal object, work only with physically stored (raw == true) objects
-	obj, err := db.get(tx, addr, key, false, true, currEpoch)
+	obj, err := get(ctx, tx, addr, false, true, currEpoch)
 	if err != nil {
+		if client.IsErrObjectNotFound(err) {
+			err := deleteFromGarbage(tx, addr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return DeleteRes{}, fmt.Errorf("could not remove from garbage bucket: %w", err)
+			}
+			return DeleteRes{}, nil
+		}
 		var siErr *objectSDK.SplitInfoError
-
+		if errors.As(err, &siErr) {
-		if client.IsErrObjectNotFound(err) || errors.As(err, &siErr) {
+			// if object is virtual (parent) then do nothing, it will be deleted with last child
-			return false, false, 0, nil
+			return DeleteRes{}, nil
 		}
 
-		return false, false, 0, err
+		return DeleteRes{}, err
+	}
+
+	// remove record from the garbage bucket
+	err = deleteFromGarbage(tx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return DeleteRes{}, fmt.Errorf("could not remove from garbage bucket: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// if object is an only link to a parent, then remove parent
 	if parent := obj.Parent(); parent != nil {
 		parAddr := object.AddressOf(parent)
-		sParAddr := addressKey(parAddr, key)
+		parentLen, err := parentLength(ctx, tx, parAddr)
-		k := string(sParAddr)
+		if err != nil {
-
+			return DeleteRes{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get parent count for object %s: %w", parAddr, err)
-		nRef, ok := refCounter[k]
-		if !ok {
-			nRef = &referenceNumber{
-				all:  parentLength(tx, parAddr),
-				addr: parAddr,
-				obj:  parent,
-			}
-
-			refCounter[k] = nRef
 		}
-
+		refCounter.addr = parAddr
-		nRef.cur++
+		refCounter.all = parentLen
+		refCounter.obj = parent
+		refCounter.cur = 1
 	}
 
+	isUserObject := IsUserObject(obj)
+
 	// remove object
-	err = db.deleteObject(tx, obj, false)
+	err = db.deleteObject(ctx, tx, obj, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, false, 0, fmt.Errorf("could not remove object: %w", err)
+		return DeleteRes{}, fmt.Errorf("could not remove object: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return true, removeAvailableObject, obj.PayloadSize(), nil
+	var result DeleteRes
+	result.PhyCount = 1
+	result.PhySize = obj.PayloadSize()
+	if removeAvailableObject {
+		result.LogicCount = 1
+		result.LogicSize = obj.PayloadSize()
+	}
+	if removeAvailableObject && isUserObject {
+		result.UserCount = 1
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 func (db *DB) deleteObject(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
 	obj *objectSDK.Object,
 	isParent bool,
 ) error {
-	err := delUniqueIndexes(tx, obj, isParent)
+	err := delUniqueIndexes(ctx, tx, obj, isParent)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't remove unique indexes")
+		return errFailedToRemoveUniqueIndexes
 	}
 
-	err = updateListIndexes(tx, obj, delListIndexItem)
+	err = updateListIndexes(tx, obj, deleteByKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't remove list indexes: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = updateFKBTIndexes(tx, obj, delFKBTIndexItem)
+	err = updateFKBTIndexes(tx, obj, deleteByKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't remove fake bucket tree indexes: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	if isParent {
-}
+		// remove record from the garbage bucket, because regular object deletion does nothing for virtual object
-
+		err := deleteFromGarbage(tx, object.AddressOf(obj))
-// parentLength returns amount of available children from parentid index.
+		if err != nil {
-func parentLength(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address) int {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not remove from garbage bucket: %w", err)
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
-
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(parentBucketName(addr.Container(), bucketName[:]))
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return 0
-	}
-
-	lst, err := decodeList(bkt.Get(objectKey(addr.Object(), bucketName[:])))
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0
-	}
-
-	return len(lst)
-}
-
-func delUniqueIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(item.name)
-	if bkt != nil {
-		_ = bkt.Delete(item.key) // ignore error, best effort there
-	}
-}
-
-func delFKBTIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(item.name)
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	fkbtRoot := bkt.Bucket(item.key)
-	if fkbtRoot == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_ = fkbtRoot.Delete(item.val) // ignore error, best effort there
-	return nil
-}
-
-func delListIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(item.name)
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	lst, err := decodeList(bkt.Get(item.key))
-	if err != nil || len(lst) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// remove element from the list
-	for i := range lst {
-		if bytes.Equal(item.val, lst[i]) {
-			copy(lst[i:], lst[i+1:])
-			lst = lst[:len(lst)-1]
-			break
 		}
 	}
 
-	// if list empty, remove the key from <list> bucket
-	if len(lst) == 0 {
-		_ = bkt.Delete(item.key) // ignore error, best effort there
-
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// if list is not empty, then update it
-	encodedLst, err := encodeList(lst)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil // ignore error, best effort there
-	}
-
-	_ = bkt.Put(item.key, encodedLst) // ignore error, best effort there
 	return nil
 }
 
-func delUniqueIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, isParent bool) error {
+func deleteFromGarbage(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) error {
-	addr := object.AddressOf(obj)
+	return tx.Delete(garbageKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
+}
 
-	objKey := objectKey(addr.Object(), make([]byte, objectKeySize))
+// parentLength returns amount of available children from parentid index.
-	addrKey := addressKey(addr, make([]byte, addressKeySize))
+func parentLength(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) (int, error) {
-	cnr := addr.Container()
+	var result int
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	prefix := parentKeyLongPrefix(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+	const batchSize = 1000
+	for {
+		ids, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, prefix, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		result += len(ids)
+		if len(ids) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func delParent(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) error {
+	prefix := parentKeyLongPrefix(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+	return deleteByPrefix(ctx, tx, prefix)
+}
+
+func delUniqueIndexes(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, obj *objectSDK.Object, isParent bool) error {
+	addr := object.AddressOf(obj)
 
 	// add value to primary unique bucket
 	if !isParent {
+		var key []byte
 		switch obj.Type() {
 		case objectSDK.TypeRegular:
-			bucketName = primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = primaryKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		case objectSDK.TypeTombstone:
-			bucketName = tombstoneBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = tombstoneKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		case objectSDK.TypeLock:
-			bucketName = bucketNameLockers(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = lockersKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		default:
 			return ErrUnknownObjectType
 		}
 
-		delUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		if err := tx.Delete(key); err != nil {
-			name: bucketName,
+			return err
-			key:  objKey,
+		}
-		})
 	} else {
-		delUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		if err := delParent(ctx, tx, addr); err != nil {
-			name: parentBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
+			return err
-			key:  objKey,
+		}
-		})
 	}
 
-	delUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{ // remove from storage id index
+	if err := tx.Delete(smallKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())); err != nil {
-		name: smallBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
+		return err
-		key:  objKey,
+	}
-	})
+	return tx.Delete(rootKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	delUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{ // remove from root index
-		name: rootBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-		key:  objKey,
-	})
-	delUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{ // remove from ToMoveIt index
-		name: toMoveItBucketName,
-		key:  addrKey,
-	})
-
-	return nil
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/delete_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestDB_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 	parent := testutil.GenerateObjectWithCID(cnr)
@@ -32,15 +33,6 @@ func TestDB_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 	err := putBig(db, child)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	// fill ToMoveIt index
-	err = metaToMoveIt(db, object.AddressOf(child))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// check if Movable list is not empty
-	l, err := metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, l, 1)
-
 	// try to remove parent, should be no-op, error-free
 	err = metaDelete(db, object.AddressOf(parent))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -60,11 +52,6 @@ func TestDB_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 	err = metaDelete(db, object.AddressOf(child))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	// check if there is no data in Movable index
-	l, err = metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, l, 0)
-
 	// check if they marked as already removed
 
 	ok, err := metaExists(db, object.AddressOf(child))
@@ -78,6 +65,7 @@ func TestDB_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDeleteAllChildren(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -104,8 +92,8 @@ func TestDeleteAllChildren(t *testing.T) {
 	require.True(t, errors.As(err, &siErr))
 
 	// remove all children in single call
-	err = metaDelete(db, object.AddressOf(child1), object.AddressOf(child2))
+	require.NoError(t, metaDelete(db, object.AddressOf(child1)))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, metaDelete(db, object.AddressOf(child2)))
 
 	// parent should not be found now
 	ex, err := metaExists(db, object.AddressOf(parent))
@@ -115,6 +103,7 @@ func TestDeleteAllChildren(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGraveOnlyDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	addr := oidtest.Address()
 
@@ -127,6 +116,7 @@ func TestGraveOnlyDelete(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestExpiredObject(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	checkExpiredObjects(t, db, func(exp, nonExp *objectSDK.Object) {
 		// removing expired object should be error-free
@@ -136,9 +126,84 @@ func TestExpiredObject(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func metaDelete(db *meta.DB, addrs ...oid.Address) error {
+func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+
+	cnr := cidtest.ID()
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		obj := testutil.GenerateObjectWithCID(cnr)
+
+		var prm meta.PutPrm
+		prm.SetObject(obj)
+		prm.SetStorageID([]byte("0/0"))
+		_, err := db.Put(context.Background(), prm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		var inhumePrm meta.InhumePrm
+		inhumePrm.SetAddresses(object.AddressOf(obj))
+		_, err = db.Inhume(context.Background(), inhumePrm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	var addrs []oid.Address
+	var iprm meta.GarbageIterationPrm
+	iprm.SetHandler(func(o meta.GarbageObject) error {
+		addrs = append(addrs, o.Address())
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, db.IterateOverGarbage(context.Background(), iprm))
+	require.Equal(t, 10, len(addrs))
 	var deletePrm meta.DeletePrm
-	deletePrm.SetAddresses(addrs...)
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		deletePrm.Address = addr
+		_, err := db.Delete(context.Background(), deletePrm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	addrs = nil
+	iprm.SetHandler(func(o meta.GarbageObject) error {
+		addrs = append(addrs, o.Address())
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, db.IterateOverGarbage(context.Background(), iprm))
+	require.Equal(t, 0, len(addrs))
+}
+
+func TestDeleteDropsGCMarkIfObjectNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+
+	addr := oidtest.Address()
+
+	var prm meta.InhumePrm
+	prm.SetAddresses(addr)
+	prm.SetGCMark()
+	_, err := db.Inhume(context.Background(), prm)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var garbageCount int
+	var itPrm meta.GarbageIterationPrm
+	itPrm.SetHandler(func(g meta.GarbageObject) error {
+		garbageCount++
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, db.IterateOverGarbage(context.Background(), itPrm))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, garbageCount)
+
+	var delPrm meta.DeletePrm
+	delPrm.Address = addr
+	_, err = db.Delete(context.Background(), delPrm)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	garbageCount = 0
+	require.NoError(t, db.IterateOverGarbage(context.Background(), itPrm))
+	require.Equal(t, 0, garbageCount)
+}
+
+func metaDelete(db *meta.DB, addr oid.Address) error {
+	var deletePrm meta.DeletePrm
+	deletePrm.Address = addr
 
 	_, err := db.Delete(context.Background(), deletePrm)
 	return err

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/exists.go

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
-	objectV2 "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	apistatus "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/client/status"
-	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -69,8 +68,8 @@ func (db *DB) Exists(ctx context.Context, prm ExistsPrm) (res ExistsRes, err err
 
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		res.exists, err = db.exists(tx, prm.addr, currEpoch)
+		res.exists, err = exists(ctx, tx, prm.addr, currEpoch)
 
 		return err
 	})
@@ -78,9 +77,13 @@ func (db *DB) Exists(ctx context.Context, prm ExistsPrm) (res ExistsRes, err err
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) exists(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (exists bool, err error) {
+func exists(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (exists bool, err error) {
+	status, err := objectStatus(ctx, tx, addr, currEpoch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
 	// check graveyard and object expiration first
-	switch objectStatus(tx, addr, currEpoch) {
+	switch status {
 	case 1:
 		return false, logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.ObjectNotFound))
 	case 2:
@@ -89,28 +92,32 @@ func (db *DB) exists(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (exists b
 		return false, ErrObjectIsExpired
 	}
 
-	objKey := objectKey(addr.Object(), make([]byte, objectKeySize))
+	v, err := valueOrNil(tx, primaryKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-
+	if err != nil {
-	cnr := addr.Container()
+		return false, err
-	key := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	}
-
+	if v != nil {
-	// if graveyard is empty, then check if object exists in primary bucket
-	if inBucket(tx, primaryBucketName(cnr, key), objKey) {
 		return true, nil
 	}
 
-	// if primary bucket is empty, then check if object exists in parent bucket
+	children, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, parentKeyLongPrefix(addr.Container(), addr.Object()), 1) // try to found any child
-	if inBucket(tx, parentBucketName(cnr, key), objKey) {
+	if err != nil {
-		splitInfo, err := getSplitInfo(tx, cnr, objKey)
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if len(children) > 0 {
+		splitInfo, err := getSplitInfo(tx, addr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return false, err
 		}
-
 		return false, logicerr.Wrap(objectSDK.NewSplitInfoError(splitInfo))
 	}
 
-	// if parent bucket is empty, then check if object exists in typed buckets
+	t, err := firstIrregularObjectType(tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object())
-	return firstIrregularObjectType(tx, cnr, objKey) != objectSDK.TypeRegular, nil
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return t != objectSDK.TypeRegular, nil
 }
 
 // objectStatus returns:
@@ -118,86 +125,68 @@ func (db *DB) exists(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (exists b
 //   - 1 if object with GC mark;
 //   - 2 if object is covered with tombstone;
 //   - 3 if object is expired.
-func objectStatus(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) uint8 {
+func objectStatus(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (uint8, error) {
 	// locked object could not be removed/marked with GC/expired
-	if objectLocked(tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object()) {
+	locked, err := objectLocked(ctx, tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object())
-		return 0
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if locked {
+		return 0, nil
 	}
 
-	// we check only if the object is expired in the current
+	st, err := inGraveyardWithKey(tx, addr)
-	// epoch since it is considered the only corner case: the
+	if err != nil {
-	// GC is expected to collect all the objects that have
+		return 0, err
-	// expired previously for less than the one epoch duration
+	}
+	if st > 0 {
+		return st, nil
+	}
 
-	expired := isExpiredWithAttribute(tx, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpoch, addr, currEpoch)
+	expired, err := isExpired(ctx, tx, addr, currEpoch)
-	if !expired {
+	if err != nil {
-		expired = isExpiredWithAttribute(tx, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpochNeoFS, addr, currEpoch)
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	if expired {
-		return 3
+		return 3, nil
 	}
-
+	return 0, nil
-	graveyardBkt := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
-	garbageBkt := tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
-	addrKey := addressKey(addr, make([]byte, addressKeySize))
-	return inGraveyardWithKey(addrKey, graveyardBkt, garbageBkt)
 }
 
-func inGraveyardWithKey(addrKey []byte, graveyard, garbageBCK *bbolt.Bucket) uint8 {
+func inGraveyardWithKey(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) (uint8, error) {
-	if graveyard == nil {
+	v, err := valueOrNil(tx, graveyardKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-		// incorrect metabase state, does not make
+	if err != nil {
-		// sense to check garbage bucket
+		return 0, err
-		return 0
+	}
+	if v != nil {
+		return 2, nil
+	}
+	v, err = valueOrNil(tx, garbageKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if v != nil {
+		return 1, nil
 	}
 
-	val := graveyard.Get(addrKey)
+	return 0, nil
-	if val == nil {
-		if garbageBCK == nil {
-			// incorrect node state
-			return 0
-		}
-
-		val = garbageBCK.Get(addrKey)
-		if val != nil {
-			// object has been marked with GC
-			return 1
-		}
-
-		// neither in the graveyard
-		// nor was marked with GC mark
-		return 0
-	}
-
-	// object in the graveyard
-	return 2
-}
-
-// inBucket checks if key <key> is present in bucket <name>.
-func inBucket(tx *bbolt.Tx, name, key []byte) bool {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(name)
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// using `get` as `exists`: https://github.com/boltdb/bolt/issues/321
-	val := bkt.Get(key)
-
-	return len(val) != 0
 }
 
 // getSplitInfo returns SplitInfo structure from root index. Returns error
 // if there is no `key` record in root index.
-func getSplitInfo(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, key []byte) (*objectSDK.SplitInfo, error) {
+func getSplitInfo(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) (*objectSDK.SplitInfo, error) {
-	bucketName := rootBucketName(cnr, make([]byte, bucketKeySize))
+	rawSplitInfo, err := valueOrNil(tx, rootKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	rawSplitInfo := getFromBucket(tx, bucketName, key)
+	if err != nil {
-	if len(rawSplitInfo) == 0 {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(rawSplitInfo) == 0 || bytes.Equal(zeroValue, rawSplitInfo) {
 		return nil, ErrLackSplitInfo
 	}
 
 	splitInfo := objectSDK.NewSplitInfo()
 
-	err := splitInfo.Unmarshal(rawSplitInfo)
+	err = splitInfo.Unmarshal(rawSplitInfo)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal split info from root index: %w", err)
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/exists_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const currEpoch = 1000
 
 func TestDB_Exists(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	t.Run("no object", func(t *testing.T) {
 		nonExist := testutil.GenerateObject()

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/expired.go

@@ -3,16 +3,13 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
-	objectV2 "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
-	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -44,46 +41,11 @@ func (db *DB) FilterExpired(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, addresses []oid.A
 	}
 
 	result := make([]oid.Address, 0, len(addresses))
-	containerIDToObjectIDs := make(map[cid.ID][]oid.ID)
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		var e error
-		containerIDToObjectIDs[addr.Container()] = append(containerIDToObjectIDs[addr.Container()], addr.Object())
+		result, e = selectExpiredObjects(ctx, tx, epoch, addresses)
-	}
+		return e
-
-	err := db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		for containerID, objectIDs := range containerIDToObjectIDs {
-			select {
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				return ErrInterruptIterator
-			default:
-			}
-
-			expiredNeoFS, err := selectExpiredObjectIDs(tx, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpochNeoFS, epoch, containerID, objectIDs)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			expiredSys, err := selectExpiredObjectIDs(tx, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpoch, epoch, containerID, objectIDs)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			for _, o := range expiredNeoFS {
-				var a oid.Address
-				a.SetContainer(containerID)
-				a.SetObject(o)
-				result = append(result, a)
-			}
-
-			for _, o := range expiredSys {
-				var a oid.Address
-				a.SetContainer(containerID)
-				a.SetObject(o)
-				result = append(result, a)
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 	}
@@ -91,76 +53,179 @@ func (db *DB) FilterExpired(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, addresses []oid.A
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func isExpiredWithAttribute(tx *bbolt.Tx, attr string, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) bool {
+func isExpired(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, currEpoch uint64) (bool, error) {
-	// bucket with objects that have expiration attr
+	prefix := []byte{expiredPrefix}
-	attrKey := make([]byte, bucketKeySize+len(attr))
+	opts := badger.IteratorOptions{
-	expirationBucket := tx.Bucket(attributeBucketName(addr.Container(), attr, attrKey))
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
-	if expirationBucket != nil {
+		Prefix:       []byte{expiredPrefix},
-		// bucket that contains objects that expire in the current epoch
+	}
-		prevEpochBkt := expirationBucket.Bucket([]byte(strconv.FormatUint(currEpoch-1, 10)))
+	it := tx.NewIterator(opts)
-		if prevEpochBkt != nil {
+	defer it.Close()
-			rawOID := objectKey(addr.Object(), make([]byte, objectKeySize))
+
-			if prevEpochBkt.Get(rawOID) != nil {
+	// iteration does in ascending order by expiration epoch.
-				return true
+	// gc does expired objects collect every epoch, so here should be not so much items.
-			}
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return false, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		expEpoch, err := expirationEpochFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+
+		if expEpoch >= currEpoch {
+			return false, nil // keys are ordered by epoch, so next items will be discarded anyway.
+		}
+
+		curAddr, err := addressFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		if curAddr == addr {
+			return true, nil
 		}
 	}
-
+	return false, nil
-	return false
 }
 
-func selectExpiredObjectIDs(tx *bbolt.Tx, attr string, epoch uint64, containerID cid.ID, objectIDs []oid.ID) ([]oid.ID, error) {
+func selectExpiredObjects(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, epoch uint64, objects []oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
-	result := make([]oid.ID, 0)
+	result := make([]oid.Address, 0)
-	notResolved := make(map[oid.ID]struct{})
+	objMap := make(map[oid.Address]struct{})
-	for _, oid := range objectIDs {
+	for _, obj := range objects {
-		notResolved[oid] = struct{}{}
+		objMap[obj] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
-	expiredBuffer := make([]oid.ID, 0)
+	prefix := []byte{expiredPrefix}
-	objectKeyBuffer := make([]byte, objectKeySize)
+	opts := badger.IteratorOptions{
-
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
-	expirationBucketKey := make([]byte, bucketKeySize+len(attr))
+		Prefix:       []byte{expiredPrefix},
-	expirationBucket := tx.Bucket(attributeBucketName(containerID, attr, expirationBucketKey))
-	if expirationBucket == nil {
-		return result, nil // all not expired
 	}
+	it := tx.NewIterator(opts)
+	defer it.Close()
 
-	err := expirationBucket.ForEach(func(epochExpBucketKey, _ []byte) error {
+	// iteration does in ascending order by expiration epoch.
-		bucketExpiresAfter, err := strconv.ParseUint(string(epochExpBucketKey), 10, 64)
+	// gc does expired objects collect every epoch, so here should be not so much items.
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		expEpoch, err := expirationEpochFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not parse expiration epoch: %w", err)
+			return nil, err
-		} else if bucketExpiresAfter >= epoch {
-			return nil
 		}
 
-		epochExpirationBucket := expirationBucket.Bucket(epochExpBucketKey)
+		if expEpoch >= epoch {
-		if epochExpirationBucket == nil {
+			return result, nil // keys are ordered by epoch, so next items will be discarded anyway.
-			return nil
 		}
 
-		expiredBuffer = expiredBuffer[:0]
+		addr, err := addressFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
-		for oid := range notResolved {
+		if err != nil {
-			key := objectKey(oid, objectKeyBuffer)
+			return nil, err
-			if epochExpirationBucket.Get(key) != nil {
-				expiredBuffer = append(expiredBuffer, oid)
-			}
 		}
-
+		if _, ok := objMap[addr]; ok {
-		for _, oid := range expiredBuffer {
+			result = append(result, addr)
-			delete(notResolved, oid)
-			result = append(result, oid)
 		}
-
-		if len(notResolved) == 0 {
-			return errBreakBucketForEach
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	})
-
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errBreakBucketForEach) {
-		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	return result, nil
 }
+
+// IterateExpired iterates over all objects in DB which are out of date
+// relative to epoch. Locked objects are not included (do not confuse
+// with objects of type LOCK).
+//
+// If h returns ErrInterruptIterator, nil returns immediately.
+// Returns other errors of h directly.
+func (db *DB) IterateExpired(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, h ExpiredObjectHandler) error {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("IterateExpired", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.IterateExpired",
+		trace.WithAttributes(
+			attribute.String("epoch", strconv.FormatUint(epoch, 10)),
+		))
+	defer span.End()
+
+	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+
+	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+		return ErrDegradedMode
+	}
+
+	err := metaerr.Wrap(db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		return iterateExpired(ctx, tx, epoch, h)
+	}))
+	success = err == nil
+	return err
+}
+
+func iterateExpired(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, epoch uint64, h ExpiredObjectHandler) error {
+	prefix := []byte{expiredPrefix}
+	opts := badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:       []byte{expiredPrefix},
+	}
+	it := tx.NewIterator(opts)
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	// iteration does in ascending order by expiration epoch.
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		expEpoch, err := expirationEpochFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if expEpoch >= epoch {
+			return nil // keys are ordered by epoch, so next items will be discarded anyway.
+		}
+
+		addr, err := addressFromExpiredKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Ignore locked objects.
+		//
+		// To slightly optimize performance we can check only REGULAR objects
+		// (only they can be locked), but it's more reliable.
+		isLocked, err := objectLocked(ctx, tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if isLocked {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		objType, err := firstIrregularObjectType(tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := h(&ExpiredObject{
+			typ:  objType,
+			addr: addr,
+		}); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, ErrInterruptIterator) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/expired_test.go

@@ -2,17 +2,57 @@ package meta_test
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
+	objectV2 "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
+	meta "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/metabase"
 	cidtest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id/test"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
+func TestExpiredIterationOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+
+	containerID := cidtest.ID()
+
+	for i := 1; i <= 1000; i++ {
+		obj := testutil.GenerateObject()
+		obj.SetContainerID(containerID)
+		setExpiration(obj, uint64(i))
+		err := putBig(db, obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	var previous uint64
+	require.NoError(t, db.IterateExpired(context.Background(), 2000, func(eo *meta.ExpiredObject) error {
+		var prm meta.GetPrm
+		prm.SetAddress(eo.Address())
+		obj, err := db.Get(context.Background(), prm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		var found bool
+		for _, attr := range obj.Header().Attributes() {
+			if attr.Key() == objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpoch {
+				found = true
+				epoch, err := strconv.ParseUint(attr.Value(), 10, 64)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				require.Equal(t, previous+1, epoch)
+				previous = epoch
+			}
+		}
+		require.True(t, found)
+		return nil
+	}))
+}
+
 func TestDB_SelectExpired(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	containerID1 := cidtest.ID()
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/get.go

@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	apistatus "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/client/status"
-	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -77,9 +76,8 @@ func (db *DB) Get(ctx context.Context, prm GetPrm) (res GetRes, err error) {
 
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		key := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
+		res.hdr, err = get(ctx, tx, prm.addr, true, prm.raw, currEpoch)
-		res.hdr, err = db.get(tx, prm.addr, key, true, prm.raw, currEpoch)
 
 		return err
 	})
@@ -87,9 +85,13 @@ func (db *DB) Get(ctx context.Context, prm GetPrm) (res GetRes, err error) {
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) get(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, key []byte, checkStatus, raw bool, currEpoch uint64) (*objectSDK.Object, error) {
+func get(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, checkStatus, raw bool, currEpoch uint64) (*objectSDK.Object, error) {
 	if checkStatus {
-		switch objectStatus(tx, addr, currEpoch) {
+		st, err := objectStatus(ctx, tx, addr, currEpoch)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		switch st {
 		case 1:
 			return nil, logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.ObjectNotFound))
 		case 2:
@@ -98,73 +100,68 @@ func (db *DB) get(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, key []byte, checkStatus, raw b
 			return nil, ErrObjectIsExpired
 		}
 	}
-
-	key = objectKey(addr.Object(), key)
-	cnr := addr.Container()
 	obj := objectSDK.New()
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
 
 	// check in primary index
-	data := getFromBucket(tx, primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName), key)
+	data, err := valueOrNil(tx, primaryKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	if len(data) != 0 {
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if data != nil {
 		return obj, obj.Unmarshal(data)
 	}
 
 	// if not found then check in tombstone index
-	data = getFromBucket(tx, tombstoneBucketName(cnr, bucketName), key)
+	data, err = valueOrNil(tx, tombstoneKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	if len(data) != 0 {
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if data != nil {
 		return obj, obj.Unmarshal(data)
 	}
 
 	// if not found then check in locker index
-	data = getFromBucket(tx, bucketNameLockers(cnr, bucketName), key)
+	data, err = valueOrNil(tx, lockersKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	if len(data) != 0 {
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if data != nil {
 		return obj, obj.Unmarshal(data)
 	}
 
 	// if not found then check if object is a virtual
-	return getVirtualObject(tx, cnr, key, raw)
+	return getVirtualObject(ctx, tx, addr, raw)
 }
 
-func getFromBucket(tx *bbolt.Tx, name, key []byte) []byte {
+func getVirtualObject(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, raw bool) (*objectSDK.Object, error) {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(name)
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	return bkt.Get(key)
-}
-
-func getVirtualObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, key []byte, raw bool) (*objectSDK.Object, error) {
 	if raw {
-		return nil, getSplitInfoError(tx, cnr, key)
+		return nil, getSplitInfoError(tx, addr)
 	}
 
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	binObjIDs, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, parentKeyLongPrefix(addr.Container(), addr.Object()), 1)
-	parentBucket := tx.Bucket(parentBucketName(cnr, bucketName))
-	if parentBucket == nil {
-		return nil, logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.ObjectNotFound))
-	}
-
-	relativeLst, err := decodeList(parentBucket.Get(key))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	if len(relativeLst) == 0 { // this should never happen though
+	if len(binObjIDs) == 0 { // this should never happen though
 		return nil, logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.ObjectNotFound))
 	}
 
-	// pick last item, for now there is not difference which address to pick
+	phyObjAddr, err := addressOfTargetFromParentKey(binObjIDs[0])
-	// but later list might be sorted so first or last value can be more
-	// prioritized to choose
-	virtualOID := relativeLst[len(relativeLst)-1]
-	data := getFromBucket(tx, primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName), virtualOID)
-
-	child := objectSDK.New()
-
-	err = child.Unmarshal(data)
 	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	data, err := valueOrNil(tx, primaryKey(phyObjAddr.Container(), phyObjAddr.Object()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if data == nil { // this should never happen though #2
+		return nil, logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.ObjectNotFound))
+	}
+	child := objectSDK.New()
+	if err := child.Unmarshal(data); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal child with parent: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -177,8 +174,8 @@ func getVirtualObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, key []byte, raw bool) (*objectSD
 	return par, nil
 }
 
-func getSplitInfoError(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, key []byte) error {
+func getSplitInfoError(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) error {
-	splitInfo, err := getSplitInfo(tx, cnr, key)
+	splitInfo, err := getSplitInfo(tx, addr)
 	if err == nil {
 		return logicerr.Wrap(objectSDK.NewSplitInfoError(splitInfo))
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/get_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestDB_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	raw := testutil.GenerateObject()
 
@@ -175,11 +175,9 @@ func BenchmarkGet(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func benchmarkGet(b *testing.B, numOfObj int) {
-	prepareDb := func(batchSize int) (*meta.DB, []oid.Address) {
+	prepareDb := func(_ int) (*meta.DB, []oid.Address) {
-		db := newDB(b,
+		db := newDB(b)
-			meta.WithMaxBatchSize(batchSize),
+		defer func() { require.NoError(b, db.Close()) }()
-			meta.WithMaxBatchDelay(10*time.Millisecond),
-		)
 		addrs := make([]oid.Address, 0, numOfObj)
 
 		for i := 0; i < numOfObj; i++ {

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/graveyard.go

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ import (
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
+	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 )
 
 // GarbageObject represents descriptor of the
@@ -80,8 +81,8 @@ func (db *DB) IterateOverGarbage(ctx context.Context, p GarbageIterationPrm) err
 		return ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	err := metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err := metaerr.Wrap(db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		return db.iterateDeletedObj(tx, gcHandler{p.h}, p.offset)
+		return db.iterateDeletedObj(ctx, tx, gcHandler{p.h}, p.offset)
 	}))
 	success = err == nil
 	return err
@@ -160,8 +161,8 @@ func (db *DB) IterateOverGraveyard(ctx context.Context, p GraveyardIterationPrm)
 		return ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		return db.iterateDeletedObj(tx, graveyardHandler{p.h}, p.offset)
+		return db.iterateDeletedObj(ctx, tx, graveyardHandler{p.h}, p.offset)
 	}))
 }
 
@@ -195,40 +196,53 @@ func (g graveyardHandler) handleKV(k, v []byte) error {
 	return g.h(o)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) iterateDeletedObj(tx *bbolt.Tx, h kvHandler, offset *oid.Address) error {
+func (db *DB) iterateDeletedObj(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, h kvHandler, offset *oid.Address) error {
-	var bkt *bbolt.Bucket
+	var prefix []byte
 	switch t := h.(type) {
 	case graveyardHandler:
-		bkt = tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
+		prefix = []byte{graveyardPrefix}
 	case gcHandler:
-		bkt = tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
+		prefix = []byte{garbagePrefix}
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("metabase: unknown iteration object hadler: %T", t))
 	}
-
+	var seekKey []byte
-	c := bkt.Cursor()
+	if offset != nil {
-	var k, v []byte
+		cidBytes := make([]byte, cidSize)
-
+		offset.Container().Encode(cidBytes)
-	if offset == nil {
+		oidBytes := make([]byte, objectKeySize)
-		k, v = c.First()
+		offset.Object().Encode(oidBytes)
-	} else {
+		seekKey = append(prefix, cidBytes...)
-		rawAddr := addressKey(*offset, make([]byte, addressKeySize))
+		seekKey = append(seekKey, oidBytes...)
-
-		k, v = c.Seek(rawAddr)
-		if bytes.Equal(k, rawAddr) {
-			// offset was found, move
-			// cursor to the next element
-			k, v = c.Next()
-		}
 	}
 
-	for ; k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
-		err := h.handleKV(k, v)
+		PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:         prefix,
+		PrefetchValues: true,
+	})
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	for it.Seek(seekKey); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		if bytes.Equal(it.Item().Key(), seekKey) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		key := it.Item().KeyCopy(nil)
+		value, err := it.Item().ValueCopy(nil)
 		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err = h.handleKV(key, value); err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, ErrInterruptIterator) {
 				return nil
 			}
-
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -237,7 +251,7 @@ func (db *DB) iterateDeletedObj(tx *bbolt.Tx, h kvHandler, offset *oid.Address)
 }
 
 func garbageFromKV(k []byte) (res GarbageObject, err error) {
-	err = decodeAddressFromKey(&res.addr, k)
+	res.addr, err = addressFromGarbageKey(k)
 	if err != nil {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("could not parse address: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -246,15 +260,44 @@ func garbageFromKV(k []byte) (res GarbageObject, err error) {
 }
 
 func graveFromKV(k, v []byte) (res TombstonedObject, err error) {
-	if err = decodeAddressFromKey(&res.addr, k); err != nil {
+	res.addr, err = addressFromGraveyardKey(k)
+	if err != nil {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("decode tombstone target from key: %w", err)
-	} else if err = decodeAddressFromKey(&res.tomb, v); err != nil {
+		return
-		err = fmt.Errorf("decode tombstone address from value: %w", err)
+	}
+	res.tomb, err = decodeAddressFromGrave(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("decode tombstone address from value: %w", err)
+		return
 	}
-
 	return
 }
 
+func encodeAddressToGrave(addr oid.Address) []byte {
+	value := make([]byte, cidSize+objectKeySize)
+	addr.Container().Encode(value)
+	addr.Object().Encode(value[cidSize:])
+	return value
+}
+
+func decodeAddressFromGrave(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(v) != cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidValueLenght
+	}
+	var cont cid.ID
+	if err := cont.Decode(v[:cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode container ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(v[cidSize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetContainer(cont)
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 // DropGraves deletes tombstoned objects from the
 // graveyard bucket.
 //
@@ -280,16 +323,9 @@ func (db *DB) DropGraves(ctx context.Context, tss []TombstonedObject) error {
 		return ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
-	buf := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
+	return db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-
-	return db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		bkt := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
-		if bkt == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-
 		for _, ts := range tss {
-			err := bkt.Delete(addressKey(ts.Address(), buf))
+			err := tx.Delete(graveyardKey(ts.Address().Container(), ts.Address().Object()))
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/graveyard_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestDB_IterateDeletedObjects_EmptyDB(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	var counter int
 	var iterGravePRM meta.GraveyardIterationPrm
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ func TestDB_IterateDeletedObjects_EmptyDB(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_Iterate_OffsetNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	obj1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
 	obj2 := testutil.GenerateObject()
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ func TestDB_Iterate_OffsetNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_IterateDeletedObjects(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// generate and put 4 objects
 	obj1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ func TestDB_IterateDeletedObjects(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_IterateOverGraveyard_Offset(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// generate and put 4 objects
 	obj1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
@@ -294,6 +298,7 @@ func TestDB_IterateOverGraveyard_Offset(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_IterateOverGarbage_Offset(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// generate and put 4 objects
 	obj1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
@@ -385,6 +390,7 @@ func TestDB_IterateOverGarbage_Offset(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDB_DropGraves(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// generate and put 2 objects
 	obj1 := testutil.GenerateObject()

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/index_test.go

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-package meta
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"math"
-	mrand "math/rand"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func Test_getVarUint(t *testing.T) {
-	data := make([]byte, 10)
-	for _, val := range []uint64{0, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xfffe, 0xffff, 0xfffffffe, 0xffffffff, math.MaxUint64} {
-		expSize := io.PutVarUint(data, val)
-		actual, actSize, err := getVarUint(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, val, actual)
-		require.Equal(t, expSize, actSize, "value: %x", val)
-
-		_, _, err = getVarUint(data[:expSize-1])
-		require.Error(t, err)
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_decodeList(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("empty", func(t *testing.T) {
-		lst, err := decodeList(nil)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.True(t, len(lst) == 0)
-	})
-	t.Run("empty, 0 len", func(t *testing.T) {
-		lst, err := decodeList([]byte{0})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.True(t, len(lst) == 0)
-	})
-	t.Run("bad len", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, err := decodeList([]byte{0xfe})
-		require.Error(t, err)
-	})
-	t.Run("random", func(t *testing.T) {
-		r := mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(time.Now().Unix()))
-		expected := make([][]byte, 20)
-		for i := range expected {
-			expected[i] = make([]byte, r.Uint32()%10)
-			rand.Read(expected[i])
-		}
-
-		data, err := encodeList(expected)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		actual, err := decodeList(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
-
-		t.Run("unexpected EOF", func(t *testing.T) {
-			for i := 1; i < len(data)-1; i++ {
-				_, err := decodeList(data[:i])
-				require.Error(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	})
-}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/inhume.go

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 	"time"
 
+	storagelog "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/log"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 )
 
 // InhumePrm encapsulates parameters for Inhume operation.
@@ -30,21 +32,34 @@ type InhumePrm struct {
 
 // DeletionInfo contains details on deleted object.
 type DeletionInfo struct {
-	Size uint64
+	Size   uint64
-	CID  cid.ID
+	CID    cid.ID
+	IsUser bool
 }
 
 // InhumeRes encapsulates results of Inhume operation.
 type InhumeRes struct {
-	deletedLockObj   []oid.Address
+	deletedLockObj  []oid.Address
-	availableImhumed uint64
+	logicInhumed    uint64
-	deletionDetails  []DeletionInfo
+	userInhumed     uint64
+	inhumedByCnrID  map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters
+	deletionDetails []DeletionInfo
 }
 
-// AvailableInhumed return number of available object
+// LogicInhumed return number of logic object
 // that have been inhumed.
-func (i InhumeRes) AvailableInhumed() uint64 {
+func (i InhumeRes) LogicInhumed() uint64 {
-	return i.availableImhumed
+	return i.logicInhumed
+}
+
+func (i InhumeRes) UserInhumed() uint64 {
+	return i.userInhumed
+}
+
+// InhumedByCnrID return number of object
+// that have been inhumed by container ID.
+func (i InhumeRes) InhumedByCnrID() map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters {
+	return i.inhumedByCnrID
 }
 
 // DeletedLockObjects returns deleted object of LOCK
@@ -68,11 +83,32 @@ func (i InhumeRes) GetDeletionInfoByIndex(target int) DeletionInfo {
 
 // StoreDeletionInfo stores size of deleted object and associated container ID
 // in corresponding arrays.
-func (i *InhumeRes) storeDeletionInfo(containerID cid.ID, deletedSize uint64) {
+func (i *InhumeRes) storeDeletionInfo(containerID cid.ID, deletedSize uint64, isUser bool) {
 	i.deletionDetails = append(i.deletionDetails, DeletionInfo{
-		Size: deletedSize,
+		Size:   deletedSize,
-		CID:  containerID,
+		CID:    containerID,
+		IsUser: isUser,
 	})
+	i.logicInhumed++
+	if isUser {
+		i.userInhumed++
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := i.inhumedByCnrID[containerID]; ok {
+		v.Logic++
+		if isUser {
+			v.User++
+		}
+		i.inhumedByCnrID[containerID] = v
+	} else {
+		v = ObjectCounters{
+			Logic: 1,
+		}
+		if isUser {
+			v.User = 1
+		}
+		i.inhumedByCnrID[containerID] = v
+	}
 }
 
 // SetAddresses sets a list of object addresses that should be inhumed.
@@ -122,7 +158,7 @@ var ErrLockObjectRemoval = logicerr.New("lock object removal")
 //
 // NOTE: Marks any object with GC mark (despite any prohibitions on operations
 // with that object) if WithForceGCMark option has been provided.
-func (db *DB) Inhume(ctx context.Context, prm InhumePrm) (res InhumeRes, err error) {
+func (db *DB) Inhume(ctx context.Context, prm InhumePrm) (InhumeRes, error) {
 	var (
 		startedAt = time.Now()
 		success   = false
@@ -142,50 +178,70 @@ func (db *DB) Inhume(ctx context.Context, prm InhumePrm) (res InhumeRes, err err
 		return InhumeRes{}, ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
+	res := InhumeRes{
+		inhumedByCnrID: make(map[cid.ID]ObjectCounters),
+	}
+	bucketIDs, release := db.acquireBucketIDs(prm)
+	defer release()
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
-	err = db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err := db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		return db.inhumeTx(tx, currEpoch, prm, &res)
+		return db.inhumeTx(ctx, tx, currEpoch, prm, bucketIDs, &res)
 	})
 	success = err == nil
+	if success {
+		for _, addr := range prm.target {
+			storagelog.Write(db.log,
+				storagelog.AddressField(addr),
+				storagelog.OpField("metabase INHUME"))
+		}
+	}
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) inhumeTx(tx *bbolt.Tx, epoch uint64, prm InhumePrm, res *InhumeRes) error {
+func (db *DB) acquireBucketIDs(prm InhumePrm) (map[cid.ID]uint16, func()) {
-	garbageBKT := tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
+	unique := make(map[cid.ID]struct{})
-	graveyardBKT := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
+	for _, addr := range prm.target {
+		unique[addr.Container()] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	containers := make([]cid.ID, 0, len(unique))
+	for contID := range unique {
+		containers = append(containers, contID)
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(containers, func(lhs, rhs cid.ID) int {
+		return bytes.Compare(lhs[:], rhs[:])
+	})
+	result := make(map[cid.ID]uint16, len(unique))
+	releases := make([]func(), len(unique))
 
-	bkt, value, err := db.getInhumeTargetBucketAndValue(garbageBKT, graveyardBKT, &prm)
+	for i, contID := range containers {
+		result[contID], releases[i] = db.bucketIDs.BucketID(contID)
+	}
+	return result, func() {
+		for i := range releases {
+			releases[len(releases)-i-1]()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) inhumeTx(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, epoch uint64, prm InhumePrm, bucketIDs map[cid.ID]uint16, res *InhumeRes) error {
+	keyer, value, err := getInhumeTargetBucketAndValue(tx, prm)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	buf := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
 	for i := range prm.target {
 		id := prm.target[i].Object()
 		cnr := prm.target[i].Container()
-
-		// prevent locked objects to be inhumed
-		if !prm.forceRemoval && objectLocked(tx, cnr, id) {
-			return new(apistatus.ObjectLocked)
-		}
-
 		var lockWasChecked bool
-
-		// prevent lock objects to be inhumed
-		// if `Inhume` was called not with the
-		// `WithForceGCMark` option
 		if !prm.forceRemoval {
-			if isLockObject(tx, cnr, id) {
+			if err := checkNotLockerOrLocked(ctx, tx, cnr, id); err != nil {
-				return ErrLockObjectRemoval
+				return err
 			}
-
 			lockWasChecked = true
 		}
 
-		obj, err := db.get(tx, prm.target[i], buf, false, true, epoch)
+		obj, err := get(ctx, tx, prm.target[i], false, true, epoch)
-		targetKey := addressKey(prm.target[i], buf)
 		if err == nil {
-			err = db.updateDeleteInfo(tx, garbageBKT, graveyardBKT, targetKey, cnr, obj, res)
+			err = db.updateDeleteInfo(tx, prm.target[i], obj, bucketIDs, res)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -193,18 +249,18 @@ func (db *DB) inhumeTx(tx *bbolt.Tx, epoch uint64, prm InhumePrm, res *InhumeRes
 
 		if prm.tomb != nil {
 			var isTomb bool
-			isTomb, err = db.markAsGC(graveyardBKT, garbageBKT, targetKey)
+			isTomb, err = markAsGC(tx, prm.target[i])
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-
 			if isTomb {
 				continue
 			}
 		}
 
 		// consider checking if target is already in graveyard?
-		err = bkt.Put(targetKey, value)
+		key := keyer(prm.target[i])
+		err = tx.Set(key, value)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -217,14 +273,51 @@ func (db *DB) inhumeTx(tx *bbolt.Tx, epoch uint64, prm InhumePrm, res *InhumeRes
 				// the LOCK type
 				continue
 			}
-
+			isLock, err := isLockObject(tx, cnr, id)
-			if isLockObject(tx, cnr, id) {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if isLock {
 				res.deletedLockObj = append(res.deletedLockObj, prm.target[i])
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	return db.updateCounter(tx, logical, res.availableImhumed, false)
+	return db.applyInhumeResToCounters(tx, bucketIDs, res)
+}
+
+func checkNotLockerOrLocked(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, cnr cid.ID, id oid.ID) error {
+	// prevent locked objects to be inhumed
+	locked, err := objectLocked(ctx, tx, cnr, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if locked {
+		return new(apistatus.ObjectLocked)
+	}
+	// prevent lock objects to be inhumed
+	// if `Inhume` was called not with the
+	// `WithForceGCMark` option
+	isLock, err := isLockObject(tx, cnr, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if isLock {
+		return ErrLockObjectRemoval
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (db *DB) applyInhumeResToCounters(tx *badger.Txn, bucketIDs map[cid.ID]uint16, res *InhumeRes) error {
+	counters := make(map[cid.ID]objectCounterValue, len(res.inhumedByCnrID))
+	for contID, inhumed := range res.inhumedByCnrID {
+		counters[contID] = objectCounterValue{
+			Logic: -1 * int64(inhumed.Logic),
+			Phy:   -1 * int64(inhumed.Phy),
+			User:  -1 * int64(inhumed.User),
+		}
+	}
+	return updateContainerCounter(tx, counters, bucketIDs)
 }
 
 // getInhumeTargetBucketAndValue return target bucket to store inhume result and value that will be put in the bucket.
@@ -237,31 +330,33 @@ func (db *DB) inhumeTx(tx *bbolt.Tx, epoch uint64, prm InhumePrm, res *InhumeRes
 //  1. tombstone address if Inhume was called with
 //     a Tombstone
 //  2. zeroValue if Inhume was called with a GC mark
-func (db *DB) getInhumeTargetBucketAndValue(garbageBKT, graveyardBKT *bbolt.Bucket, prm *InhumePrm) (targetBucket *bbolt.Bucket, value []byte, err error) {
+func getInhumeTargetBucketAndValue(tx *badger.Txn, prm InhumePrm) (key func(addr oid.Address) []byte, value []byte, err error) {
 	if prm.tomb != nil {
-		targetBucket = graveyardBKT
-		tombKey := addressKey(*prm.tomb, make([]byte, addressKeySize))
-
 		// it is forbidden to have a tomb-on-tomb in FrostFS,
 		// so graveyard keys must not be addresses of tombstones
-		data := targetBucket.Get(tombKey)
+		tombKey := graveyardKey(prm.tomb.Container(), prm.tomb.Object())
-		if data != nil {
+		v, err := valueOrNil(tx, tombKey)
-			err := targetBucket.Delete(tombKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if v != nil {
+			err := tx.Delete(tombKey)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("could not remove grave with tombstone key: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
 
-		value = tombKey
+		return func(addr oid.Address) []byte {
-	} else {
+			return graveyardKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
-		targetBucket = garbageBKT
+		}, encodeAddressToGrave(*prm.tomb), nil
-		value = zeroValue
 	}
-	return targetBucket, value, nil
+	return func(addr oid.Address) []byte {
+		return garbageKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+	}, zeroValue, nil
 }
 
-func (db *DB) markAsGC(graveyardBKT, garbageBKT *bbolt.Bucket, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+func markAsGC(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) (bool, error) {
-	targetIsTomb, err := isTomb(graveyardBKT, key)
+	targetIsTomb, err := isTomb(tx, addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
@@ -273,20 +368,27 @@ func (db *DB) markAsGC(graveyardBKT, garbageBKT *bbolt.Bucket, key []byte) (bool
 
 	// if tombstone appears object must be
 	// additionally marked with GC
-	return false, garbageBKT.Put(key, zeroValue)
+	key := garbageKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+	return false, tx.Set(key, zeroValue)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) updateDeleteInfo(tx *bbolt.Tx, garbageBKT, graveyardBKT *bbolt.Bucket, targetKey []byte, cnr cid.ID, obj *objectSDK.Object, res *InhumeRes) error {
+func (db *DB) updateDeleteInfo(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, obj *objectSDK.Object, bucketIDs map[cid.ID]uint16, res *InhumeRes) error {
-	containerID, _ := obj.ContainerID()
+	st, err := inGraveyardWithKey(tx, addr)
-	if inGraveyardWithKey(targetKey, graveyardBKT, garbageBKT) == 0 {
+	if err != nil {
-		res.availableImhumed++
+		return err
-		res.storeDeletionInfo(containerID, obj.PayloadSize())
+	}
+	if st == 0 {
+		res.storeDeletionInfo(addr.Container(), obj.PayloadSize(), IsUserObject(obj))
 	}
 
 	// if object is stored, and it is regular object then update bucket
 	// with container size estimations
 	if obj.Type() == objectSDK.TypeRegular {
-		err := changeContainerSize(tx, cnr, obj.PayloadSize(), false)
+		bucketID, found := bucketIDs[addr.Container()]
+		if !found {
+			panic("bucketID not found")
+		}
+		err := changeContainerSize(tx, addr.Container(), -1*int64(obj.PayloadSize()), bucketID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -294,25 +396,39 @@ func (db *DB) updateDeleteInfo(tx *bbolt.Tx, garbageBKT, graveyardBKT *bbolt.Buc
 	return nil
 }
 
-func isTomb(graveyardBucket *bbolt.Bucket, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+func isTomb(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) (bool, error) {
 	targetIsTomb := false
+	expectedValue := make([]byte, cidSize+objectKeySize)
+	addr.Container().Encode(expectedValue)
+	addr.Object().Encode(expectedValue[cidSize:])
+
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:         []byte{graveyardPrefix},
+		PrefetchValues: true,
+	})
+	defer it.Close()
 
 	// iterate over graveyard and check if target address
 	// is the address of tombstone in graveyard.
-	err := graveyardBucket.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
+	// check if graveyard has record with key corresponding
-		// check if graveyard has record with key corresponding
+	// to tombstone address (at least one)
-		// to tombstone address (at least one)
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix([]byte{graveyardPrefix}); it.Next() {
-		targetIsTomb = bytes.Equal(v, key)
+		err := it.Item().Value(func(val []byte) error {
+			targetIsTomb = bytes.Equal(expectedValue, val)
 
-		if targetIsTomb {
+			if targetIsTomb {
-			// break bucket iterator
+				// break bucket iterator
-			return errBreakBucketForEach
+				return errBreakBucketForEach
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, errBreakBucketForEach) {
+				return targetIsTomb, nil
+			}
+			return false, err
 		}
-
-		return nil
-	})
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, errBreakBucketForEach) {
-		return false, err
 	}
 	return targetIsTomb, nil
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/inhume_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestDB_Inhume(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	raw := testutil.GenerateObject()
 	testutil.AddAttribute(raw, "foo", "bar")
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ func TestDB_Inhume(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestInhumeTombOnTomb(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	var (
 		err error
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@ func TestInhumeTombOnTomb(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestInhumeLocked(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	locked := oidtest.Address()
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/iterators.go

@@ -3,21 +3,15 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
-	objectV2 "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
 // ExpiredObject is a descriptor of expired object from DB.
@@ -44,99 +38,7 @@ type ExpiredObjectHandler func(*ExpiredObject) error
 // as a "break" keyword.
 var ErrInterruptIterator = logicerr.New("iterator is interrupted")
 
-// IterateExpired iterates over all objects in DB which are out of date
+var errInvalidAttributeKey = errors.New("invalid userr attribute key")
-// relative to epoch. Locked objects are not included (do not confuse
-// with objects of type LOCK).
-//
-// If h returns ErrInterruptIterator, nil returns immediately.
-// Returns other errors of h directly.
-func (db *DB) IterateExpired(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, h ExpiredObjectHandler) error {
-	var (
-		startedAt = time.Now()
-		success   = false
-	)
-	defer func() {
-		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("IterateExpired", time.Since(startedAt), success)
-	}()
-	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.IterateExpired",
-		trace.WithAttributes(
-			attribute.String("epoch", strconv.FormatUint(epoch, 10)),
-		))
-	defer span.End()
-
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
-
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		return ErrDegradedMode
-	}
-
-	err := metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		return db.iterateExpired(tx, epoch, h)
-	}))
-	success = err == nil
-	return err
-}
-
-func (db *DB) iterateExpired(tx *bbolt.Tx, epoch uint64, h ExpiredObjectHandler) error {
-	err := tx.ForEach(func(name []byte, b *bbolt.Bucket) error {
-		cidBytes := cidFromAttributeBucket(name, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpoch)
-		if cidBytes == nil {
-			cidBytes = cidFromAttributeBucket(name, objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpochNeoFS)
-			if cidBytes == nil {
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-
-		var cnrID cid.ID
-		err := cnrID.Decode(cidBytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not parse container ID of expired bucket: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		return b.ForEachBucket(func(expKey []byte) error {
-			bktExpired := b.Bucket(expKey)
-			expiresAfter, err := strconv.ParseUint(string(expKey), 10, 64)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("could not parse expiration epoch: %w", err)
-			} else if expiresAfter >= epoch {
-				return nil
-			}
-
-			return bktExpired.ForEach(func(idKey, _ []byte) error {
-				var id oid.ID
-
-				err = id.Decode(idKey)
-				if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse ID of expired object: %w", err)
-				}
-
-				// Ignore locked objects.
-				//
-				// To slightly optimize performance we can check only REGULAR objects
-				// (only they can be locked), but it's more reliable.
-				if objectLocked(tx, cnrID, id) {
-					return nil
-				}
-
-				var addr oid.Address
-				addr.SetContainer(cnrID)
-				addr.SetObject(id)
-
-				return h(&ExpiredObject{
-					typ:  firstIrregularObjectType(tx, cnrID, idKey),
-					addr: addr,
-				})
-			})
-		})
-	})
-
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrInterruptIterator) {
-		err = nil
-	}
-
-	return err
-}
 
 // IterateCoveredByTombstones iterates over all objects in DB which are covered
 // by tombstone with string address from tss. Locked objects are not included
@@ -164,68 +66,99 @@ func (db *DB) IterateCoveredByTombstones(ctx context.Context, tss map[string]oid
 		return ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	return db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	return db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		return db.iterateCoveredByTombstones(tx, tss, h)
+		return db.iterateCoveredByTombstones(ctx, tx, tss, h)
 	})
 }
 
-func (db *DB) iterateCoveredByTombstones(tx *bbolt.Tx, tss map[string]oid.Address, h func(oid.Address) error) error {
+func (db *DB) iterateCoveredByTombstones(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, tss map[string]oid.Address, h func(oid.Address) error) error {
-	bktGraveyard := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
+	prefix := []byte{graveyardPrefix}
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
+		PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
+		Prefix:         prefix,
+		PrefetchValues: true,
+	})
+	defer it.Close()
 
-	err := bktGraveyard.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
-		var addr oid.Address
+		select {
-		if err := decodeAddressFromKey(&addr, v); err != nil {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		var tombstoneAddress oid.Address
+		if err := it.Item().Value(func(val []byte) error {
+			var e error
+			tombstoneAddress, e = decodeAddressFromGrave(val)
+			return e
+		}); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if _, ok := tss[addr.EncodeToString()]; ok {
+		if _, ok := tss[tombstoneAddress.EncodeToString()]; !ok {
-			var addr oid.Address
+			continue
+		}
 
-			err := decodeAddressFromKey(&addr, k)
+		var objectAddress oid.Address
-			if err != nil {
+		var err error
-				return fmt.Errorf("could not parse address of the object under tombstone: %w", err)
+		objectAddress, err = addressFromGraveyardKey(it.Item().Key())
-			}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
-			if objectLocked(tx, addr.Container(), addr.Object()) {
+		isLocked, err := objectLocked(ctx, tx, objectAddress.Container(), objectAddress.Object())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if isLocked {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := h(objectAddress); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, ErrInterruptIterator) {
 				return nil
 			}
-
+			return err
-			return h(addr)
 		}
-
-		return nil
-	})
-
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrInterruptIterator) {
-		err = nil
 	}
-
+	return nil
-	return err
 }
 
-func iteratePhyObjects(tx *bbolt.Tx, f func(cid.ID, oid.ID) error) error {
+func iteratePhyObjects(tx *badger.Txn, f func(cid.ID, oid.ID, *objectSDK.Object) error) error {
-	var cid cid.ID
+	if err := iteratePhyObjectsWithPrefix(tx, primaryPrefix, f); err != nil {
-	var oid oid.ID
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := iteratePhyObjectsWithPrefix(tx, lockersPrefix, f); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := iteratePhyObjectsWithPrefix(tx, tombstonePrefix, f); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-	return tx.ForEach(func(name []byte, b *bbolt.Bucket) error {
+func iteratePhyObjectsWithPrefix(tx *badger.Txn, typePrefix byte, f func(cid.ID, oid.ID, *objectSDK.Object) error) error {
-		b58CID, postfix := parseContainerIDWithPrefix(&cid, name)
+	prefix := []byte{typePrefix}
-		if len(b58CID) == 0 {
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
-			return nil
+		PrefetchSize:   badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
-		}
+		Prefix:         prefix,
-
+		PrefetchValues: true,
-		switch postfix {
-		case primaryPrefix,
-			lockersPrefix,
-			tombstonePrefix:
-		default:
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		return b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
-			if oid.Decode(k) == nil {
-				return f(cid, oid)
-			}
-
-			return nil
-		})
 	})
+	defer it.Close()
+
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
+		addr, err := addressFromKey(typePrefix, it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		obj := objectSDK.New()
+		if err := it.Item().Value(func(val []byte) error {
+			return obj.Unmarshal(val)
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := f(addr.Container(), addr.Object(), obj); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/iterators_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestDB_IterateExpired(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const epoch = 13
 
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ func putWithExpiration(t *testing.T, db *meta.DB, typ objectSDK.Type, expiresAt
 
 func TestDB_IterateCoveredByTombstones(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	ts := oidtest.Address()
 	protected1 := oidtest.Address()

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/list.go

@@ -2,16 +2,17 @@ package meta
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 	"time"
 
 	objectcore "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
-	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -21,10 +22,33 @@ import (
 // cursor. Use nil cursor object to start listing again.
 var ErrEndOfListing = logicerr.New("end of object listing")
 
+type listPrefix struct {
+	prefix     []byte
+	keyParser  func(k []byte) (oid.Address, error)
+	objectType objectSDK.Type
+}
+
+var listPrefixes = []listPrefix{
+	{
+		prefix:     []byte{primaryPrefix},
+		keyParser:  addressFromPrimaryKey,
+		objectType: objectSDK.TypeRegular,
+	},
+	{
+		prefix:     []byte{lockersPrefix},
+		keyParser:  addressFromLockersKey,
+		objectType: objectSDK.TypeLock,
+	},
+	{
+		prefix:     []byte{tombstonePrefix},
+		keyParser:  addressFromTombstoneKey,
+		objectType: objectSDK.TypeTombstone,
+	},
+}
+
 // Cursor is a type for continuous object listing.
 type Cursor struct {
-	bucketName     []byte
+	lastKey []byte
-	inBucketOffset []byte
 }
 
 // ListPrm contains parameters for ListWithCursor operation.
@@ -89,151 +113,99 @@ func (db *DB) ListWithCursor(ctx context.Context, prm ListPrm) (res ListRes, err
 		return res, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	result := make([]objectcore.AddressWithType, 0, prm.count)
+	if prm.count == 0 {
+		return ListRes{}, ErrEndOfListing
+	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		res.addrList, res.cursor, err = db.listWithCursor(tx, result, prm.count, prm.cursor)
+		res.addrList, res.cursor, err = db.listWithCursor(ctx, tx, prm.count, prm.cursor)
 		return err
 	})
 	success = err == nil
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) listWithCursor(tx *bbolt.Tx, result []objectcore.AddressWithType, count int, cursor *Cursor) ([]objectcore.AddressWithType, *Cursor, error) {
+func (db *DB) listWithCursor(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, count int, cursor *Cursor) ([]objectcore.AddressWithType, *Cursor, error) {
-	threshold := cursor == nil // threshold is a flag to ignore cursor
+	var prefix []byte
-	var bucketName []byte
+	var lastSeen []byte
-
+	if cursor != nil {
-	c := tx.Cursor()
+		prefix = []byte{cursor.lastKey[0]}
-	name, _ := c.First()
+		lastSeen = cursor.lastKey
-
+	} else {
-	if !threshold {
+		prefix = listPrefixes[0].prefix
-		name, _ = c.Seek(cursor.bucketName)
 	}
 
-	var containerID cid.ID
+	idx := slices.IndexFunc(listPrefixes, func(e listPrefix) bool {
-	var offset []byte
+		return e.prefix[0] == prefix[0]
-	graveyardBkt := tx.Bucket(graveyardBucketName)
+	})
-	garbageBkt := tx.Bucket(garbageBucketName)
+	if idx < 0 {
-
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid prefix value %d", prefix[0])
-	var rawAddr = make([]byte, cidSize, addressKeySize)
-
-loop:
-	for ; name != nil; name, _ = c.Next() {
-		cidRaw, prefix := parseContainerIDWithPrefix(&containerID, name)
-		if cidRaw == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		var objType objectSDK.Type
-
-		switch prefix {
-		case primaryPrefix:
-			objType = objectSDK.TypeRegular
-		case lockersPrefix:
-			objType = objectSDK.TypeLock
-		case tombstonePrefix:
-			objType = objectSDK.TypeTombstone
-		default:
-			continue
-		}
-
-		bkt := tx.Bucket(name)
-		if bkt != nil {
-			copy(rawAddr, cidRaw)
-			result, offset, cursor = selectNFromBucket(bkt, objType, graveyardBkt, garbageBkt, rawAddr, containerID,
-				result, count, cursor, threshold)
-		}
-		bucketName = name
-		if len(result) >= count {
-			break loop
-		}
-
-		// set threshold flag after first `selectNFromBucket` invocation
-		// first invocation must look for cursor object
-		threshold = true
 	}
 
-	if offset != nil {
+	var next Cursor
-		// new slice is much faster but less memory efficient
+	result := make([]objectcore.AddressWithType, 0, count)
-		// we need to copy, because offset exists during bbolt tx
+	for ; idx < len(listPrefixes); idx++ {
-		cursor.inBucketOffset = make([]byte, len(offset))
+		indexResult, lastIndexSeen, err := listByPrefix(ctx, tx, lastSeen, idx, count-len(result))
-		copy(cursor.inBucketOffset, offset)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		result = append(result, indexResult...)
+		if len(lastIndexSeen) > 0 {
+			next.lastKey = lastIndexSeen
+		}
+		if len(result) == count {
+			return result, &next, nil
+		}
+		lastSeen = nil
 	}
-
 	if len(result) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, ErrEndOfListing
 	}
-
+	return result, &next, nil
-	// new slice is much faster but less memory efficient
-	// we need to copy, because bucketName exists during bbolt tx
-	cursor.bucketName = make([]byte, len(bucketName))
-	copy(cursor.bucketName, bucketName)
-
-	return result, cursor, nil
 }
 
-// selectNFromBucket similar to selectAllFromBucket but uses cursor to find
+func listByPrefix(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, lastSeen []byte, idx int, count int) ([]objectcore.AddressWithType, []byte, error) {
-// object to start selecting from. Ignores inhumed objects.
+	var result []objectcore.AddressWithType
-func selectNFromBucket(bkt *bbolt.Bucket, // main bucket
+	for {
-	objType objectSDK.Type, // type of the objects stored in the main bucket
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, listPrefixes[idx].prefix, lastSeen, listPrefixes[idx].objectType == objectSDK.TypeRegular, count-len(result))
-	graveyardBkt, garbageBkt *bbolt.Bucket, // cached graveyard buckets
+		if err != nil {
-	cidRaw []byte, // container ID prefix, optimization
+			return nil, nil, err
-	cnt cid.ID, // container ID
-	to []objectcore.AddressWithType, // listing result
-	limit int, // stop listing at `limit` items in result
-	cursor *Cursor, // start from cursor object
-	threshold bool, // ignore cursor and start immediately
-) ([]objectcore.AddressWithType, []byte, *Cursor) {
-	if cursor == nil {
-		cursor = new(Cursor)
-	}
-
-	count := len(to)
-	c := bkt.Cursor()
-	k, _ := c.First()
-
-	offset := cursor.inBucketOffset
-
-	if !threshold {
-		c.Seek(offset)
-		k, _ = c.Next() // we are looking for objects _after_ the cursor
-	}
-
-	for ; k != nil; k, _ = c.Next() {
-		if count >= limit {
-			break
 		}
-
+		if len(kvs) == 0 {
-		var obj oid.ID
+			return result, lastSeen, nil
-		if err := obj.Decode(k); err != nil {
-			break
 		}
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			addr, err := listPrefixes[idx].keyParser(kv.Key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			st, err := inGraveyardWithKey(tx, addr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			if st > 0 {
+				continue
+			}
 
-		offset = k
+			var isLinkingObj bool
-		if inGraveyardWithKey(append(cidRaw, k...), graveyardBkt, garbageBkt) > 0 {
+			if listPrefixes[idx].objectType == objectSDK.TypeRegular {
-			continue
+				var o objectSDK.Object
+				if err := o.Unmarshal(kv.Value); err != nil {
+					return nil, nil, err
+				}
+				isLinkingObj = isLinkObject(&o)
+			}
+
+			result = append(result, objectcore.AddressWithType{
+				Address:         addr,
+				Type:            listPrefixes[idx].objectType,
+				IsLinkingObject: isLinkingObj,
+			})
+
+			if len(result) == count {
+				return result, lastSeen, nil
+			}
 		}
-
-		var a oid.Address
-		a.SetContainer(cnt)
-		a.SetObject(obj)
-		to = append(to, objectcore.AddressWithType{Address: a, Type: objType})
-		count++
 	}
-
-	return to, offset, cursor
-}
-
-func parseContainerIDWithPrefix(containerID *cid.ID, name []byte) ([]byte, byte) {
-	if len(name) < bucketKeySize {
-		return nil, 0
-	}
-
-	rawID := name[1:bucketKeySize]
-
-	if err := containerID.Decode(rawID); err != nil {
-		return nil, 0
-	}
-
-	return rawID, name[0]
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/list_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package meta_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oidtest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 )
 
 func BenchmarkListWithCursor(b *testing.B) {
@@ -30,9 +28,8 @@ func BenchmarkListWithCursor(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func listWithCursorPrepareDB(b *testing.B) *meta.DB {
-	db := newDB(b, meta.WithMaxBatchSize(1), meta.WithBoltDBOptions(&bbolt.Options{
+	db := newDB(b)
-		NoSync: true,
+	defer func() { require.NoError(b, db.Close()) }()
-	})) // faster single-thread generation
 
 	obj := testutil.GenerateObject()
 	for i := 0; i < 100_000; i++ { // should be a multiple of all batch sizes
@@ -70,6 +67,7 @@ func TestLisObjectsWithCursor(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const (
 		containers = 5
@@ -126,8 +124,6 @@ func TestLisObjectsWithCursor(t *testing.T) {
 		expected = append(expected, object.AddressWithType{Address: object.AddressOf(child), Type: objectSDK.TypeRegular})
 	}
 
-	expected = sortAddresses(expected)
-
 	t.Run("success with various count", func(t *testing.T) {
 		for countPerReq := 1; countPerReq <= total; countPerReq++ {
 			got := make([]object.AddressWithType, 0, total)
@@ -148,10 +144,8 @@ func TestLisObjectsWithCursor(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			_, _, err = metaListWithCursor(db, uint32(countPerReq), cursor)
-			require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrEndOfListing, "count:%d", countPerReq, cursor)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrEndOfListing, "count:%d, cursor:%v", countPerReq, cursor)
-
+			require.ElementsMatch(t, expected, got, "count:%d", countPerReq)
-			got = sortAddresses(got)
-			require.Equal(t, expected, got, "count:%d", countPerReq)
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -165,6 +159,7 @@ func TestAddObjectDuringListingWithCursor(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	const total = 5
 
@@ -211,14 +206,6 @@ func TestAddObjectDuringListingWithCursor(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, v := range expected {
 		require.Equal(t, 1, v)
 	}
-
-}
-
-func sortAddresses(addrWithType []object.AddressWithType) []object.AddressWithType {
-	sort.Slice(addrWithType, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return addrWithType[i].Address.EncodeToString() < addrWithType[j].Address.EncodeToString()
-	})
-	return addrWithType
 }
 
 func metaListWithCursor(db *meta.DB, count uint32, cursor *meta.Cursor) ([]object.AddressWithType, *meta.Cursor, error) {

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/lock.go

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
@@ -13,23 +11,16 @@ import (
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
-var bucketNameLocked = []byte{lockedPrefix}
-
 type keyValue struct {
 	Key   []byte
 	Value []byte
 }
 
-// returns name of the bucket with objects of type LOCK for specified container.
-func bucketNameLockers(idCnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
-	return bucketName(idCnr, lockersPrefix, key)
-}
-
 // Lock marks objects as locked with another object. All objects are from the
 // specified container.
 //
@@ -66,66 +57,43 @@ func (db *DB) Lock(ctx context.Context, cnr cid.ID, locker oid.ID, locked []oid.
 		panic("empty locked list")
 	}
 
-	err := db.lockInternal(locked, cnr, locker)
+	err := db.database.Update(func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
+		return lockInternal(txn, locked, cnr, locker)
+	})
 	success = err == nil
 	return err
 }
 
-func (db *DB) lockInternal(locked []oid.ID, cnr cid.ID, locker oid.ID) error {
+func lockInternal(tx *badger.Txn, locked []oid.ID, cnr cid.ID, locker oid.ID) error {
-	bucketKeysLocked := make([][]byte, len(locked))
+	t, err := firstIrregularObjectType(tx, cnr, locked...)
-	for i := range locked {
+	if err != nil {
-		bucketKeysLocked[i] = objectKey(locked[i], make([]byte, objectKeySize))
+		return err
+	}
+	if t != objectSDK.TypeRegular {
+		return logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.LockNonRegularObject))
 	}
-	key := make([]byte, cidSize)
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	for _, objID := range locked {
-		if firstIrregularObjectType(tx, cnr, bucketKeysLocked...) != objectSDK.TypeRegular {
+		key := lockedKey(cnr, objID, locker)
-			return logicerr.Wrap(new(apistatus.LockNonRegularObject))
+		v, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
-		}
-
-		bucketLocked := tx.Bucket(bucketNameLocked)
-
-		cnr.Encode(key)
-		bucketLockedContainer, err := bucketLocked.CreateBucketIfNotExists(key)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("create container bucket for locked objects %v: %w", cnr, err)
+			return err
+		}
+		if v != nil {
+			// already locked by locker
+			continue
 		}
 
-		keyLocker := objectKey(locker, key)
+		if err := tx.Set(key, zeroValue); err != nil {
-		var exLockers [][]byte
+			return err
-		var updLockers []byte
-
-	loop:
-		for i := range bucketKeysLocked {
-			exLockers, err = decodeList(bucketLockedContainer.Get(bucketKeysLocked[i]))
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("decode list of object lockers: %w", err)
-			}
-
-			for i := range exLockers {
-				if bytes.Equal(exLockers[i], keyLocker) {
-					continue loop
-				}
-			}
-
-			updLockers, err = encodeList(append(exLockers, keyLocker))
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("encode list of object lockers: %w", err)
-			}
-
-			err = bucketLockedContainer.Put(bucketKeysLocked[i], updLockers)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("update list of object lockers: %w", err)
-			}
 		}
-
+	}
-		return nil
+	return nil
-	}))
 }
 
 // FreeLockedBy unlocks all objects in DB which are locked by lockers.
 // Returns slice of unlocked object ID's or an error.
-func (db *DB) FreeLockedBy(lockers []oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
+func (db *DB) FreeLockedBy(ctx context.Context, lockers []oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
 	var (
 		startedAt = time.Now()
 		success   = false
@@ -143,9 +111,9 @@ func (db *DB) FreeLockedBy(lockers []oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
 
 	var unlockedObjects []oid.Address
 
-	if err := db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	if err := db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
 		for i := range lockers {
-			unlocked, err := freePotentialLocks(tx, lockers[i].Container(), lockers[i].Object())
+			unlocked, err := freePotentialLocks(ctx, tx, lockers[i])
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -161,18 +129,14 @@ func (db *DB) FreeLockedBy(lockers []oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
 }
 
 // checks if specified object is locked in the specified container.
-func objectLocked(tx *bbolt.Tx, idCnr cid.ID, idObj oid.ID) bool {
+func objectLocked(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, idCnr cid.ID, idObj oid.ID) (bool, error) {
-	bucketLocked := tx.Bucket(bucketNameLocked)
+	prefix := lockedKeyLongPrefix(idCnr, idObj)
-	if bucketLocked != nil {
-		key := make([]byte, cidSize)
-		idCnr.Encode(key)
-		bucketLockedContainer := bucketLocked.Bucket(key)
-		if bucketLockedContainer != nil {
-			return bucketLockedContainer.Get(objectKey(idObj, key)) != nil
-		}
-	}
 
-	return false
+	items, err := selectByPrefixBatch(ctx, tx, prefix, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return len(items) > 0, nil
 }
 
 // releases all records about the objects locked by the locker.
@@ -181,96 +145,64 @@ func objectLocked(tx *bbolt.Tx, idCnr cid.ID, idObj oid.ID) bool {
 // Operation is very resource-intensive, which is caused by the admissibility
 // of multiple locks. Also, if we knew what objects are locked, it would be
 // possible to speed up the execution.
-func freePotentialLocks(tx *bbolt.Tx, idCnr cid.ID, locker oid.ID) ([]oid.Address, error) {
+func freePotentialLocks(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, locker oid.Address) ([]oid.Address, error) {
 	var unlockedObjects []oid.Address
-	bucketLocked := tx.Bucket(bucketNameLocked)
-	if bucketLocked == nil {
-		return unlockedObjects, nil
-	}
-
-	key := make([]byte, cidSize)
-	idCnr.Encode(key)
-
-	bucketLockedContainer := bucketLocked.Bucket(key)
-	if bucketLockedContainer == nil {
-		return unlockedObjects, nil
-	}
-
-	keyLocker := objectKey(locker, key)
-	updates := make([]keyValue, 0)
-	err := bucketLockedContainer.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
-		keyLockers, err := decodeList(v)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("decode list of lockers in locked bucket: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		for i := range keyLockers {
-			if bytes.Equal(keyLockers[i], keyLocker) {
-				if len(keyLockers) == 1 {
-					updates = append(updates, keyValue{
-						Key:   k,
-						Value: nil,
-					})
-
-					var id oid.ID
-					err = id.Decode(k)
-					if err != nil {
-						return fmt.Errorf("decode unlocked object id error: %w", err)
-					}
-
-					var addr oid.Address
-					addr.SetContainer(idCnr)
-					addr.SetObject(id)
-
-					unlockedObjects = append(unlockedObjects, addr)
-				} else {
-					// exclude locker
-					keyLockers = append(keyLockers[:i], keyLockers[i+1:]...)
-
-					v, err = encodeList(keyLockers)
-					if err != nil {
-						return fmt.Errorf("encode updated list of lockers: %w", err)
-					}
-
-					updates = append(updates, keyValue{
-						Key:   k,
-						Value: v,
-					})
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	})
 
+	locked, err := lockedObjects(tx, locker)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	if err = applyBucketUpdates(bucketLockedContainer, updates); err != nil {
+	for _, lockedObject := range locked {
-		return nil, err
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		if err := tx.Delete(lockedKey(locker.Container(), lockedObject, locker.Object())); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		isLocked, err := objectLocked(ctx, tx, locker.Container(), lockedObject)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !isLocked { // deleted locker was the last one
+			var addr oid.Address
+			addr.SetContainer(locker.Container())
+			addr.SetObject(lockedObject)
+			unlockedObjects = append(unlockedObjects, addr)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return unlockedObjects, nil
 }
 
-func applyBucketUpdates(bucket *bbolt.Bucket, updates []keyValue) error {
+func lockedObjects(tx *badger.Txn, locker oid.Address) ([]oid.ID, error) {
-	for _, update := range updates {
+	var lockedByLocker []oid.ID
-		if update.Value == nil {
+
-			err := bucket.Delete(update.Key)
+	prefix := lockedKeyShortPrefix(locker.Container())
-			if err != nil {
+	it := tx.NewIterator(badger.IteratorOptions{
-				return fmt.Errorf("delete locked object record from locked bucket: %w", err)
+		PrefetchSize: badger.DefaultIteratorOptions.PrefetchSize,
-			}
+		Prefix:       prefix,
-		} else {
+	})
-			err := bucket.Put(update.Key, update.Value)
+	defer it.Close()
-			if err != nil {
+
-				return fmt.Errorf("update list of lockers: %w", err)
+	for it.Seek(nil); it.ValidForPrefix(prefix); it.Next() {
-			}
+		currentLockerObjID, err := lockerObjectIDFromLockedKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
+		if !currentLockerObjID.Equals(locker.Object()) {
+			continue
+		}
+		currentObjectID, err := objectIDFromLockedKey(it.Item().Key())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		lockedByLocker = append(lockedByLocker, currentObjectID)
 	}
-	return nil
+	return lockedByLocker, nil
 }
 
 // IsLockedPrm groups the parameters of IsLocked operation.
@@ -319,9 +251,10 @@ func (db *DB) IsLocked(ctx context.Context, prm IsLockedPrm) (res IsLockedRes, e
 	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
 		return res, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
-	err = metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = metaerr.Wrap(db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		res.locked = objectLocked(tx, prm.addr.Container(), prm.addr.Object())
+		var e error
-		return nil
+		res.locked, e = objectLocked(ctx, tx, prm.addr.Container(), prm.addr.Object())
+		return e
 	}))
 	success = err == nil
 	return res, err

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/lock_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ func TestDB_Lock(t *testing.T) {
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	t.Run("empty locked list", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Panics(t, func() { _ = db.Lock(context.Background(), cnr, oid.ID{}, nil) })
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func TestDB_Lock(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Len(t, res.DeletedLockObjects(), 1)
 		require.Equal(t, objectcore.AddressOf(lockObj), res.DeletedLockObjects()[0])
 
-		_, err = db.FreeLockedBy([]oid.Address{lockAddr})
+		_, err = db.FreeLockedBy(context.Background(), []oid.Address{lockAddr})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		inhumePrm.SetAddresses(objAddr)
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ func TestDB_Lock(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// unlock just objects that were locked by
 		// just removed locker
-		_, err = db.FreeLockedBy([]oid.Address{res.DeletedLockObjects()[0]})
+		_, err = db.FreeLockedBy(context.Background(), []oid.Address{res.DeletedLockObjects()[0]})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		// removing objects after unlock
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ func TestDB_Lock_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	es := &epochState{e: 123}
 
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(es))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// put an object
 	addr := putWithExpiration(t, db, objectSDK.TypeRegular, 124)
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ func TestDB_IsLocked(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	// existing and locked objs
 

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/mode.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
 )
 
@@ -18,26 +19,21 @@ func (db *DB) SetMode(m mode.Mode) error {
 	}
 
 	if !db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+		if err := db.close(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("can't set metabase mode (old=%s, new=%s): %w", db.mode, m, err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	var err error
+	if m.NoMetabase() {
-	switch {
+		db.database = nil
-	case m.NoMetabase():
+	} else {
-		db.boltDB = nil
+		err := db.openDB(m)
-	case m.ReadOnly():
+		if err == nil && !m.ReadOnly() {
-		err = db.Open(context.TODO(), true)
+			err = metaerr.Wrap(db.init(context.TODO(), false))
-	default:
+		}
-		err = db.Open(context.TODO(), false)
+		if err != nil {
-	}
+			return fmt.Errorf("can't set metabase mode (old=%s, new=%s): %w", db.mode, m, err)
-	if err == nil && !m.NoMetabase() && !m.ReadOnly() {
+		}
-		err = db.Init()
-	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't set metabase mode (old=%s, new=%s): %w", db.mode, m, err)
 	}
 
 	db.mode = m

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/mode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type epochStateTest struct{}
+
+func (s epochStateTest) CurrentEpoch() uint64 {
+	return 0
+}
+
+func Test_Mode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	bdb := New([]Option{
+		WithPath(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "metabase")),
+		WithPermissions(0o600),
+		WithEpochState(epochStateTest{}),
+	}...)
+
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Open(context.Background(), false))
+	require.Nil(t, bdb.database)
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Init())
+	require.Nil(t, bdb.database)
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Close())
+
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Open(context.Background(), false))
+	require.Nil(t, bdb.database)
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Init())
+	require.Nil(t, bdb.database)
+	require.NoError(t, bdb.Close())
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/movable.go

@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-package meta
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
-	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
-)
-
-// ToMoveItPrm groups the parameters of ToMoveIt operation.
-type ToMoveItPrm struct {
-	addr oid.Address
-}
-
-// ToMoveItRes groups the resulting values of ToMoveIt operation.
-type ToMoveItRes struct{}
-
-// SetAddress sets address of the object to move into another shard.
-func (p *ToMoveItPrm) SetAddress(addr oid.Address) {
-	p.addr = addr
-}
-
-// DoNotMovePrm groups the parameters of DoNotMove operation.
-type DoNotMovePrm struct {
-	addr oid.Address
-}
-
-// DoNotMoveRes groups the resulting values of DoNotMove operation.
-type DoNotMoveRes struct{}
-
-// SetAddress sets address of the object to prevent moving into another shard.
-func (p *DoNotMovePrm) SetAddress(addr oid.Address) {
-	p.addr = addr
-}
-
-// MovablePrm groups the parameters of Movable operation.
-type MovablePrm struct{}
-
-// MovableRes groups the resulting values of Movable operation.
-type MovableRes struct {
-	addrList []oid.Address
-}
-
-// AddressList returns resulting addresses of Movable operation.
-func (p MovableRes) AddressList() []oid.Address {
-	return p.addrList
-}
-
-// ToMoveIt marks objects to move it into another shard. This useful for
-// faster HRW fetching.
-func (db *DB) ToMoveIt(ctx context.Context, prm ToMoveItPrm) (res ToMoveItRes, err error) {
-	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.ToMoveIt",
-		trace.WithAttributes(
-			attribute.String("address", prm.addr.EncodeToString()),
-		))
-	defer span.End()
-
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
-
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		return res, ErrDegradedMode
-	} else if db.mode.ReadOnly() {
-		return res, ErrReadOnlyMode
-	}
-
-	key := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
-	key = addressKey(prm.addr, key)
-
-	err = db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		toMoveIt := tx.Bucket(toMoveItBucketName)
-		return toMoveIt.Put(key, zeroValue)
-	})
-
-	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-}
-
-// DoNotMove removes `MoveIt` mark from the object.
-func (db *DB) DoNotMove(prm DoNotMovePrm) (res DoNotMoveRes, err error) {
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
-
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		return res, ErrDegradedMode
-	} else if db.mode.ReadOnly() {
-		return res, ErrReadOnlyMode
-	}
-
-	key := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
-	key = addressKey(prm.addr, key)
-
-	err = db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		toMoveIt := tx.Bucket(toMoveItBucketName)
-		return toMoveIt.Delete(key)
-	})
-
-	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-}
-
-// Movable returns list of marked objects to move into other shard.
-func (db *DB) Movable(_ MovablePrm) (MovableRes, error) {
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
-
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		return MovableRes{}, ErrDegradedMode
-	}
-
-	var strAddrs []string
-
-	err := db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
-		toMoveIt := tx.Bucket(toMoveItBucketName)
-		return toMoveIt.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
-			strAddrs = append(strAddrs, string(k))
-
-			return nil
-		})
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return MovableRes{}, metaerr.Wrap(err)
-	}
-
-	// we can parse strings to structures in-place, but probably it seems
-	// more efficient to keep bolt db TX code smaller because it might be
-	// bottleneck.
-	addrs := make([]oid.Address, len(strAddrs))
-
-	for i := range strAddrs {
-		err = decodeAddressFromKey(&addrs[i], []byte(strAddrs[i]))
-		if err != nil {
-			return MovableRes{}, metaerr.Wrap(fmt.Errorf("can't parse object address %v: %w",
-				strAddrs[i], err))
-		}
-	}
-
-	return MovableRes{
-		addrList: addrs,
-	}, nil
-}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/movable_test.go

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-package meta_test
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"testing"
-
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
-	meta "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/metabase"
-	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestDB_Movable(t *testing.T) {
-	db := newDB(t)
-
-	raw1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
-	raw2 := testutil.GenerateObject()
-
-	// put two objects in metabase
-	err := putBig(db, raw1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	err = putBig(db, raw2)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// check if toMoveIt index empty
-	toMoveList, err := metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, toMoveList, 0)
-
-	// mark to move object2
-	err = metaToMoveIt(db, object.AddressOf(raw2))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// check if toMoveIt index contains address of object 2
-	toMoveList, err = metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, toMoveList, 1)
-	require.Contains(t, toMoveList, object.AddressOf(raw2))
-
-	// remove from toMoveIt index non existing address
-	err = metaDoNotMove(db, object.AddressOf(raw1))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// check if toMoveIt index hasn't changed
-	toMoveList, err = metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, toMoveList, 1)
-
-	// remove from toMoveIt index existing address
-	err = metaDoNotMove(db, object.AddressOf(raw2))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// check if toMoveIt index is empty now
-	toMoveList, err = metaMovable(db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, toMoveList, 0)
-}
-
-func metaToMoveIt(db *meta.DB, addr oid.Address) error {
-	var toMovePrm meta.ToMoveItPrm
-	toMovePrm.SetAddress(addr)
-
-	_, err := db.ToMoveIt(context.Background(), toMovePrm)
-	return err
-}
-
-func metaMovable(db *meta.DB) ([]oid.Address, error) {
-	r, err := db.Movable(meta.MovablePrm{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return r.AddressList(), nil
-}
-
-func metaDoNotMove(db *meta.DB, addr oid.Address) error {
-	var doNotMovePrm meta.DoNotMovePrm
-	doNotMovePrm.SetAddress(addr)
-
-	_, err := db.DoNotMove(doNotMovePrm)
-	return err
-}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+
+	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+)
+
+// valueOrNil returns value or nil, if key not found.
+// value must be used only inside transaction.
+func valueOrNil(tx *badger.Txn, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	i, err := tx.Get(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, badger.ErrKeyNotFound) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var value []byte
+	if err := i.Value(func(val []byte) error {
+		value = val
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+func parseInt64Value(v []byte) (int64, bool) {
+	if len(v) == 0 {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	if len(v) != 8 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	return int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v)), true
+}
+
+func marshalInt64(v int64) []byte {
+	buf := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf, uint64(v))
+	return buf
+}
+
+func parseContainerIDWithIgnore(dst *cid.ID, name []byte, ignore map[string]struct{}) bool {
+	if len(name) < bucketKeySize {
+		return false
+	}
+	if _, ok := ignore[string(name[1:bucketKeySize])]; ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return dst.Decode(name[1:bucketKeySize]) == nil
+}
+
+func parseContainerID(dst *cid.ID, name []byte) bool {
+	if len(name) < bucketKeySize {
+		return false
+	}
+	return dst.Decode(name[1:bucketKeySize]) == nil
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/put.go

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package meta
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	gio "io"
+	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	objectV2 "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-api-go/v2/object"
 	objectCore "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	storagelog "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/log"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
@@ -16,18 +16,11 @@ import (
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
-type (
-	namedBucketItem struct {
-		name, key, val []byte
-	}
-)
-
 // PutPrm groups the parameters of Put operation.
 type PutPrm struct {
 	obj *objectSDK.Object
@@ -36,7 +29,9 @@ type PutPrm struct {
 }
 
 // PutRes groups the resulting values of Put operation.
-type PutRes struct{}
+type PutRes struct {
+	Inserted bool
+}
 
 // SetObject is a Put option to set object to save.
 func (p *PutPrm) SetObject(obj *objectSDK.Object) {
@@ -52,6 +47,8 @@ var (
 	ErrUnknownObjectType        = errors.New("unknown object type")
 	ErrIncorrectSplitInfoUpdate = errors.New("updating split info on object without it")
 	ErrIncorrectRootObject      = errors.New("invalid root object")
+
+	errInvalidUserAttributeKeyFormat = errors.New("invalid user attribute key format")
 )
 
 // Put saves object header in metabase. Object payload expected to be cut.
@@ -83,10 +80,27 @@ func (db *DB) Put(ctx context.Context, prm PutPrm) (res PutRes, err error) {
 	}
 
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
+	cnr, ok := prm.obj.ContainerID()
+	if !ok {
+		return PutRes{}, errors.New("missing container in object")
+	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.Batch(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	bucketID, release := db.bucketIDs.BucketID(cnr)
-		return db.put(tx, prm.obj, prm.id, nil, currEpoch)
+	defer release()
-	})
+
+	const retryCount = 10
+	for i := 0; i < retryCount; i++ {
+		err = db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+			var e error
+			res, e = db.put(ctx, tx, prm.obj, prm.id, nil, currEpoch, bucketID)
+			return e
+		})
+		if errors.Is(err, badger.ErrConflict) {
+			time.Sleep(retryTimeout)
+			continue
+		}
+		break
+	}
 	if err == nil {
 		success = true
 		storagelog.Write(db.log,
@@ -97,42 +111,46 @@ func (db *DB) Put(ctx context.Context, prm PutPrm) (res PutRes, err error) {
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) put(tx *bbolt.Tx,
+func (db *DB) put(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
 	obj *objectSDK.Object,
 	id []byte,
 	si *objectSDK.SplitInfo,
-	currEpoch uint64) error {
+	currEpoch uint64,
+	bucketID uint16,
+) (PutRes, error) {
 	cnr, ok := obj.ContainerID()
 	if !ok {
-		return errors.New("missing container in object")
+		return PutRes{}, errors.New("missing container in object")
 	}
 
 	isParent := si != nil
 
-	exists, err := db.exists(tx, objectCore.AddressOf(obj), currEpoch)
+	exists, err := exists(ctx, tx, objectCore.AddressOf(obj), currEpoch)
 
 	var splitInfoError *objectSDK.SplitInfoError
 	if errors.As(err, &splitInfoError) {
 		exists = true // object exists, however it is virtual
 	} else if err != nil {
-		return err // return any error besides SplitInfoError
+		return PutRes{}, err // return any error besides SplitInfoError
 	}
 
 	if exists {
-		return db.updateObj(tx, obj, id, si, isParent)
+		return PutRes{}, db.updateObj(tx, obj, id, si, isParent)
 	}
 
-	return db.insertObject(tx, obj, id, si, isParent, cnr, currEpoch)
+	return PutRes{Inserted: true}, db.insertObject(ctx, tx, obj, id, si, isParent, cnr, currEpoch, bucketID)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) updateObj(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *objectSDK.SplitInfo, isParent bool) error {
+func (db *DB) updateObj(tx *badger.Txn, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *objectSDK.SplitInfo, isParent bool) error {
 	// most right child and split header overlap parent so we have to
 	// check if object exists to not overwrite it twice
 
 	// When storage engine moves objects between different sub-storages,
 	// it calls metabase.Put method with new storage ID, thus triggering this code.
 	if !isParent && id != nil {
-		return updateStorageID(tx, objectCore.AddressOf(obj), id)
+		return setStorageID(tx, objectCore.AddressOf(obj), id, true)
 	}
 
 	// when storage already has last object in split hierarchy and there is
@@ -145,14 +163,14 @@ func (db *DB) updateObj(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *obje
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (db *DB) insertObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *objectSDK.SplitInfo, isParent bool, cnr cid.ID, currEpoch uint64) error {
+func (db *DB) insertObject(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *objectSDK.SplitInfo, isParent bool, cnr cid.ID, currEpoch uint64, bucketID uint16) error {
 	if par := obj.Parent(); par != nil && !isParent { // limit depth by two
 		parentSI, err := splitInfoFromObject(obj)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		err = db.put(tx, par, id, parentSI, currEpoch)
+		_, err = db.put(ctx, tx, par, id, parentSI, currEpoch, bucketID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -168,30 +186,22 @@ func (db *DB) insertObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *o
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't put list indexes: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = updateFKBTIndexes(tx, obj, putFKBTIndexItem)
+	err = updateFKBTIndexes(tx, obj, putListIndexItem)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't put fake bucket tree indexes: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// update container volume size estimation
 	if obj.Type() == objectSDK.TypeRegular && !isParent {
-		err = changeContainerSize(tx, cnr, obj.PayloadSize(), true)
+		err = changeContainerSize(tx, cnr, int64(obj.PayloadSize()), bucketID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
 	if !isParent {
-		err = db.updateCounter(tx, phy, 1, true)
+		if err = incCounters(tx, cnr, IsUserObject(obj), bucketID); err != nil {
-		if err != nil {
+			return err
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not increase phy object counter: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// it is expected that putting an unavailable object is
-		// impossible and should be handled on the higher levels
-		err = db.updateCounter(tx, logical, 1, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not increase logical object counter: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -199,26 +209,24 @@ func (db *DB) insertObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, id []byte, si *o
 }
 
 func putUniqueIndexes(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
 	obj *objectSDK.Object,
 	si *objectSDK.SplitInfo,
 	id []byte,
 ) error {
 	isParent := si != nil
 	addr := objectCore.AddressOf(obj)
-	cnr := addr.Container()
-	objKey := objectKey(addr.Object(), make([]byte, objectKeySize))
 
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
 	// add value to primary unique bucket
 	if !isParent {
+		var key []byte
 		switch obj.Type() {
 		case objectSDK.TypeRegular:
-			bucketName = primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = primaryKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		case objectSDK.TypeTombstone:
-			bucketName = tombstoneBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = tombstoneKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		case objectSDK.TypeLock:
-			bucketName = bucketNameLockers(cnr, bucketName)
+			key = lockersKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
 		default:
 			return ErrUnknownObjectType
 		}
@@ -228,23 +236,14 @@ func putUniqueIndexes(
 			return fmt.Errorf("can't marshal object header: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		err = putUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		err = tx.Set(key, rawObject)
-			name: bucketName,
-			key:  objKey,
-			val:  rawObject,
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
 		// index storageID if it is present
 		if id != nil {
-			err = putUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{
+			if err = setStorageID(tx, objectCore.AddressOf(obj), id, false); err != nil {
-				name: smallBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-				key:  objKey,
-				val:  id,
-			})
-			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -262,13 +261,11 @@ func putUniqueIndexes(
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("can't marshal split info: %w", err)
 			}
+		} else {
+			splitInfo = zeroValue
 		}
 
-		err = putUniqueIndexItem(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		err = tx.Set(rootKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()), splitInfo)
-			name: rootBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-			key:  objKey,
-			val:  splitInfo,
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -277,22 +274,15 @@ func putUniqueIndexes(
 	return nil
 }
 
-type updateIndexItemFunc = func(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error
+type updateIndexItemFunc = func(tx *badger.Txn, key []byte) error
 
-func updateListIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFunc) error {
+func updateListIndexes(tx *badger.Txn, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFunc) error {
 	idObj, _ := obj.ID()
 	cnr, _ := obj.ContainerID()
-	objKey := objectKey(idObj, make([]byte, objectKeySize))
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
-
 	cs, _ := obj.PayloadChecksum()
 
 	// index payload hashes
-	err := f(tx, namedBucketItem{
+	err := f(tx, payloadHashKey(cnr, idObj, cs.Value()))
-		name: payloadHashBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-		key:  cs.Value(),
-		val:  objKey,
-	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -301,11 +291,7 @@ func updateListIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFun
 
 	// index parent ids
 	if ok {
-		err := f(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		err := f(tx, parentKey(cnr, idParent, idObj))
-			name: parentBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-			key:  objectKey(idParent, make([]byte, objectKeySize)),
-			val:  objKey,
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -313,44 +299,43 @@ func updateListIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFun
 
 	// index split ids
 	if obj.SplitID() != nil {
-		err := f(tx, namedBucketItem{
+		err := f(tx, splitKey(cnr, idObj, obj.SplitID().ToV2()))
-			name: splitBucketName(cnr, bucketName),
-			key:  obj.SplitID().ToV2(),
-			val:  objKey,
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
+	for _, attr := range obj.Attributes() {
+		if attr.Key() != objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpochNeoFS && attr.Key() != objectV2.SysAttributeExpEpoch {
+			continue
+		}
+		expEpoch, err := strconv.ParseUint(attr.Value(), 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errInvalidUserAttributeKeyFormat
+		}
+		err = f(tx, expiredKey(cnr, idObj, expEpoch))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		break
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func updateFKBTIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFunc) error {
+func updateFKBTIndexes(tx *badger.Txn, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFunc) error {
 	id, _ := obj.ID()
 	cnr, _ := obj.ContainerID()
-	objKey := objectKey(id, make([]byte, objectKeySize))
 
 	attrs := obj.Attributes()
-
+	err := f(tx, ownerKey(cnr, id, []byte(obj.OwnerID().EncodeToString())))
-	key := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
-	err := f(tx, namedBucketItem{
-		name: ownerBucketName(cnr, key),
-		key:  []byte(obj.OwnerID().EncodeToString()),
-		val:  objKey,
-	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// user specified attributes
 	for i := range attrs {
-		key = attributeBucketName(cnr, attrs[i].Key(), key)
+		err := f(tx, attributeKey(cnr, id, attrs[i].Key(), attrs[i].Value()))
-		err := f(tx, namedBucketItem{
-			name: key,
-			key:  []byte(attrs[i].Value()),
-			val:  objKey,
-		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -359,153 +344,24 @@ func updateFKBTIndexes(tx *bbolt.Tx, obj *objectSDK.Object, f updateIndexItemFun
 	return nil
 }
 
-func putUniqueIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error {
+func putListIndexItem(tx *badger.Txn, key []byte) error {
-	bkt, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(item.name)
+	return tx.Set(key, zeroValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't create index %v: %w", item.name, err)
-	}
-
-	return bkt.Put(item.key, item.val)
-}
-
-func putFKBTIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error {
-	bkt, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(item.name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't create index %v: %w", item.name, err)
-	}
-
-	fkbtRoot, err := bkt.CreateBucketIfNotExists(item.key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't create fake bucket tree index %v: %w", item.key, err)
-	}
-
-	return fkbtRoot.Put(item.val, zeroValue)
-}
-
-func putListIndexItem(tx *bbolt.Tx, item namedBucketItem) error {
-	bkt, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(item.name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't create index %v: %w", item.name, err)
-	}
-
-	lst, err := decodeList(bkt.Get(item.key))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't decode leaf list %v: %w", item.key, err)
-	}
-
-	lst = append(lst, item.val)
-
-	encodedLst, err := encodeList(lst)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't encode leaf list %v: %w", item.key, err)
-	}
-
-	return bkt.Put(item.key, encodedLst)
-}
-
-// encodeList decodes list of bytes into a single blog for list bucket indexes.
-func encodeList(lst [][]byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	w := io.NewBufBinWriter()
-	w.WriteVarUint(uint64(len(lst)))
-	for i := range lst {
-		w.WriteVarBytes(lst[i])
-	}
-	if w.Err != nil {
-		return nil, w.Err
-	}
-	return w.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// decodeList decodes blob into the list of bytes from list bucket index.
-func decodeList(data []byte) (lst [][]byte, err error) {
-	if len(data) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	var offset uint64
-	size, n, err := getVarUint(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	offset += uint64(n)
-	lst = make([][]byte, size, size+1)
-	for i := range lst {
-		sz, n, err := getVarUint(data[offset:])
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		offset += uint64(n)
-
-		next := offset + sz
-		if uint64(len(data)) < next {
-			return nil, gio.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-		lst[i] = data[offset:next]
-		offset = next
-	}
-	return lst, nil
-}
-
-func getVarUint(data []byte) (uint64, int, error) {
-	if len(data) == 0 {
-		return 0, 0, gio.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-	}
-
-	switch b := data[0]; b {
-	case 0xfd:
-		if len(data) < 3 {
-			return 0, 1, gio.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-		return uint64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(data[1:])), 3, nil
-	case 0xfe:
-		if len(data) < 5 {
-			return 0, 1, gio.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-		return uint64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(data[1:])), 5, nil
-	case 0xff:
-		if len(data) < 9 {
-			return 0, 1, gio.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-		return binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[1:]), 9, nil
-	default:
-		return uint64(b), 1, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// updateStorageID for existing objects if they were moved from one
-// storage location to another.
-func updateStorageID(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, id []byte) error {
-	key := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
-	bkt, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(smallBucketName(addr.Container(), key))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return bkt.Put(objectKey(addr.Object(), key), id)
 }
 
 // updateSpliInfo for existing objects if storage filled with extra information
 // about last object in split hierarchy or linking object.
-func updateSplitInfo(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, from *objectSDK.SplitInfo) error {
+func updateSplitInfo(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, from *objectSDK.SplitInfo) error {
-	key := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	key := rootKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(rootBucketName(addr.Container(), key))
+	rawSplitInfo, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
-	if bkt == nil {
+	if err != nil {
-		// if object doesn't exists and we want to update split info on it
+		return err
-		// then ignore, this should never happen
-		return ErrIncorrectSplitInfoUpdate
 	}
-
-	objectKey := objectKey(addr.Object(), key)
-
-	rawSplitInfo := bkt.Get(objectKey)
 	if len(rawSplitInfo) == 0 {
 		return ErrIncorrectSplitInfoUpdate
 	}
 
 	to := objectSDK.NewSplitInfo()
-
+	err = to.Unmarshal(rawSplitInfo)
-	err := to.Unmarshal(rawSplitInfo)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal split info from root index: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -517,7 +373,7 @@ func updateSplitInfo(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, from *objectSDK.SplitInfo)
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't marhsal merged split info: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return bkt.Put(objectKey, rawSplitInfo)
+	return tx.Set(key, rawSplitInfo)
 }
 
 // splitInfoFromObject returns split info based on last or linkin object.

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/put_test.go

@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@ package meta_test
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/core/object"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func prepareObjects(t testing.TB, n int) []*objectSDK.Object {
+func prepareObjects(n int) []*objectSDK.Object {
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 	parentID := objecttest.ID()
 	objs := make([]*objectSDK.Object, n)
@@ -43,16 +41,15 @@ func prepareObjects(t testing.TB, n int) []*objectSDK.Object {
 
 func BenchmarkPut(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("parallel", func(b *testing.B) {
-		db := newDB(b,
+		db := newDB(b)
-			meta.WithMaxBatchDelay(time.Millisecond*10),
+		defer func() { require.NoError(b, db.Close()) }()
-			meta.WithMaxBatchSize(runtime.NumCPU()))
 		// Ensure the benchmark is bound by CPU and not waiting batch-delay time.
 		b.SetParallelism(1)
 
 		var index atomic.Int64
 		index.Store(-1)
 
-		objs := prepareObjects(b, b.N)
+		objs := prepareObjects(b.N)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
 		b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
@@ -64,12 +61,11 @@ func BenchmarkPut(b *testing.B) {
 		})
 	})
 	b.Run("sequential", func(b *testing.B) {
-		db := newDB(b,
+		db := newDB(b)
-			meta.WithMaxBatchDelay(time.Millisecond*10),
+		defer func() { require.NoError(b, db.Close()) }()
-			meta.WithMaxBatchSize(1))
 		var index atomic.Int64
 		index.Store(-1)
-		objs := prepareObjects(b, b.N)
+		objs := prepareObjects(b.N)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
@@ -82,6 +78,7 @@ func BenchmarkPut(b *testing.B) {
 
 func TestDB_PutBlobovniczaUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	raw1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
 	storageID := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/reset_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/testutil"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type epochState struct{ e uint64 }
+
+func (s epochState) CurrentEpoch() uint64 {
+	return s.e
+}
+
+func TestResetDropsContainerBuckets(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := New(
+		[]Option{
+			WithPath(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "metabase")),
+			WithPermissions(0o600),
+			WithEpochState(epochState{}),
+		}...,
+	)
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Open(context.Background(), false))
+	require.NoError(t, db.Init())
+
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+
+	for idx := 0; idx < 100; idx++ {
+		var putPrm PutPrm
+		putPrm.SetObject(testutil.GenerateObject())
+		putPrm.SetStorageID([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("0/%d", idx)))
+		_, err := db.Put(context.Background(), putPrm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Reset(context.Background()))
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		it := tx.NewIterator(badger.DefaultIteratorOptions)
+		defer it.Close()
+
+		for it.Seek(nil); it.Valid(); it.Next() {
+			require.Equal(t, byte(shardInfoPrefix), it.Item().Key()[0], "unexpected prefix: %d", it.Item().Key()[0])
+		}
+		return nil
+	}))
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/select.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
@@ -15,12 +16,16 @@ import (
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
+	"github.com/mr-tron/base58"
 	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
+const batchSize = 1000
+
 type (
 	// filterGroup is a structure that have search filters grouped by access
 	// method. We have fast filters that looks for indexes and do not unmarshal
@@ -91,14 +96,14 @@ func (db *DB) Select(ctx context.Context, prm SelectPrm) (res SelectRes, err err
 
 	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
 
-	return res, metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	return res, metaerr.Wrap(db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		res.addrList, err = db.selectObjects(tx, prm.cnr, prm.filters, currEpoch)
+		res.addrList, err = db.selectObjects(ctx, tx, prm.cnr, prm.filters, currEpoch)
 		success = err == nil
 		return err
 	}))
 }
 
-func (db *DB) selectObjects(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, fs objectSDK.SearchFilters, currEpoch uint64) ([]oid.Address, error) {
+func (db *DB) selectObjects(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, cnr cid.ID, fs objectSDK.SearchFilters, currEpoch uint64) ([]oid.Address, error) {
 	group, err := groupFilters(fs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -119,10 +124,10 @@ func (db *DB) selectObjects(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, fs objectSDK.SearchFilters
 	if len(group.fastFilters) == 0 {
 		expLen = 1
 
-		db.selectAll(tx, cnr, mAddr)
+		db.selectAll(ctx, tx, cnr, mAddr)
 	} else {
 		for i := range group.fastFilters {
-			db.selectFastFilter(tx, cnr, group.fastFilters[i], mAddr, i)
+			db.selectFastFilter(ctx, tx, cnr, group.fastFilters[i], mAddr, i, currEpoch)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -133,21 +138,20 @@ func (db *DB) selectObjects(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, fs objectSDK.SearchFilters
 			continue // ignore objects with unmatched fast filters
 		}
 
-		var id oid.ID
+		var addr oid.Address
-		err = id.Decode([]byte(a))
+		if err := addr.DecodeString(a); err != nil {
-		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		var addr oid.Address
+		st, err := objectStatus(ctx, tx, addr, currEpoch)
-		addr.SetContainer(cnr)
+		if err != nil {
-		addr.SetObject(id)
+			return nil, err
-
+		}
-		if objectStatus(tx, addr, currEpoch) > 0 {
+		if st > 0 {
 			continue // ignore removed objects
 		}
 
-		if !db.matchSlowFilters(tx, addr, group.slowFilters, currEpoch) {
+		if !db.matchSlowFilters(ctx, tx, addr, group.slowFilters, currEpoch) {
 			continue // ignore objects with unmatched slow filters
 		}
 
@@ -158,98 +162,135 @@ func (db *DB) selectObjects(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, fs objectSDK.SearchFilters
 }
 
 // selectAll adds to resulting cache all available objects in metabase.
-func (db *DB) selectAll(tx *bbolt.Tx, cnr cid.ID, to map[string]int) {
+func (db *DB) selectAll(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, cnr cid.ID, to map[string]int) {
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, primaryKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromPrimaryKey, to, 0)
-	selectAllFromBucket(tx, primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, 0)
+	db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, tombstoneKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromTombstoneKey, to, 0)
-	selectAllFromBucket(tx, tombstoneBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, 0)
+	db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, parentKeyShortPrefix(cnr), addressOfParentFromParentKey, to, 0)
-	selectAllFromBucket(tx, parentBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, 0)
+	db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, lockersKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromLockersKey, to, 0)
-	selectAllFromBucket(tx, bucketNameLockers(cnr, bucketName), to, 0)
 }
 
 // selectAllFromBucket goes through all keys in bucket and adds them in a
 // resulting cache. Keys should be stringed object ids.
-func selectAllFromBucket(tx *bbolt.Tx, name []byte, to map[string]int, fNum int) {
+func (db *DB) selectAllWithPrefix(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, prefix []byte, keyParser func(ket []byte) (oid.Address, error), to map[string]int, fNum int) {
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(name)
+	db.selectWithPrefix(ctx, tx, prefix, keyParser, func(oid.Address) bool { return true }, to, fNum)
-	if bkt == nil {
+}
-		return
+
+func (db *DB) selectWithPrefix(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, prefix []byte, keyParser func([]byte) (oid.Address, error), condition func(oid.Address) bool, to map[string]int, fNum int) {
+	var lastSeen []byte
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
+			return
+		}
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			addr, err := keyParser(kv.Key)
+			if err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			if condition(addr) {
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
 	}
-
-	_ = bkt.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
-		markAddressInCache(to, fNum, string(k))
-
-		return nil
-	})
 }
 
 // selectFastFilter makes fast optimized checks for well known buckets or
 // looking through user attribute buckets otherwise.
 func (db *DB) selectFastFilter(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
 	cnr cid.ID, // container we search on
 	f objectSDK.SearchFilter, // fast filter
 	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
 	fNum int, // index of filter
+	currEpoch uint64,
 ) {
-	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
-	bucketName := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
 	switch f.Header() {
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderObjectID:
-		db.selectObjectID(tx, f, cnr, to, fNum, currEpoch)
+		db.selectObjectID(ctx, tx, f, cnr, to, fNum, currEpoch)
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderOwnerID:
-		bucketName := ownerBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+		db.selectOwnerID(ctx, tx, f, cnr, to, fNum)
-		db.selectFromFKBT(tx, bucketName, f, to, fNum)
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderPayloadHash:
-		bucketName := payloadHashBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+		db.selectPayloadHash(ctx, tx, f, cnr, to, fNum)
-		db.selectFromList(tx, bucketName, f, to, fNum)
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderObjectType:
-		for _, bucketName := range bucketNamesForType(cnr, f.Operation(), f.Value()) {
+		for _, prefix := range prefixesForType(cnr, f.Operation(), f.Value()) {
-			selectAllFromBucket(tx, bucketName, to, fNum)
+			db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, prefix.prefix, prefix.keyParser, to, fNum)
 		}
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderParent:
-		bucketName := parentBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+		db.selectParent(ctx, tx, f, cnr, to, fNum)
-		db.selectFromList(tx, bucketName, f, to, fNum)
 	case v2object.FilterHeaderSplitID:
-		bucketName := splitBucketName(cnr, bucketName)
+		db.selectSplitID(ctx, tx, f, cnr, to, fNum)
-		db.selectFromList(tx, bucketName, f, to, fNum)
 	case v2object.FilterPropertyRoot:
-		selectAllFromBucket(tx, rootBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, fNum)
+		db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, rootKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromRootKey, to, fNum)
 	case v2object.FilterPropertyPhy:
-		selectAllFromBucket(tx, primaryBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, fNum)
+		db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, primaryKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromPrimaryKey, to, fNum)
-		selectAllFromBucket(tx, tombstoneBucketName(cnr, bucketName), to, fNum)
+		db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, tombstoneKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromTombstoneKey, to, fNum)
-		selectAllFromBucket(tx, bucketNameLockers(cnr, bucketName), to, fNum)
+		db.selectAllWithPrefix(ctx, tx, lockersKeyPrefix(cnr), addressFromLockersKey, to, fNum)
 	default: // user attribute
-		bucketName := attributeBucketName(cnr, f.Header(), bucketName)
-
 		if f.Operation() == objectSDK.MatchNotPresent {
-			selectOutsideFKBT(tx, allBucketNames(cnr), bucketName, to, fNum)
+			db.selectWithoutAttribute(ctx, tx, cnr, f.Header(), to, fNum)
 		} else {
-			db.selectFromFKBT(tx, bucketName, f, to, fNum)
+			db.selectByAttribute(ctx, tx, cnr, f, to, fNum)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-var mBucketNaming = map[string][]func(cid.ID, []byte) []byte{
+type prefixer struct {
-	v2object.TypeRegular.String():   {primaryBucketName, parentBucketName},
+	prefixer  func(cid.ID) []byte
-	v2object.TypeTombstone.String(): {tombstoneBucketName},
+	keyParser func(key []byte) (oid.Address, error)
-	v2object.TypeLock.String():      {bucketNameLockers},
 }
 
-func allBucketNames(cnr cid.ID) (names [][]byte) {
+type prefixWithKeyParser struct {
-	for _, fns := range mBucketNaming {
+	prefix    []byte
-		for _, fn := range fns {
+	keyParser func(key []byte) (oid.Address, error)
-			names = append(names, fn(cnr, make([]byte, bucketKeySize)))
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
 }
 
-func bucketNamesForType(cnr cid.ID, mType objectSDK.SearchMatchType, typeVal string) (names [][]byte) {
+var typeToPrefix = map[string][]prefixer{
+	v2object.TypeRegular.String(): {
+		prefixer{
+			prefixer:  primaryKeyPrefix,
+			keyParser: addressFromPrimaryKey,
+		},
+		prefixer{
+			prefixer:  parentKeyShortPrefix,
+			keyParser: addressOfParentFromParentKey,
+		},
+	},
+	v2object.TypeTombstone.String(): {
+		prefixer{
+			prefixer:  tombstoneKeyPrefix,
+			keyParser: addressFromTombstoneKey,
+		},
+	},
+	v2object.TypeLock.String(): {
+		prefixer{
+			prefixer:  lockersKeyPrefix,
+			keyParser: addressFromLockersKey,
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func prefixesForType(cnr cid.ID, mType objectSDK.SearchMatchType, typeVal string) (prefixes []prefixWithKeyParser) {
 	appendNames := func(key string) {
-		fns, ok := mBucketNaming[key]
+		prefixers, ok := typeToPrefix[key]
 		if ok {
-			for _, fn := range fns {
+			for _, prefixer := range prefixers {
-				names = append(names, fn(cnr, make([]byte, bucketKeySize)))
+				prefixes = append(prefixes, prefixWithKeyParser{
+					prefix:    prefixer.prefixer(cnr),
+					keyParser: prefixer.keyParser,
+				})
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -257,7 +298,7 @@ func bucketNamesForType(cnr cid.ID, mType objectSDK.SearchMatchType, typeVal str
 	switch mType {
 	default:
 	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
-		for key := range mBucketNaming {
+		for key := range typeToPrefix {
 			if key != typeVal {
 				appendNames(key)
 			}
@@ -265,7 +306,7 @@ func bucketNamesForType(cnr cid.ID, mType objectSDK.SearchMatchType, typeVal str
 	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
 		appendNames(typeVal)
 	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
-		for key := range mBucketNaming {
+		for key := range typeToPrefix {
 			if strings.HasPrefix(key, typeVal) {
 				appendNames(key)
 			}
@@ -277,145 +318,163 @@ func bucketNamesForType(cnr cid.ID, mType objectSDK.SearchMatchType, typeVal str
 
 // selectFromList looks into <fkbt> index to find list of addresses to add in
 // resulting cache.
-func (db *DB) selectFromFKBT(
+func (db *DB) selectByAttribute(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	ctx context.Context,
-	name []byte, // fkbt root bucket name
+	tx *badger.Txn,
+	cnr cid.ID,
 	f objectSDK.SearchFilter, // filter for operation and value
 	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
 	fNum int, // index of filter
 ) { //
-	matchFunc, ok := db.matchers[f.Operation()]
+	var prefix []byte
-	if !ok {
+	var condition func([]byte) bool
+	switch f.Operation() {
+	default:
 		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseMissingMatcher, zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())))
-
 		return
-	}
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
-
-	fkbtRoot := tx.Bucket(name)
-	if fkbtRoot == nil {
 		return
-	}
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual, objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
-
+		prefix = attributeKeyPrefix(cnr, f.Header(), f.Value())
-	err := matchFunc.matchBucket(fkbtRoot, f.Header(), f.Value(), func(k, _ []byte) error {
+		condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
-		fkbtLeaf := fkbtRoot.Bucket(k)
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
-		if fkbtLeaf == nil {
+		prefix = attributeKeyPrefix(cnr, f.Header(), "")
-			return nil
+		fromRequestValue := []byte(f.Value())
+		condition = func(fromDBValue []byte) bool {
+			return !bytes.Equal(fromDBValue, fromRequestValue)
 		}
+	}
 
-		return fkbtLeaf.ForEach(func(k, _ []byte) error {
+	var lastSeen []byte
-			markAddressInCache(to, fNum, string(k))
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
+			return
+		}
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			attrValue, err := attributeValueFromAttributeKey(kv.Key, f.Header())
+			if err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAttributeValueFromKey,
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
 
-			return nil
+			if condition(attrValue) {
-		})
+				addr, err := addressFromAttributeKey(kv.Key, f.Header())
-	})
+				if err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
+					db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
-		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseErrorInFKBTSelection, zap.String("error", err.Error()))
+						zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+						zap.Error(err),
+					)
+					continue
+				}
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 // selectOutsideFKBT looks into all incl buckets to find list of addresses outside <fkbt> to add in
 // resulting cache.
-func selectOutsideFKBT(
+func (db *DB) selectWithoutAttribute(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	ctx context.Context,
-	incl [][]byte, // buckets
+	tx *badger.Txn,
-	name []byte, // fkbt root bucket name
+	cnr cid.ID,
+	attributeKey string, // fkbt root bucket name
 	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
 	fNum int, // index of filter
 ) {
-	mExcl := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, prefixers := range typeToPrefix {
-
+		for _, prefixer := range prefixers {
-	bktExcl := tx.Bucket(name)
+			db.selectWithoutAttributeForPrexier(ctx, prefixer, cnr, tx, attributeKey, to, fNum)
-	if bktExcl != nil {
-		_ = bktExcl.ForEachBucket(func(k []byte) error {
-			exclBktLeaf := bktExcl.Bucket(k)
-			return exclBktLeaf.ForEach(func(k, _ []byte) error {
-				mExcl[string(k)] = struct{}{}
-
-				return nil
-			})
-		})
-	}
-
-	for i := range incl {
-		bktIncl := tx.Bucket(incl[i])
-		if bktIncl == nil {
-			continue
 		}
-
-		_ = bktIncl.ForEach(func(k, _ []byte) error {
-			if _, ok := mExcl[string(k)]; !ok {
-				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, string(k))
-			}
-
-			return nil
-		})
 	}
 }
 
-// selectFromList looks into <list> index to find list of addresses to add in
+func (db *DB) selectWithoutAttributeForPrexier(ctx context.Context, prefixer prefixer, cnr cid.ID, tx *badger.Txn, attributeKey string, to map[string]int, fNum int) {
-// resulting cache.
+	prefix := prefixer.prefixer(cnr)
-func (db *DB) selectFromList(
+	var lastSeen []byte
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	for {
-	name []byte, // list root bucket name
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, true, batchSize)
-	f objectSDK.SearchFilter, // filter for operation and value
-	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
-	fNum int, // index of filter
-) { //
-	bkt := tx.Bucket(name)
-	if bkt == nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	var (
-		lst [][]byte
-		err error
-	)
-
-	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
-	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
-		lst, err = decodeList(bkt.Get(bucketKeyHelper(f.Header(), f.Value())))
 		if err != nil {
-			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCantDecodeListBucketLeaf, zap.String("error", err.Error()))
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
 			return
 		}
-	default:
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
-		fMatch, ok := db.matchers[op]
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
-		if !ok {
+			addr, err := prefixer.keyParser(kv.Key)
-			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation, zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(op)))
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		if err = fMatch.matchBucket(bkt, f.Header(), f.Value(), func(key, val []byte) error {
-			l, err := decodeList(val)
 			if err != nil {
-				db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCantDecodeListBucketLeaf,
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
-					zap.String("error", err.Error()),
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
 				)
-
+				continue
-				return err
 			}
 
-			lst = append(lst, l...)
+			obj := objectSDK.New()
+			if err := obj.Unmarshal(kv.Value); err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.ShardCouldNotUnmarshalObject, zap.Stringer("address", addr), zap.Error(err))
+				continue
+			}
 
-			return nil
+			var hasAttribute bool
-		}); err != nil {
+			for _, attr := range obj.Attributes() {
-			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCantIterateOverTheBucket,
+				if attr.Key() == attributeKey {
-				zap.String("error", err.Error()),
+					hasAttribute = true
-			)
+					break
-
+				}
-			return
+			}
+			if hasAttribute {
+				continue
+			}
+			markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
 		}
-	}
-
-	for i := range lst {
-		markAddressInCache(to, fNum, string(lst[i]))
 	}
 }
 
-// selectObjectID processes objectID filter with in-place optimizations.
+type matcher struct {
+	matchSlow   func(string, []byte, string) bool
+	matchBucket func(*bbolt.Bucket, string, string, func([]byte, []byte) error) error
+}
+
+var matchers map[objectSDK.SearchMatchType]matcher = map[objectSDK.SearchMatchType]matcher{
+	objectSDK.MatchUnknown: {
+		matchSlow:   unknownMatcher,
+		matchBucket: unknownMatcherBucket,
+	},
+	objectSDK.MatchStringEqual: {
+		matchSlow:   stringEqualMatcher,
+		matchBucket: stringEqualMatcherBucket,
+	},
+	objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual: {
+		matchSlow:   stringNotEqualMatcher,
+		matchBucket: stringNotEqualMatcherBucket,
+	},
+	objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix: {
+		matchSlow:   stringCommonPrefixMatcher,
+		matchBucket: stringCommonPrefixMatcherBucket,
+	},
+}
+
 func (db *DB) selectObjectID(
-	tx *bbolt.Tx,
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
 	f objectSDK.SearchFilter,
 	cnr cid.ID,
 	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
@@ -428,67 +487,358 @@ func (db *DB) selectObjectID(
 		addr.SetObject(id)
 
 		var splitInfoError *objectSDK.SplitInfoError
-		ok, err := db.exists(tx, addr, currEpoch)
+		ok, err := exists(ctx, tx, addr, currEpoch)
 		if (err == nil && ok) || errors.As(err, &splitInfoError) {
-			raw := make([]byte, objectKeySize)
+			markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
-			id.Encode(raw)
-			markAddressInCache(to, fNum, string(raw))
 		}
 	}
 
+	var condition func(oid.Address) bool
 	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
 	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
 		var id oid.ID
-		if err := id.DecodeString(f.Value()); err == nil {
+		if err := id.DecodeString(f.Value()); err != nil {
-			appendOID(id)
+			return
+		}
+		appendOID(id)
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
+		var id oid.ID
+		if err := id.DecodeString(f.Value()); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		condition = func(a oid.Address) bool {
+			return !a.Container().Equals(cnr) || !a.Object().Equals(id)
+		}
+	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
+		condition = func(a oid.Address) bool {
+			return a.Container().Equals(cnr) && strings.HasPrefix(
+				a.Object().EncodeToString(),
+				f.Value(),
+			)
 		}
 	default:
-		fMatch, ok := db.matchers[op]
+		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation,
-		if !ok {
+			zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())),
-			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation,
+		)
-				zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())),
+		return
-			)
+	}
 
+	for _, prefix := range prefixesForType(cnr, objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual, "") {
+		db.selectWithPrefix(ctx, tx, prefix.prefix, prefix.keyParser, condition, to, fNum)
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) selectOwnerID(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, f objectSDK.SearchFilter, cnr cid.ID, to map[string]int, fNum int) {
+	var condition func([]byte) bool
+	var prefix []byte
+	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
+	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix, objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
+		prefix = ownerKeyLongPrefix(cnr, []byte(f.Value()))
+		condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
+		prefix = ownerKeyShortPrefix(cnr)
+		ownerID := []byte(f.Value())
+		condition = func(fromDB []byte) bool { return !bytes.Equal(fromDB, ownerID) }
+	default:
+		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation,
+			zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())),
+		)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var lastSeen []byte
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
 			return
 		}
 
-		for _, bucketName := range bucketNamesForType(cnr, objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual, "") {
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
-			// copy-paste from DB.selectAllFrom
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
-			bkt := tx.Bucket(bucketName)
+			owner, err := ownerFromOwnerKey(kv.Key)
-			if bkt == nil {
-				return
-			}
-
-			err := fMatch.matchBucket(bkt, f.Header(), f.Value(), func(k, v []byte) error {
-				var id oid.ID
-				if err := id.Decode(k); err == nil {
-					appendOID(id)
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
 			if err != nil {
-				db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverTheBuckets,
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseOwnerFromKey,
-					zap.String("error", err.Error()),
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
 				)
+				continue
 			}
+			if condition(owner) {
+				addr, err := addressFromOwnerKey(kv.Key)
+				if err != nil {
+					db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+						zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+						zap.Error(err),
+					)
+					continue
+				}
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) selectPayloadHash(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, f objectSDK.SearchFilter, cnr cid.ID, to map[string]int, fNum int) {
+	var condition func([]byte) bool
+	var prefix []byte
+	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
+		value, checkLast, ok := destringifyValue(f.Header(), f.Value(), true)
+		if !ok {
+			return
+		}
+		prefixValue := value
+		if checkLast {
+			prefixValue = value[:len(value)-1]
+		}
+		if len(value) == 0 {
+			condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
+			prefix = payloadHashKeyShortPrefix(cnr)
+		} else {
+			prefix = payloadHashKeyLongPrefix(cnr, prefixValue)
+			condition = func(fromDB []byte) bool {
+				if checkLast && (len(fromDB) == len(prefixValue) || fromDB[len(prefixValue)]>>4 != value[len(value)-1]) {
+					return false
+				}
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
+		value, _, ok := destringifyValue(f.Header(), f.Value(), false)
+		if !ok {
+			return
+		}
+		prefix = payloadHashKeyLongPrefix(cnr, value)
+		condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
+		value, _, ok := destringifyValue(f.Header(), f.Value(), false)
+		prefix = payloadHashKeyShortPrefix(cnr)
+		condition = func(fromDB []byte) bool { return !ok || !bytes.Equal(fromDB, value) }
+	default:
+		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation, zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())))
+		return
+	}
+
+	var lastSeen []byte
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
+			return
+		}
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			hash, err := payloadHashFromPayloadHashKey(kv.Key)
+			if err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParsePayloadHashFromKey,
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			if condition(hash) {
+				addr, err := addressFromPayloadHashKey(kv.Key)
+				if err != nil {
+					db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+						zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+						zap.Error(err),
+					)
+					continue
+				}
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) selectParent(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
+	f objectSDK.SearchFilter,
+	cnr cid.ID,
+	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
+	fNum int, // index of filter
+) {
+	var condition func(oid.ID) bool
+	var prefix []byte
+	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
+		var parentObjID oid.ID
+		if err := parentObjID.DecodeString(f.Value()); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		prefix = parentKeyLongPrefix(cnr, parentObjID)
+		condition = func(oid.ID) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
+		v, err := base58.Decode(f.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		prefix = append(parentKeyShortPrefix(cnr), v...)
+		condition = func(oid.ID) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
+		var parentObjID oid.ID
+		if err := parentObjID.DecodeString(f.Value()); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		prefix = parentKeyShortPrefix(cnr)
+		condition = func(parentFromDB oid.ID) bool { return !parentFromDB.Equals(parentObjID) }
+	default:
+		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation,
+			zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())),
+		)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var lastSeen []byte
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			parentAddr, err := addressOfParentFromParentKey(kv.Key)
+			if err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			if condition(parentAddr.Object()) {
+				targetAddr, err := addressOfTargetFromParentKey(kv.Key)
+				if err != nil {
+					db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+						zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+						zap.Error(err),
+					)
+					continue
+				}
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, targetAddr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) selectSplitID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *badger.Txn,
+	f objectSDK.SearchFilter,
+	cnr cid.ID,
+	to map[string]int, // resulting cache
+	fNum int, // index of filter
+) {
+	var condition func([]byte) bool
+	var prefix []byte
+	switch op := f.Operation(); op {
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringEqual:
+		s := objectSDK.NewSplitID()
+		err := s.Parse(f.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		prefix = splitKeyLongPrefix(cnr, s.ToV2())
+		condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchCommonPrefix:
+		prefix = splitKeyLongPrefix(cnr, []byte(f.Value()))
+		condition = func([]byte) bool { return true }
+	case objectSDK.MatchUnknown:
+		return
+	case objectSDK.MatchStringNotEqual:
+		prefix = splitKeyShortPrefix(cnr)
+		splitIDFromRequest := []byte(f.Value())
+		condition = func(splitIDFromDB []byte) bool { return !bytes.Equal(splitIDFromRequest, splitIDFromDB) }
+	default:
+		db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseUnknownOperation,
+			zap.Uint32("operation", uint32(f.Operation())),
+		)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var lastSeen []byte
+	for {
+		kvs, err := selectByPrefixAndSeek(ctx, tx, prefix, lastSeen, false, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			db.log.Debug(logs.MetabaseCouldNotIterateOverThePrefix,
+				zap.ByteString("prefix", prefix),
+				zap.Error(err),
+			)
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, kv := range kvs {
+			lastSeen = kv.Key
+			splitID, err := splitIDFromSplitKey(kv.Key)
+			if err != nil {
+				db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseSplitIDFromKey,
+					zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+					zap.Error(err),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			if condition(splitID) {
+				addr, err := addressFromSplitKey(kv.Key)
+				if err != nil {
+					db.log.Debug(logs.FailedToParseAddressFromKey,
+						zap.ByteString("key", kv.Key),
+						zap.Error(err),
+					)
+					continue
+				}
+				markAddressInCache(to, fNum, addr.EncodeToString())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(kvs) < batchSize {
+			break
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // matchSlowFilters return true if object header is matched by all slow filters.
-func (db *DB) matchSlowFilters(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address, f objectSDK.SearchFilters, currEpoch uint64) bool {
+func (db *DB) matchSlowFilters(ctx context.Context, tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, f objectSDK.SearchFilters, currEpoch uint64) bool {
 	if len(f) == 0 {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	buf := make([]byte, addressKeySize)
+	obj, err := get(ctx, tx, addr, true, false, currEpoch)
-	obj, err := db.get(tx, addr, buf, true, false, currEpoch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 
 	for i := range f {
-		matchFunc, ok := db.matchers[f[i].Operation()]
+		matchFunc, ok := matchers[f[i].Operation()]
 		if !ok {
 			return false
 		}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/select_test.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectUserAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectRootPhyParent(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -300,6 +302,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectInhume(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -334,6 +337,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectPayloadHash(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -404,6 +408,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectWithSlowFilters(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -511,6 +516,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectObjectID(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -626,6 +632,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectSplitID(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -682,6 +689,7 @@ func TestDB_SelectContainerID(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	cnr := cidtest.ID()
 
@@ -729,6 +737,8 @@ func TestDB_SelectContainerID(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkSelect(b *testing.B) {
 	const objCount = 1000
 	db := newDB(b)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(b, db.Close()) }()
+
 	cid := cidtest.ID()
 
 	for i := 0; i < objCount; i++ {
@@ -769,6 +779,7 @@ func TestExpiredObjects(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t, meta.WithEpochState(epochState{currEpoch}))
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	checkExpiredObjects(t, db, func(exp, nonExp *objectSDK.Object) {
 		cidExp, _ := exp.ContainerID()

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/shard_id.go

@@ -1,53 +1,85 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util/slice"
+	metamode "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 )
 
-var (
+var shardIDKey = []byte("id")
-	shardInfoBucket = []byte{shardInfoPrefix}
+
-	shardIDKey      = []byte("id")
+// GetShardID sets metabase operation mode
-)
+// and reads shard id from db.
+// If id is missing, returns nil, nil.
+//
+// GetShardID does not report any metrics.
+func (db *DB) GetShardID(mode metamode.Mode) ([]byte, error) {
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+	db.mode = mode
+
+	if err := db.openDB(mode); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open metabase: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	id, err := db.readShardID()
+
+	if cErr := metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Close()); cErr != nil {
+		err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to close metabase: %w", cErr))
+	}
+
+	return id, metaerr.Wrap(err)
+}
 
 // ReadShardID reads shard id from db.
 // If id is missing, returns nil, nil.
-func (db *DB) ReadShardID() ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *DB) readShardID() ([]byte, error) {
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
-
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
-		return nil, ErrDegradedMode
-	}
-
 	var id []byte
-	err := db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err := db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-		b := tx.Bucket(shardInfoBucket)
+		v, err := valueOrNil(tx, shardInfoKey(shardIDKey))
-		if b != nil {
+		if err != nil {
-			id = slice.Copy(b.Get(shardIDKey))
+			return err
 		}
+		id = bytes.Clone(v)
 		return nil
 	})
 	return id, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-// WriteShardID writes shard it to db.
+// SetShardID sets metabase operation mode
-func (db *DB) WriteShardID(id []byte) error {
+// and writes shard id to db.
-	db.modeMtx.RLock()
+func (db *DB) SetShardID(id []byte, mode metamode.Mode) error {
-	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
+	db.modeMtx.Lock()
+	defer db.modeMtx.Unlock()
+	db.mode = mode
 
-	if db.mode.NoMetabase() {
+	if mode.ReadOnly() {
-		return ErrDegradedMode
-	} else if db.mode.ReadOnly() {
 		return ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
-	return metaerr.Wrap(db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	if err := db.openDB(mode); err != nil {
-		b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(shardInfoBucket)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open metabase: %w", err)
-		if err != nil {
+	}
-			return err
+
-		}
+	err := db.writeShardID(id)
-		return b.Put(shardIDKey, id)
+	if err == nil {
+		db.metrics.SetMode(mode)
+	}
+
+	if cErr := metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Close()); cErr != nil {
+		err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to close metabase: %w", cErr))
+	}
+
+	return metaerr.Wrap(err)
+}
+
+// writeShardID writes shard id to db.
+func (db *DB) writeShardID(id []byte) error {
+	return metaerr.Wrap(db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
+		return tx.Set(shardInfoKey(shardIDKey), id)
 	}))
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/storage_id.go

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 package meta
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"time"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/internal/metaerr"
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util/slice"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ func (r StorageIDRes) StorageID() []byte {
 // StorageID returns storage descriptor for objects from the blobstor.
 // It is put together with the object can makes get/delete operation faster.
 func (db *DB) StorageID(ctx context.Context, prm StorageIDPrm) (res StorageIDRes, err error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("StorageID", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
 	_, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "metabase.StorageID",
 		trace.WithAttributes(
 			attribute.String("address", prm.addr.EncodeToString()),
@@ -50,28 +58,25 @@ func (db *DB) StorageID(ctx context.Context, prm StorageIDPrm) (res StorageIDRes
 		return res, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	err = db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+	err = db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
 		res.id, err = db.storageID(tx, prm.addr)
 
 		return err
 	})
-
+	success = err == nil
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
 
-func (db *DB) storageID(tx *bbolt.Tx, addr oid.Address) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *DB) storageID(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address) ([]byte, error) {
-	key := make([]byte, bucketKeySize)
+	storageID, err := valueOrNil(tx, smallKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object()))
-	smallBucket := tx.Bucket(smallBucketName(addr.Container(), key))
+	if err != nil {
-	if smallBucket == nil {
+		return nil, err
-		return nil, nil
 	}
-
-	storageID := smallBucket.Get(objectKey(addr.Object(), key))
 	if storageID == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	return slice.Copy(storageID), nil
+	return bytes.Clone(storageID), nil
 }
 
 // UpdateStorageIDPrm groups the parameters of UpdateStorageID operation.
@@ -95,6 +100,14 @@ func (p *UpdateStorageIDPrm) SetStorageID(id []byte) {
 
 // UpdateStorageID updates storage descriptor for objects from the blobstor.
 func (db *DB) UpdateStorageID(prm UpdateStorageIDPrm) (res UpdateStorageIDRes, err error) {
+	var (
+		startedAt = time.Now()
+		success   = false
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		db.metrics.AddMethodDuration("UpdateStorageID", time.Since(startedAt), success)
+	}()
+
 	db.modeMtx.RLock()
 	defer db.modeMtx.RUnlock()
 
@@ -104,16 +117,33 @@ func (db *DB) UpdateStorageID(prm UpdateStorageIDPrm) (res UpdateStorageIDRes, e
 		return res, ErrReadOnlyMode
 	}
 
-	currEpoch := db.epochState.CurrentEpoch()
+	for i := 0; i < retryCount; i++ {
-
+		err = db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-	err = db.boltDB.Batch(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+			return setStorageID(tx, prm.addr, prm.id, true)
-		exists, err := db.exists(tx, prm.addr, currEpoch)
+		})
-		if err == nil && exists || errors.As(err, new(logicerr.Logical)) {
+		if errors.Is(err, badger.ErrConflict) {
-			err = updateStorageID(tx, prm.addr, prm.id)
+			time.Sleep(retryTimeout)
+			continue
 		}
-
+		break
-		return err
+	}
-	})
+	success = err == nil
-
 	return res, metaerr.Wrap(err)
 }
+
+// setStorageID for existing objects if they were moved from one
+// storage location to another.
+func setStorageID(tx *badger.Txn, addr oid.Address, id []byte, override bool) error {
+	key := smallKey(addr.Container(), addr.Object())
+	if override {
+		return tx.Set(key, id)
+	}
+	v, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if v == nil {
+		return tx.Set(key, id)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/storage_id_test.go

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ func TestDB_StorageID(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
 
 	raw1 := testutil.GenerateObject()
 	raw2 := testutil.GenerateObject()
+	deleted := testutil.GenerateObject()
 
 	storageID := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
 
@@ -34,6 +36,15 @@ func TestDB_StorageID(t *testing.T) {
 	err = putBig(db, raw2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
+	// put object with storageID and delete it
+	err = metaPut(db, deleted, storageID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cnrID, ok := deleted.ContainerID()
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	ts := testutil.GenerateObjectWithCID(cnrID)
+	require.NoError(t, metaInhume(db, object.AddressOf(deleted), object.AddressOf(ts)))
+
 	// check StorageID for object without storageID
 	fetchedStorageID, err = metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(raw2))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -44,15 +55,52 @@ func TestDB_StorageID(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, storageID, fetchedStorageID)
 
+	// check StorageID for deleted object with storageID
+	fetchedStorageID, err = metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(deleted))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, storageID, fetchedStorageID)
+
 	t.Run("update", func(t *testing.T) {
+		storageID := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 		require.NoError(t, metaUpdateStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(raw2), storageID))
+		require.NoError(t, metaUpdateStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(deleted), storageID))
 
 		fetchedStorageID, err = metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(raw2))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, storageID, fetchedStorageID)
+
+		fetchedStorageID, err = metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(deleted))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, storageID, fetchedStorageID)
 	})
 }
 
+func TestPutWritecacheDataRace(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db := newDB(t)
+	defer func() { require.NoError(t, db.Close()) }()
+
+	putStorageID := []byte{1, 2, 3}
+	wcStorageID := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+	o := testutil.GenerateObject()
+
+	fetchedStorageID, err := metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(o))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, fetchedStorageID)
+
+	// writecache flushes object and updates storageID before object actually saved to the metabase
+	metaUpdateStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(o), wcStorageID)
+
+	// put object completes with writecache's storageID
+	err = metaPut(db, o, putStorageID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	fetchedStorageID, err = metaStorageID(db, object.AddressOf(o))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, wcStorageID, fetchedStorageID)
+}
+
 func metaUpdateStorageID(db *meta.DB, addr oid.Address, id []byte) error {
 	var sidPrm meta.UpdateStorageIDPrm
 	sidPrm.SetAddress(addr)

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/util.go

@@ -3,28 +3,16 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 )
 
-var (
+var zeroValue = []byte{0xFF}
-	// graveyardBucketName stores rows with the objects that have been
-	// covered with Tombstone objects. That objects should not be returned
-	// from the node and should not be accepted by the node from other
-	// nodes.
-	graveyardBucketName = []byte{graveyardPrefix}
-	// garbageBucketName stores rows with the objects that should be physically
-	// deleted by the node (Garbage Collector routine).
-	garbageBucketName         = []byte{garbagePrefix}
-	toMoveItBucketName        = []byte{toMoveItPrefix}
-	containerVolumeBucketName = []byte{containerVolumePrefix}
-
-	zeroValue = []byte{0xFF}
-)
 
 // Prefix bytes for database keys. All ids and addresses are encoded in binary
 // unless specified otherwise.
@@ -39,13 +27,13 @@ const (
 	// 	Key: object address
 	// 	Value: dummy value
 	garbagePrefix
-	// toMoveItPrefix is used for bucket containing IDs of objects that are candidates for moving
+	// _ Previous usage was for for bucket containing IDs of objects that are candidates for moving
 	// to another shard.
-	toMoveItPrefix
+	_
-	// containerVolumePrefix is used for storing container size estimations.
+	// containerSizePrefix is used for storing container size estimations.
 	//	Key: container ID
 	//  Value: container size in bytes as little-endian uint64
-	containerVolumePrefix
+	containerSizePrefix
 	// lockedPrefix is used for storing locked objects information.
 	//  Key: container ID
 	//  Value: bucket mapping objects locked to the list of corresponding LOCK objects.
@@ -111,6 +99,14 @@ const (
 	//  Key: split ID
 	//  Value: list of object IDs
 	splitPrefix
+
+	// containerCountersPrefix is used for storing container object counters.
+	//	Key: container ID + type
+	//  Value: container size in bytes as little-endian uint64
+	containerCountersPrefix
+
+	// expiredPrefix used to store expiration info.
+	expiredPrefix
 )
 
 const (
@@ -120,134 +116,538 @@ const (
 	addressKeySize = cidSize + objectKeySize
 )
 
-func bucketName(cnr cid.ID, prefix byte, key []byte) []byte {
+func keyPrefix(cnr cid.ID, prefix byte) []byte {
-	key[0] = prefix
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
-	cnr.Encode(key[1:])
+	result[0] = prefix
-	return key[:bucketKeySize]
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
 }
 
-// primaryBucketName returns <CID>.
+func keyObject(prefix byte, cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
-func primaryBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+objectKeySize)
-	return bucketName(cnr, primaryPrefix, key)
+	result[0] = prefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	objID.Encode(result[1+cidSize:])
+	return result
 }
 
-// tombstoneBucketName returns <CID>_TS.
+func addressFromKey(prefix byte, key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
-func tombstoneBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
+	if len(key) != 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
-	return bucketName(cnr, tombstonePrefix, key)
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != prefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var cont cid.ID
+	if err := cont.Decode(key[1 : 1+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode container ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(key[1+cidSize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetContainer(cont)
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	return result, nil
 }
 
-// smallBucketName returns <CID>_small.
+// primaryKeyPrefix returns primaryPrefix_<CID>.
-func smallBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
+func primaryKeyPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
-	return bucketName(cnr, smallPrefix, key)
+	return keyPrefix(cnr, primaryPrefix)
 }
 
-// attributeBucketName returns <CID>_attr_<attributeKey>.
+func primaryKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
-func attributeBucketName(cnr cid.ID, attributeKey string, key []byte) []byte {
+	return keyObject(primaryPrefix, cnr, objID)
-	key[0] = userAttributePrefix
-	cnr.Encode(key[1:])
-	return append(key[:bucketKeySize], attributeKey...)
 }
 
-// returns <CID> from attributeBucketName result, nil otherwise.
+func addressFromPrimaryKey(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
-func cidFromAttributeBucket(val []byte, attributeKey string) []byte {
+	return addressFromKey(primaryPrefix, v)
-	if len(val) < bucketKeySize || val[0] != userAttributePrefix || !bytes.Equal(val[bucketKeySize:], []byte(attributeKey)) {
+}
-		return nil
+
+// tombstoneKeyPrefix returns tombstonePrefix_<CID>.
+func tombstoneKeyPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyPrefix(cnr, tombstonePrefix)
+}
+
+func tombstoneKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(tombstonePrefix, cnr, objID)
+}
+
+func addressFromTombstoneKey(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(tombstonePrefix, v)
+}
+
+func garbageKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(garbagePrefix, cnr, objID)
+}
+
+func addressFromGarbageKey(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(garbagePrefix, v)
+}
+
+func graveyardKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(graveyardPrefix, cnr, objID)
+}
+
+func addressFromGraveyardKey(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(graveyardPrefix, v)
+}
+
+func smallKey(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(smallPrefix, cnr, obj)
+}
+
+// attributeKeyPrefix returns userAttributePrefix_<attributeKey>_<CID>_<attributeValue>.
+func attributeKeyPrefix(cnr cid.ID, attributeKey, attributeValue string) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize+len(attributeValue))
+	result[0] = userAttributePrefix
+	copy(result[1:], []byte(attributeKey))
+	cnr.Encode(result[1+len(attributeKey):])
+	copy(result[1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize:], []byte(attributeValue))
+	return result
+}
+
+// userAttributePrefix+attributeKey+<CID>+attributeValue+<OID>.
+func attributeKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID, attributeKey, attributeValue string) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize+len(attributeValue)+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = userAttributePrefix
+	copy(result[1:], []byte(attributeKey))
+	cnr.Encode(result[1+len(attributeKey):])
+	copy(result[1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize:], []byte(attributeValue))
+	objID.Encode(result[1+cidSize+len(attributeKey)+len(attributeValue):])
+	return result
+}
+
+// returns attributeValue from attributeKey result, nil otherwise.
+func attributeValueFromAttributeKey(key []byte, attributeKey string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(key) < 1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != userAttributePrefix {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(key[1:1+len(attributeKey)], []byte(attributeKey)) {
+		return nil, errInvalidAttributeKey
 	}
 
-	return val[1:bucketKeySize]
+	return key[1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize : len(key)-objectKeySize], nil
 }
 
-// payloadHashBucketName returns <CID>_payloadhash.
+func addressFromAttributeKey(key []byte, attributeKey string) (oid.Address, error) {
-func payloadHashBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
+	if len(key) < 1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize+objectKeySize {
-	return bucketName(cnr, payloadHashPrefix, key)
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
-}
-
-// rootBucketName returns <CID>_root.
-func rootBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
-	return bucketName(cnr, rootPrefix, key)
-}
-
-// ownerBucketName returns <CID>_ownerid.
-func ownerBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
-	return bucketName(cnr, ownerPrefix, key)
-}
-
-// parentBucketName returns <CID>_parent.
-func parentBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
-	return bucketName(cnr, parentPrefix, key)
-}
-
-// splitBucketName returns <CID>_splitid.
-func splitBucketName(cnr cid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
-	return bucketName(cnr, splitPrefix, key)
-}
-
-// addressKey returns key for K-V tables when key is a whole address.
-func addressKey(addr oid.Address, key []byte) []byte {
-	addr.Container().Encode(key)
-	addr.Object().Encode(key[cidSize:])
-	return key[:addressKeySize]
-}
-
-// parses object address formed by addressKey.
-func decodeAddressFromKey(dst *oid.Address, k []byte) error {
-	if len(k) != addressKeySize {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid length")
 	}
+	if key[0] != userAttributePrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(key[1:1+len(attributeKey)], []byte(attributeKey)) {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidAttributeKey
+	}
+	var cnrID cid.ID
+	if err := cnrID.Decode(key[1+len(attributeKey) : 1+len(attributeKey)+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode container ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var objID oid.ID
+	if err := objID.Decode(key[len(key)-objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetContainer(cnrID)
+	result.SetObject(objID)
+	return result, nil
+}
 
+// payloadHashKeyLongPrefix returns payloadHashPrefix_<CID>_hash.
+func payloadHashKeyLongPrefix(cnr cid.ID, hash []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(hash))
+	result[0] = payloadHashPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], hash)
+	return result
+}
+
+// payloadHashKeyShortPrefix returns payloadHashPrefix_<CID>.
+func payloadHashKeyShortPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
+	result[0] = payloadHashPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
+}
+
+// payloadHashKey returns payloadHashPrefix_<CID>_hash_<OID>.
+func payloadHashKey(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID, hash []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(hash)+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = payloadHashPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], hash)
+	obj.Encode(result[1+cidSize+len(hash):])
+	return result
+}
+
+func addressFromPayloadHashKey(k []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(k) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if k[0] != payloadHashPrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
 	var cnr cid.ID
-	if err := cnr.Decode(k[:cidSize]); err != nil {
+	if err := cnr.Decode(k[1 : 1+cidSize]); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return oid.Address{}, err
 	}
 
 	var obj oid.ID
-	if err := obj.Decode(k[cidSize:]); err != nil {
+	if err := obj.Decode(k[len(k)-objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return oid.Address{}, err
 	}
 
-	dst.SetObject(obj)
+	var result oid.Address
-	dst.SetContainer(cnr)
+	result.SetObject(obj)
-	return nil
+	result.SetContainer(cnr)
+	return result, nil
 }
 
-// objectKey returns key for K-V tables when key is an object id.
+func payloadHashFromPayloadHashKey(k []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-func objectKey(obj oid.ID, key []byte) []byte {
+	if len(k) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
-	obj.Encode(key)
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyLenght
-	return key[:objectKeySize]
+	}
+	if k[0] != payloadHashPrefix {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+
+	return bytes.Clone(k[1+cidSize : len(k)-objectKeySize]), nil
+}
+
+// rootBucketName returns rootPrefix_<CID>.
+func rootKeyPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyPrefix(cnr, rootPrefix)
+}
+
+func rootKey(cnr cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(rootPrefix, cnr, objID)
+}
+
+func addressFromRootKey(key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(rootPrefix, key)
+}
+
+// ownerKey returns ownerPrefix_<CID>_owner_<OID>.
+func ownerKey(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID, owner []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(owner)+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = ownerPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], owner)
+	obj.Encode(result[1+cidSize+len(owner):])
+	return result
+}
+
+// ownerKeyShortPrefix returns ownerPrefix_<CID>.
+func ownerKeyShortPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
+	result[0] = ownerPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
+}
+
+// ownerKeyLongPrefix returns ownerPrefix_<CID>_owner.
+func ownerKeyLongPrefix(cnr cid.ID, owner []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(owner))
+	result[0] = ownerPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], owner)
+	return result
+}
+
+func addressFromOwnerKey(k []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(k) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if k[0] != ownerPrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var cnr cid.ID
+	if err := cnr.Decode(k[1 : 1+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(k[len(k)-objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	result.SetContainer(cnr)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func ownerFromOwnerKey(k []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(k) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if k[0] != ownerPrefix {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	return bytes.Clone(k[1+cidSize : len(k)-objectKeySize]), nil
+}
+
+// parentKeyShortPrefix returns parentPrefix_<CID>.
+func parentKeyShortPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
+	result[0] = parentPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
+}
+
+func addressOfParentFromParentKey(key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(parentPrefix, key[:1+cidSize+objectKeySize])
+}
+
+func addressOfTargetFromParentKey(key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(key) != 1+cidSize+objectKeySize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != parentPrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var cont cid.ID
+	if err := cont.Decode(key[1 : 1+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode container ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(key[1+cidSize+objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetContainer(cont)
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// parentKeyLongPrefix returns parentPrefix_<CID>_<parent_OID>.
+func parentKeyLongPrefix(cnr cid.ID, parentObj oid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = parentPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	parentObj.Encode(result[bucketKeySize:])
+	return result
+}
+
+func parentKey(cnr cid.ID, parentObj, obj oid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+objectKeySize+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = parentPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	parentObj.Encode(result[1+cidSize:])
+	obj.Encode(result[1+cidSize+objectKeySize:])
+	return result
+}
+
+// splitKeyLongPrefix returns splitPrefix_<CID>_splitID.
+func splitKeyLongPrefix(cnr cid.ID, splitID []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(splitID))
+	result[0] = splitPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], splitID)
+	return result
+}
+
+// splitKeyShortPrefix returns splitPrefix_<CID>.
+func splitKeyShortPrefix(cnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
+	result[0] = splitPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	return result
+}
+
+// splitKey returns splitPrefix_<CID>_splitID_<OID>.
+func splitKey(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID, splitID []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+len(splitID)+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = splitPrefix
+	cnr.Encode(result[1:])
+	copy(result[1+cidSize:], splitID)
+	obj.Encode(result[1+cidSize+len(splitID):])
+	return result
+}
+
+func addressFromSplitKey(key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(key) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != splitPrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var cnr cid.ID
+	if err := cnr.Decode(key[1 : 1+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(key[len(key)-objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	result.SetContainer(cnr)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func splitIDFromSplitKey(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(key) < 1+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != splitPrefix {
+		return nil, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+
+	return bytes.Clone(key[1+cidSize : len(key)-objectKeySize]), nil
+}
+
+// returns prefix of the keys with objects of type LOCK for specified container.
+func lockersKeyPrefix(idCnr cid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyPrefix(idCnr, lockersPrefix)
+}
+
+func lockersKey(cnrID cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	return keyObject(lockersPrefix, cnrID, objID)
+}
+
+func addressFromLockersKey(v []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	return addressFromKey(lockersPrefix, v)
+}
+
+// returns lockedPrefix_<CID>_<OID>.
+func lockedKeyLongPrefix(cnrID cid.ID, objID oid.ID) []byte {
+	prefix := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+objectKeySize)
+	prefix[0] = lockedPrefix
+	cnrID.Encode(prefix[1:])
+	objID.Encode(prefix[1+cidSize:])
+	return prefix
+}
+
+// returns lockedPrefix_<CID>.
+func lockedKeyShortPrefix(cnrID cid.ID) []byte {
+	prefix := make([]byte, 1+cidSize)
+	prefix[0] = lockedPrefix
+	cnrID.Encode(prefix[1:])
+	return prefix
+}
+
+// returns lockedPrefix_<CID>_<OID>_<LOCKER_OID>.
+func lockedKey(cnrID cid.ID, objID, lockerObjID oid.ID) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+cidSize+objectKeySize+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = lockedPrefix
+	cnrID.Encode(result[1:])
+	objID.Encode(result[1+cidSize:])
+	lockerObjID.Encode(result[1+cidSize+objectKeySize:])
+	return result
+}
+
+func lockerObjectIDFromLockedKey(k []byte) (oid.ID, error) {
+	if len(k) != 1+cidSize+objectKeySize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.ID{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if k[0] != lockedPrefix {
+		return oid.ID{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var result oid.ID
+	if err := result.Decode(k[1+cidSize+objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.ID{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode lockers object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func objectIDFromLockedKey(k []byte) (oid.ID, error) {
+	if len(k) != 1+cidSize+objectKeySize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.ID{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if k[0] != lockedPrefix {
+		return oid.ID{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var result oid.ID
+	if err := result.Decode(k[1+cidSize : 1+cidSize+objectKeySize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.ID{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode locked object ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 // if meets irregular object container in objs - returns its type, otherwise returns object.TypeRegular.
 //
 // firstIrregularObjectType(tx, cnr, obj) usage allows getting object type.
-func firstIrregularObjectType(tx *bbolt.Tx, idCnr cid.ID, objs ...[]byte) objectSDK.Type {
+func firstIrregularObjectType(tx *badger.Txn, idCnr cid.ID, objs ...oid.ID) (objectSDK.Type, error) {
-	if len(objs) == 0 {
+	for _, objID := range objs {
-		panic("empty object list in firstIrregularObjectType")
+		key := tombstoneKey(idCnr, objID)
-	}
+		v, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
-
+		if err != nil {
-	var keys [2][1 + cidSize]byte
+			return objectSDK.TypeRegular, err
-
+		}
-	irregularTypeBuckets := [...]struct {
+		if v != nil {
-		typ  objectSDK.Type
+			return objectSDK.TypeTombstone, nil
-		name []byte
+		}
-	}{
+		key = lockersKey(idCnr, objID)
-		{objectSDK.TypeTombstone, tombstoneBucketName(idCnr, keys[0][:])},
+		v, err = valueOrNil(tx, key)
-		{objectSDK.TypeLock, bucketNameLockers(idCnr, keys[1][:])},
+		if err != nil {
-	}
+			return objectSDK.TypeRegular, err
-
+		}
-	for i := range objs {
+		if v != nil {
-		for j := range irregularTypeBuckets {
+			return objectSDK.TypeLock, nil
-			if inBucket(tx, irregularTypeBuckets[j].name, objs[i]) {
-				return irregularTypeBuckets[j].typ
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	return objectSDK.TypeRegular
+	return objectSDK.TypeRegular, nil
 }
 
 // return true if provided object is of LOCK type.
-func isLockObject(tx *bbolt.Tx, idCnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID) bool {
+func isLockObject(tx *badger.Txn, idCnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID) (bool, error) {
-	return inBucket(tx,
+	key := lockersKey(idCnr, obj)
-		bucketNameLockers(idCnr, make([]byte, bucketKeySize)),
+	v, err := valueOrNil(tx, key)
-		objectKey(obj, make([]byte, objectKeySize)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return v != nil, nil
+}
+
+func expiredKey(cnr cid.ID, obj oid.ID, epoch uint64) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, 1+8+cidSize+objectKeySize)
+	result[0] = expiredPrefix
+	// BigEndian is important for iteration order
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[1:1+8], epoch)
+	cnr.Encode(result[1+8 : 1+8+cidSize])
+	obj.Encode(result[1+8+cidSize:])
+	return result
+}
+
+func expirationEpochFromExpiredKey(key []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	if len(key) != 1+8+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return 0, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != expiredPrefix {
+		return 0, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	// BigEndian is important for iteration order
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[1 : 1+8]), nil
+}
+
+func addressFromExpiredKey(key []byte) (oid.Address, error) {
+	if len(key) != 1+8+cidSize+objectKeySize {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyLenght
+	}
+	if key[0] != expiredPrefix {
+		return oid.Address{}, errInvalidKeyPrefix
+	}
+	var cnr cid.ID
+	if err := cnr.Decode(key[1+8 : 1+8+cidSize]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var obj oid.ID
+	if err := obj.Decode(key[len(key)-objectKeySize:]); err != nil {
+		return oid.Address{}, err
+	}
+
+	var result oid.Address
+	result.SetObject(obj)
+	result.SetContainer(cnr)
+	return result, nil
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/version.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/util/logicerr"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 )
 
 // version contains current metabase version.
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ var versionKey = []byte("version")
 // the current code version.
 var ErrOutdatedVersion = logicerr.New("invalid version, resynchronization is required")
 
-func checkVersion(tx *bbolt.Tx, initialized bool) error {
+func checkVersion(tx *badger.Txn, initialized bool) error {
 	var knownVersion bool
 
-	b := tx.Bucket(shardInfoBucket)
+	data, err := valueOrNil(tx, shardInfoKey(versionKey))
-	if b != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-		data := b.Get(versionKey)
+		return err
-		if len(data) == 8 {
+	}
-			knownVersion = true
+	if len(data) == 8 {
+		knownVersion = true
 
-			stored := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data)
+		stored := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data)
-			if stored != version {
+		if stored != version {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w: expected=%d, stored=%d", ErrOutdatedVersion, version, stored)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: expected=%d, stored=%d", ErrOutdatedVersion, version, stored)
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -49,13 +49,15 @@ func checkVersion(tx *bbolt.Tx, initialized bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func updateVersion(tx *bbolt.Tx, version uint64) error {
+func shardInfoKey(key []byte) []byte {
+	result := make([]byte, len(key))
+	result[0] = shardInfoPrefix
+	copy(result[1:], key)
+	return result
+}
+
+func updateVersion(tx *badger.Txn, version uint64) error {
 	data := make([]byte, 8)
 	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(data, version)
-
+	return tx.Set(shardInfoKey(versionKey), data)
-	b, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(shardInfoBucket)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("can't create auxiliary bucket: %w", err)
-	}
-	return b.Put(versionKey, data)
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/metabase/version_test.go

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v4"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 )
 
 type epochStateImpl struct{}
@@ -23,22 +24,23 @@ func TestVersion(t *testing.T) {
 
 	newDB := func(t *testing.T) *DB {
 		return New(WithPath(filepath.Join(dir, t.Name())),
-			WithPermissions(0600), WithEpochState(epochStateImpl{}))
+			WithPermissions(0o600), WithEpochState(epochStateImpl{}))
 	}
 	check := func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
-		require.NoError(t, db.boltDB.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		require.NoError(t, db.database.View(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
-			b := tx.Bucket(shardInfoBucket)
+			item, err := tx.Get(shardInfoKey(versionKey))
-			if b == nil {
+			if err != nil {
-				return errors.New("shard info bucket not found")
+				return err
 			}
-			data := b.Get(versionKey)
+			return item.Value(func(val []byte) error {
-			if len(data) != 8 {
+				if len(val) != 8 {
-				return errors.New("invalid version data")
+					return errors.New("invalid version data")
-			}
+				}
-			if stored := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data); stored != version {
+				if stored := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(val); stored != version {
-				return fmt.Errorf("invalid version: %d != %d", stored, version)
+					return fmt.Errorf("invalid version: %d != %d", stored, version)
-			}
+				}
-			return nil
+				return nil
+			})
 		}))
 	}
 	t.Run("simple", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -57,9 +59,7 @@ func TestVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	t.Run("old data", func(t *testing.T) {
 		db := newDB(t)
-		require.NoError(t, db.Open(context.Background(), false))
+		require.NoError(t, db.SetShardID([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}, mode.ReadWrite))
-		require.NoError(t, db.WriteShardID([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}))
-		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
 
 		require.NoError(t, db.Open(context.Background(), false))
 		require.NoError(t, db.Init())
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func TestVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("invalid version", func(t *testing.T) {
 		db := newDB(t)
 		require.NoError(t, db.Open(context.Background(), false))
-		require.NoError(t, db.boltDB.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		require.NoError(t, db.database.Update(func(tx *badger.Txn) error {
 			return updateVersion(tx, version+1)
 		}))
 		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestVersion(t *testing.T) {
 
 		t.Run("reset", func(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, db.Open(context.Background(), false))
-			require.NoError(t, db.Reset())
+			require.NoError(t, db.Reset(context.Background()))
 			check(t, db)
 			require.NoError(t, db.Close())
 		})

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/container.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package shard
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	cid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/container/id"
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ func (s *Shard) ContainerSize(prm ContainerSizePrm) (ContainerSizeRes, error) {
 		return ContainerSizeRes{}, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	size, err := s.metaBase.ContainerSize(prm.cnr)
+	size, err := s.metaBase.ContainerSize(context.Background(), prm.cnr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ContainerSizeRes{}, fmt.Errorf("could not get container size: %w", err)
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/control.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	objectSDK "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object"
 	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 func (s *Shard) handleMetabaseFailure(stage string, err error) error {
@@ -169,49 +170,66 @@ func (s *Shard) Init(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 func (s *Shard) refillMetabase(ctx context.Context) error {
-	err := s.metaBase.Reset()
+	err := s.metaBase.Reset(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not reset metabase: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	obj := objectSDK.New()
+	eg, egCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	if s.cfg.refillMetabaseWorkersCount > 0 {
+		eg.SetLimit(s.cfg.refillMetabaseWorkersCount)
+	}
 
-	err = blobstor.IterateBinaryObjects(ctx, s.blobStor, func(addr oid.Address, data []byte, descriptor []byte) error {
+	itErr := blobstor.IterateBinaryObjects(egCtx, s.blobStor, func(addr oid.Address, data []byte, descriptor []byte) error {
-		if err := obj.Unmarshal(data); err != nil {
+		eg.Go(func() error {
-			s.log.Warn(logs.ShardCouldNotUnmarshalObject,
+			obj := objectSDK.New()
-				zap.Stringer("address", addr),
+			if err := obj.Unmarshal(data); err != nil {
-				zap.String("err", err.Error()))
+				s.log.Warn(logs.ShardCouldNotUnmarshalObject,
+					zap.Stringer("address", addr),
+					zap.String("err", err.Error()))
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			var err error
+			switch obj.Type() {
+			case objectSDK.TypeTombstone:
+				err = s.refillTombstoneObject(egCtx, obj)
+			case objectSDK.TypeLock:
+				err = s.refillLockObject(egCtx, obj)
+			default:
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			var mPrm meta.PutPrm
+			mPrm.SetObject(obj)
+			mPrm.SetStorageID(descriptor)
+
+			_, err = s.metaBase.Put(egCtx, mPrm)
+			if err != nil && !client.IsErrObjectAlreadyRemoved(err) && !errors.Is(err, meta.ErrObjectIsExpired) {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		})
+
+		select {
+		case <-egCtx.Done():
+			return egCtx.Err()
+		default:
 			return nil
 		}
-
-		var err error
-		switch obj.Type() {
-		case objectSDK.TypeTombstone:
-			err = s.refillTombstoneObject(ctx, obj)
-		case objectSDK.TypeLock:
-			err = s.refillLockObject(ctx, obj)
-		default:
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		var mPrm meta.PutPrm
-		mPrm.SetObject(obj)
-		mPrm.SetStorageID(descriptor)
-
-		_, err = s.metaBase.Put(ctx, mPrm)
-		if err != nil && !client.IsErrObjectAlreadyRemoved(err) && !errors.Is(err, meta.ErrObjectIsExpired) {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		return nil
 	})
+
+	egErr := eg.Wait()
+
+	err = errors.Join(egErr, itErr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not put objects to the meta: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = s.metaBase.SyncCounters()
+	err = s.metaBase.SyncCounters(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not sync object counters: %w", err)
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/control_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package shard
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io/fs"
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	oidtest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id/test"
 	objecttest "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
 )
 
 type objAddr struct {
@@ -50,13 +48,6 @@ func TestShardOpen(t *testing.T) {
 	))
 
 	var allowedMode atomic.Int64
-	openFileMetabase := func(p string, f int, perm fs.FileMode) (*os.File, error) {
-		const modeMask = os.O_RDONLY | os.O_RDWR | os.O_WRONLY
-		if int64(f&modeMask) == allowedMode.Load() {
-			return os.OpenFile(p, f, perm)
-		}
-		return nil, fs.ErrPermission
-	}
 
 	wcOpts := writecacheconfig.Options{
 		Type: writecacheconfig.TypeBBolt,
@@ -76,7 +67,6 @@ func TestShardOpen(t *testing.T) {
 			WithMetaBaseOptions(
 				meta.WithPath(metaPath),
 				meta.WithEpochState(epochState{}),
-				meta.WithBoltDBOptions(&bbolt.Options{OpenFile: openFileMetabase}),
 			),
 			WithPiloramaOptions(
 				pilorama.WithPath(filepath.Join(dir, "pilorama"))),
@@ -344,11 +334,11 @@ func TestRefillMetabase(t *testing.T) {
 	checkTombMembers(true)
 	checkLocked(t, cnrLocked, locked)
 
-	c, err := sh.metaBase.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err := sh.metaBase.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	phyBefore := c.Phy()
+	phyBefore := c.Phy
-	logicalBefore := c.Logic()
+	logicalBefore := c.Logic
 
 	err = sh.Close()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -379,11 +369,11 @@ func TestRefillMetabase(t *testing.T) {
 	err = sh.refillMetabase(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	c, err = sh.metaBase.ObjectCounters()
+	c, err = sh.metaBase.ObjectCounters(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, phyBefore, c.Phy())
+	require.Equal(t, phyBefore, c.Phy)
-	require.Equal(t, logicalBefore, c.Logic())
+	require.Equal(t, logicalBefore, c.Logic)
 
 	checkAllObjs(true)
 	checkObj(object.AddressOf(tombObj), tombObj)

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/count.go

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ func (s *Shard) LogicalObjectsCount(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 		return 0, ErrDegradedMode
 	}
 
-	cc, err := s.metaBase.ObjectCounters()
+	cc, err := s.metaBase.ObjectCounters(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	return cc.Logic(), nil
+	return cc.Logic, nil
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/delete.go

@@ -132,16 +132,16 @@ func (s *Shard) deleteFromBlobstor(ctx context.Context, addr oid.Address) error
 
 func (s *Shard) deleteFromMetabase(ctx context.Context, addr oid.Address) error {
 	var delPrm meta.DeletePrm
-	delPrm.SetAddresses(addr)
+	delPrm.Address = addr
 
 	res, err := s.metaBase.Delete(ctx, delPrm)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(physical, res.RawObjectsRemoved())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(physical, res.PhyCount)
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.AvailableObjectsRemoved())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.LogicCount)
-	removedPayload := res.RemovedPhysicalObjectSizes()[0]
+	removedPayload := res.PhySize
-	logicalRemovedPayload := res.RemovedLogicalObjectSizes()[0]
+	logicalRemovedPayload := res.LogicSize
 	if logicalRemovedPayload > 0 {
 		s.addToContainerSize(addr.Container().EncodeToString(), -int64(logicalRemovedPayload))
 	}

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/gc.go

@@ -414,8 +414,8 @@ func (s *Shard) handleExpiredObjects(ctx context.Context, expired []oid.Address)
 		return
 	}
 
-	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.AvailableInhumed(), objectTypeRegular)
+	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.LogicInhumed(), objectTypeRegular)
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.AvailableInhumed())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.LogicInhumed())
 
 	i := 0
 	for i < res.GetDeletionInfoLength() {
@@ -627,8 +627,8 @@ func (s *Shard) HandleExpiredTombstones(ctx context.Context, tss []meta.Tombston
 		return
 	}
 
-	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.AvailableInhumed(), objectTypeTombstone)
+	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.LogicInhumed(), objectTypeTombstone)
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.AvailableInhumed())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.LogicInhumed())
 
 	i := 0
 	for i < res.GetDeletionInfoLength() {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ func (s *Shard) HandleExpiredLocks(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, lockers []
 	if s.GetMode().NoMetabase() {
 		return
 	}
-	unlocked, err := s.metaBase.FreeLockedBy(lockers)
+	unlocked, err := s.metaBase.FreeLockedBy(ctx, lockers)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Warn(logs.ShardFailureToUnlockObjects,
 			zap.String("error", err.Error()),
@@ -673,8 +673,8 @@ func (s *Shard) HandleExpiredLocks(ctx context.Context, epoch uint64, lockers []
 		return
 	}
 
-	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.AvailableInhumed(), objectTypeLock)
+	s.gc.metrics.AddInhumedObjectCount(res.LogicInhumed(), objectTypeLock)
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.AvailableInhumed())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.LogicInhumed())
 
 	i := 0
 	for i < res.GetDeletionInfoLength() {
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ func (s *Shard) HandleDeletedLocks(lockers []oid.Address) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	_, err := s.metaBase.FreeLockedBy(lockers)
+	_, err := s.metaBase.FreeLockedBy(context.Background(), lockers)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.log.Warn(logs.ShardFailureToUnlockObjects,
 			zap.String("error", err.Error()),

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/id.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package shard
 import (
 	"context"
 
+	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/shard/mode"
 	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/util/logger"
 	"github.com/mr-tron/base58"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ func (s *Shard) UpdateID(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 			err = cErr
 		}
 	}()
-	id, err := s.metaBase.ReadShardID()
+	id, err := s.metaBase.GetShardID(mode.ReadWrite)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -66,5 +67,5 @@ func (s *Shard) UpdateID(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	if len(id) != 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return s.metaBase.WriteShardID(*s.info.ID)
+	return s.metaBase.SetShardID(*s.info.ID, mode.ReadWrite)
 }

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/inhume.go

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (s *Shard) Inhume(ctx context.Context, prm InhumePrm) (InhumeRes, error) {
 
 	s.m.RUnlock()
 
-	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.AvailableInhumed())
+	s.decObjectCounterBy(logical, res.LogicInhumed())
 
 	i := 0
 	for i < res.GetDeletionInfoLength() {

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/move.go

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-package shard
-
-import (
-	"context"
-
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/internal/logs"
-	meta "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-node/pkg/local_object_storage/metabase"
-	"git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-observability/tracing"
-	oid "git.frostfs.info/TrueCloudLab/frostfs-sdk-go/object/id"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
-	"go.uber.org/zap"
-)
-
-// ToMoveItPrm encapsulates parameters for ToMoveIt operation.
-type ToMoveItPrm struct {
-	addr oid.Address
-}
-
-// ToMoveItRes encapsulates results of ToMoveIt operation.
-type ToMoveItRes struct{}
-
-// SetAddress sets object address that should be marked to move into another
-// shard.
-func (p *ToMoveItPrm) SetAddress(addr oid.Address) {
-	p.addr = addr
-}
-
-// ToMoveIt calls metabase.ToMoveIt method to mark object as relocatable to
-// another shard.
-func (s *Shard) ToMoveIt(ctx context.Context, prm ToMoveItPrm) (ToMoveItRes, error) {
-	ctx, span := tracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx, "Shard.ToMoveIt",
-		trace.WithAttributes(
-			attribute.String("shard_id", s.ID().String()),
-			attribute.String("address", prm.addr.EncodeToString()),
-		))
-	defer span.End()
-
-	s.m.RLock()
-	defer s.m.RUnlock()
-
-	m := s.info.Mode
-	if m.ReadOnly() {
-		return ToMoveItRes{}, ErrReadOnlyMode
-	} else if m.NoMetabase() {
-		return ToMoveItRes{}, ErrDegradedMode
-	}
-
-	var toMovePrm meta.ToMoveItPrm
-	toMovePrm.SetAddress(prm.addr)
-
-	_, err := s.metaBase.ToMoveIt(ctx, toMovePrm)
-	if err != nil {
-		s.log.Debug(logs.ShardCouldNotMarkObjectForShardRelocationInMetabase,
-			zap.String("error", err.Error()),
-		)
-	}
-
-	return ToMoveItRes{}, nil
-}

pkg/local_object_storage/shard/shard.go

@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ type MetricsWriter interface {
 type cfg struct {
 	m sync.RWMutex
 
-	refillMetabase bool
+	refillMetabase             bool
+	refillMetabaseWorkersCount int
 
 	rmBatchSize int
 
@@ -308,6 +309,13 @@ func WithRefillMetabase(v bool) Option {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithRefillMetabaseWorkersCount returns option to set count of workers to refill the Metabase on Shard's initialization step.
+func WithRefillMetabaseWorkersCount(v int) Option {
+	return func(c *cfg) {
+		c.refillMetabaseWorkersCount = v
+	}
+}
+
 // WithMode returns option to set shard's mode. Mode must be one of the predefined:
 //   - mode.ReadWrite;
 //   - mode.ReadOnly.
@@ -405,7 +413,7 @@ const (
 
 func (s *Shard) updateMetrics(ctx context.Context) {
 	if s.cfg.metricsWriter != nil && !s.GetMode().NoMetabase() {
-		cc, err := s.metaBase.ObjectCounters()
+		cc, err := s.metaBase.ObjectCounters(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			s.log.Warn(logs.ShardMetaObjectCounterRead,
 				zap.Error(err),
@@ -414,8 +422,8 @@ func (s *Shard) updateMetrics(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
-		s.cfg.metricsWriter.SetObjectCounter(physical, cc.Phy())
+		s.cfg.metricsWriter.SetObjectCounter(physical, cc.Phy)
-		s.cfg.metricsWriter.SetObjectCounter(logical, cc.Logic())
+		s.cfg.metricsWriter.SetObjectCounter(logical, cc.Logic)
 
 		cnrList, err := s.metaBase.Containers(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -426,7 +434,7 @@ func (s *Shard) updateMetrics(ctx context.Context) {
 		var totalPayload uint64
 
 		for i := range cnrList {
-			size, err := s.metaBase.ContainerSize(cnrList[i])
+			size, err := s.metaBase.ContainerSize(ctx, cnrList[i])
 			if err != nil {
 				s.log.Warn(logs.ShardMetaCantReadContainerSize,
 					zap.String("cid", cnrList[i].EncodeToString()),