diff --git a/limiting/limiter.go b/limiting/limiter.go
index ad1edd6..cc4a0ea 100644
--- a/limiting/limiter.go
+++ b/limiting/limiter.go
@@ -1,41 +1,28 @@
 package limiting
 
 import (
-	"context"
+	"fmt"
 )
 
-type semaphore struct {
-	ch chan struct{}
+type ReleaseFunc func()
+
+type Limiter interface {
+	// TryAcquire attempts to reserve a slot without blocking.
+	//
+	// Returns a release function and true if successful, otherwise false.
+	// The release function must be called exactly once.
+	//
+	// If the key was not defined in the limiter, no limit is applied.
+	Acquire(key string) (ReleaseFunc, bool)
 }
 
-func newSemaphore(size uint64) *semaphore {
-	return &semaphore{make(chan struct{}, size)}
+type semaphore interface {
+	acquire() bool
+	release()
 }
 
-func (s *semaphore) acquire(ctx context.Context) error {
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		return ctx.Err()
-	case s.ch <- struct{}{}:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *semaphore) tryAcquire() bool {
-	select {
-	case s.ch <- struct{}{}:
-		return true
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *semaphore) release() {
-	<-s.ch
-}
-
-type Limiter struct {
-	m map[string]*semaphore // for read-only access
+type semaphoreLimiter[T semaphore] struct {
+	m map[string]T
 }
 
 // KeyLimit defines a concurrency limit for a set of keys.
@@ -46,53 +33,54 @@ type Limiter struct {
 // Sets must not overlap.
 type KeyLimit struct {
 	Keys  []string
-	Limit uint64
+	Limit int64
 }
 
-type ReleaseFunc func()
+var NewAtomicLimiter = func(limits []KeyLimit) (Limiter, error) {
+	return newSemaphoreLimiter(limits, newAtomicSemaphore)
+}
 
-func New(limits []KeyLimit) *Limiter {
-	lr := Limiter{m: make(map[string]*semaphore)}
-	for _, l := range limits {
-		sem := newSemaphore(l.Limit)
-		for _, key := range l.Keys {
-			lr.m[key] = sem
+var NewBurstAtomicLimiter = func(limits []KeyLimit) (Limiter, error) {
+	return newSemaphoreLimiter(limits, newBurstAtomicSemaphore)
+}
+
+var NewChannelLimiter = func(limits []KeyLimit) (Limiter, error) {
+	return newSemaphoreLimiter(limits, newChannelSemaphore)
+}
+
+func newSemaphoreLimiter[T semaphore](limits []KeyLimit, newSemaphore func(size int64) T) (*semaphoreLimiter[T], error) {
+	lr := semaphoreLimiter[T]{make(map[string]T)}
+	for _, limit := range limits {
+		if err := lr.addLimit(&limit, newSemaphore); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	return &lr
+	return &lr, nil
 }
 
-// Acquire reserves a slot for the given key, blocking if necessary.
-//
-// If the context is canceled before reservation, returns an error;
-// otherwise, returns a release function that must be called exactly once.
-//
-// If the key was not defined in the limiter, no limit is applied.
-func (lr *Limiter) Acquire(ctx context.Context, key string) (ReleaseFunc, error) {
-	sem, ok := lr.m[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return func() {}, nil
+func (lr *semaphoreLimiter[T]) addLimit(limit *KeyLimit, newSemaphore func(size int64) T) error {
+	if limit.Limit < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid limit %d", limit.Limit)
 	}
 
-	if err := sem.acquire(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	sem := newSemaphore(limit.Limit)
+	for _, key := range limit.Keys {
+		if _, exists := lr.m[key]; exists {
+			return fmt.Errorf("duplicate key %q", key)
+		}
+		lr.m[key] = sem
 	}
-	return func() { sem.release() }, nil
+
+	return nil
 }
 
-// TryAcquire attempts to reserve a slot without blocking.
-//
-// Returns a release function and true if successful, otherwise false.
-// The release function must be called exactly once.
-//
-// If the key was not defined in the limiter, no limit is applied.
-func (lr *Limiter) TryAcquire(key string) (ReleaseFunc, bool) {
+func (lr *semaphoreLimiter[T]) Acquire(key string) (ReleaseFunc, bool) {
 	sem, ok := lr.m[key]
 	if !ok {
 		return func() {}, true
 	}
 
-	if ok := sem.tryAcquire(); ok {
+	if ok := sem.acquire(); ok {
 		return func() { sem.release() }, true
 	}
 	return nil, false
diff --git a/limiting/limiter_test.go b/limiting/limiter_test.go
index 72af2ba..cf6088b 100644
--- a/limiting/limiter_test.go
+++ b/limiting/limiter_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package limiting_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
@@ -12,19 +11,41 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	operationDuration = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	operationDuration = 10 * time.Millisecond
 	operationCount    = 64
 )
 
-type testKeyLimit struct {
+type testCase struct {
 	keys         []string
-	limit        int
+	limit        int64
 	withoutLimit bool
-	failCount    atomic.Int32
+	failCount    atomic.Int64
 }
 
 func TestLimiter(t *testing.T) {
-	testLimits := []*testKeyLimit{
+	t.Run("atomic limiter", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testLimiter(t, limiting.NewAtomicLimiter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("burst atomic limiter", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testLimiter(t, limiting.NewBurstAtomicLimiter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("channel limiter", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testLimiter(t, limiting.NewChannelLimiter)
+	})
+}
+
+func testLimiter(t *testing.T, getLimiter func([]limiting.KeyLimit) (limiting.Limiter, error)) {
+	t.Run("duplicate key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := getLimiter([]limiting.KeyLimit{
+			{[]string{"A", "B"}, 10},
+			{[]string{"B", "C"}, 10},
+		})
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	testCases := []*testCase{
 		{keys: []string{"A"}, limit: operationCount / 4},
 		{keys: []string{"B"}, limit: operationCount / 2},
 		{keys: []string{"C", "D"}, limit: operationCount / 4},
@@ -32,34 +53,25 @@ func TestLimiter(t *testing.T) {
 		{keys: []string{"F"}, withoutLimit: true},
 	}
 
-	t.Run("non-blocking mode", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testLimiter(t, testLimits, false)
-	})
+	lr, err := getLimiter(getLimits(testCases))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	resetFailCounts(testLimits)
-
-	t.Run("blocking mode", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testLimiter(t, testLimits, true)
-	})
-}
-
-func testLimiter(t *testing.T, testCases []*testKeyLimit, blocking bool) {
-	lr := limiting.New(getLimits(testCases))
-	tasks := createTestTasks(testCases, lr, blocking)
+	tasks := createTestTasks(testCases, lr)
 
 	t.Run("first run", func(t *testing.T) {
 		executeTasks(tasks...)
-		verifyResults(t, testCases, blocking)
+		verifyResults(t, testCases)
 	})
 
+	resetFailCounts(testCases)
+
 	t.Run("repeated run", func(t *testing.T) {
-		resetFailCounts(testCases)
 		executeTasks(tasks...)
-		verifyResults(t, testCases, blocking)
+		verifyResults(t, testCases)
 	})
 }
 
-func getLimits(testCases []*testKeyLimit) []limiting.KeyLimit {
+func getLimits(testCases []*testCase) []limiting.KeyLimit {
 	var limits []limiting.KeyLimit
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		if tc.withoutLimit {
@@ -67,40 +79,31 @@ func getLimits(testCases []*testKeyLimit) []limiting.KeyLimit {
 		}
 		limits = append(limits, limiting.KeyLimit{
 			Keys:  tc.keys,
-			Limit: uint64(tc.limit),
+			Limit: int64(tc.limit),
 		})
 	}
 	return limits
 }
 
-func createTestTasks(testCases []*testKeyLimit, lr *limiting.Limiter, blocking bool) []func() {
+func createTestTasks(testCases []*testCase, lr limiting.Limiter) []func() {
 	var tasks []func()
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		for _, key := range tc.keys {
 			tasks = append(tasks, func() {
-				executeTaskN(operationCount, func() { acquireAndExecute(tc, lr, key, blocking) })
+				executeTaskN(operationCount, func() { acquireAndExecute(tc, lr, key) })
 			})
 		}
 	}
 	return tasks
 }
 
-func acquireAndExecute(tc *testKeyLimit, lr *limiting.Limiter, key string, blocking bool) {
-	if blocking {
-		release, err := lr.Acquire(context.Background(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			tc.failCount.Add(1)
-			return
-		}
-		defer release()
-	} else {
-		release, ok := lr.TryAcquire(key)
-		if !ok {
-			tc.failCount.Add(1)
-			return
-		}
-		defer release()
+func acquireAndExecute(tc *testCase, lr limiting.Limiter, key string) {
+	release, ok := lr.Acquire(key)
+	if !ok {
+		tc.failCount.Add(1)
+		return
 	}
+	defer release()
 	time.Sleep(operationDuration)
 }
 
@@ -125,21 +128,19 @@ func executeTaskN(N int, task func()) {
 	executeTasks(tasks...)
 }
 
-func verifyResults(t *testing.T, testCases []*testKeyLimit, blocking bool) {
+func verifyResults(t *testing.T, testCases []*testCase) {
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		var expectedFailCount int
-		if blocking || tc.withoutLimit {
-			expectedFailCount = 0
-		} else {
-			expectedFailCount = max(operationCount*len(tc.keys)-tc.limit, 0)
+		var expectedFailCount int64
+		if !tc.withoutLimit {
+			numKeys := int64(len(tc.keys))
+			expectedFailCount = max(operationCount*numKeys-tc.limit, 0)
 		}
-		actualFailCount := int(tc.failCount.Load())
-		require.Equal(t, expectedFailCount, actualFailCount)
+		require.Equal(t, expectedFailCount, tc.failCount.Load())
 	}
 }
 
-func resetFailCounts(testLimits []*testKeyLimit) {
-	for _, tc := range testLimits {
+func resetFailCounts(testCases []*testCase) {
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		tc.failCount.Store(0)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/limiting/semaphore.go b/limiting/semaphore.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91a32f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/limiting/semaphore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package limiting
+
+import (
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+type atomicSemaphore struct {
+	countDown atomic.Int64
+}
+
+func newAtomicSemaphore(size int64) *atomicSemaphore {
+	sem := new(atomicSemaphore)
+	sem.countDown.Store(size)
+	return sem
+}
+
+func (s *atomicSemaphore) acquire() bool {
+	for {
+		v := s.countDown.Load()
+		if v == 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+		if s.countDown.CompareAndSwap(v, v-1) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *atomicSemaphore) release() {
+	s.countDown.Add(1)
+}
+
+type burstAtomicSemaphore struct {
+	count atomic.Int64
+	limit int64
+}
+
+func newBurstAtomicSemaphore(size int64) *burstAtomicSemaphore {
+	return &burstAtomicSemaphore{limit: size}
+}
+
+func (s *burstAtomicSemaphore) acquire() bool {
+	v := s.count.Add(1)
+	if v > s.limit {
+		s.count.Add(-1)
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (s *burstAtomicSemaphore) release() {
+	s.count.Add(-1)
+}
+
+type channelSemaphore struct {
+	ch chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newChannelSemaphore(size int64) *channelSemaphore {
+	return &channelSemaphore{make(chan struct{}, size)}
+}
+
+func (s *channelSemaphore) acquire() bool {
+	select {
+	case s.ch <- struct{}{}:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *channelSemaphore) release() {
+	<-s.ch
+}