Merge pull request #934 from nspcc-dev/feature/pointer

Implement function pointers in the VM
2024-12-25 13:56:35 +00:00 · 2020-05-12 15:47:01 +03:00 · 2020-05-12 15:47:01 +03:00 · 8e916f5ab8
commit 8e916f5ab8
parent b83ee77698 75fb3af48f
9 changed files with 336 additions and 132 deletions
--- a/pkg/compiler/codegen.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/codegen.go
@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ type codegen struct {
 	// A mapping of func identifiers with their scope.
 	funcs map[string]*funcScope

+	// A mapping of lambda functions into their scope.
+	lambda map[string]*funcScope
+
 	// Current funcScope being converted.
 	scope *funcScope

@ -204,8 +207,8 @@ func (c *codegen) convertGlobals(f ast.Node) {

 func (c *codegen) convertFuncDecl(file ast.Node, decl *ast.FuncDecl) {
 	var (
-		f  *funcScope
-		ok bool
+		f            *funcScope
+		ok, isLambda bool
 	)

 	f, ok = c.funcs[decl.Name.Name]
@ -215,6 +218,9 @@ func (c *codegen) convertFuncDecl(file ast.Node, decl *ast.FuncDecl) {
 			return
 		}
 		c.setLabel(f.label)
+	} else if f, ok = c.lambda[decl.Name.Name]; ok {
+		isLambda = ok
+		c.setLabel(f.label)
 	} else {
 		f = c.newFunc(decl)
 	}
@ -275,6 +281,13 @@ func (c *codegen) convertFuncDecl(file ast.Node, decl *ast.FuncDecl) {
 	}

 	f.rng.End = uint16(c.prog.Len() - 1)
+
+	if !isLambda {
+		for _, f := range c.lambda {
+			c.convertFuncDecl(file, f.decl)
+		}
+		c.lambda = make(map[string]*funcScope)
+	}
 }

 func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
@ -521,6 +534,14 @@ func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {

 		return nil

+	case *ast.FuncLit:
+		l := c.newLabel()
+		c.newLambda(l, n)
+		buf := make([]byte, 4)
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(buf, l)
+		emit.Instruction(c.prog.BinWriter, opcode.PUSHA, buf)
+		return nil
+
 	case *ast.BasicLit:
 		c.emitLoadConst(c.typeInfo.Types[n])
 		return nil
@ -646,6 +667,7 @@ func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
 		var (
 			f         *funcScope
 			ok        bool
+			name      string
 			numArgs   = len(n.Args)
 			isBuiltin = isBuiltin(n.Fun)
 		)
@ -654,8 +676,7 @@ func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
 		case *ast.Ident:
 			f, ok = c.funcs[fun.Name]
 			if !ok && !isBuiltin {
-				c.prog.Err = fmt.Errorf("could not resolve function %s", fun.Name)
-				return nil
+				name = fun.Name
 			}
 		case *ast.SelectorExpr:
 			// If this is a method call we need to walk the AST to load the struct locally.
@ -700,6 +721,10 @@ func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
 			// Use the ident to check, builtins are not in func scopes.
 			// We can be sure builtins are of type *ast.Ident.
 			c.convertBuiltin(n)
+		case name != "":
+			// Function was not found thus is can be only an invocation of func-typed variable.
+			c.emitLoadLocal(name)
+			emit.Opcode(c.prog.BinWriter, opcode.CALLA)
 		case isSyscall(f):
 			c.convertSyscall(n, f.selector.Name, f.name)
 		default:
@ -1264,6 +1289,15 @@ func (c *codegen) newFunc(decl *ast.FuncDecl) *funcScope {
 	return f
 }

+func (c *codegen) newLambda(u uint16, lit *ast.FuncLit) {
+	name := fmt.Sprintf("lambda@%d", u)
+	c.lambda[name] = newFuncScope(&ast.FuncDecl{
+		Name: ast.NewIdent(name),
+		Type: lit.Type,
+		Body: lit.Body,
+	}, u)
+}
+
 func (c *codegen) compile(info *buildInfo, pkg *loader.PackageInfo) error {
 	// Resolve the entrypoint of the program.
 	main, mainFile := resolveEntryPoint(mainIdent, pkg)
@ -1319,6 +1353,7 @@ func newCodegen(info *buildInfo, pkg *loader.PackageInfo) *codegen {
 		prog:      io.NewBufBinWriter(),
 		l:         []int{},
 		funcs:     map[string]*funcScope{},
+		lambda:    map[string]*funcScope{},
 		labels:    map[labelWithType]uint16{},
 		typeInfo:  &pkg.Info,

@ -1364,7 +1399,7 @@ func (c *codegen) writeJumps(b []byte) error {
 		case opcode.JMPL, opcode.JMPIFL, opcode.JMPIFNOTL,
 			opcode.JMPEQL, opcode.JMPNEL,
 			opcode.JMPGTL, opcode.JMPGEL, opcode.JMPLEL, opcode.JMPLTL,
-			opcode.CALLL:
+			opcode.CALLL, opcode.PUSHA:
 			// we can't use arg returned by ctx.Next() because it is copied
 			nextIP := ctx.NextIP()
 			arg := b[nextIP-4:]
@ -1373,7 +1408,12 @@ func (c *codegen) writeJumps(b []byte) error {
 			if int(index) > len(c.l) {
 				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected label number: %d (max %d)", index, len(c.l))
 			}
-			offset := c.l[index] - nextIP + 5
+			var offset int
+			if op == opcode.PUSHA {
+				offset = c.l[index]
+			} else {
+				offset = c.l[index] - nextIP + 5
+			}
 			if offset > math.MaxInt32 || offset < math.MinInt32 {
 				return fmt.Errorf("label offset is too big at the instruction %d: %d (max %d, min %d)",
 					nextIP-5, offset, math.MaxInt32, math.MinInt32)
--- a/pkg/compiler/func_scope.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/func_scope.go
@ -42,8 +42,12 @@ type funcScope struct {
 }

 func newFuncScope(decl *ast.FuncDecl, label uint16) *funcScope {
+	var name string
+	if decl.Name != nil {
+		name = decl.Name.Name
+	}
 	return &funcScope{
-		name:      decl.Name.Name,
+		name:      name,
 		decl:      decl,
 		label:     label,
 		locals:    map[string]int{},
--- a/pkg/vm/context.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/context.go
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (c *Context) Next() (opcode.Opcode, []byte, error) {
 		numtoread = 1
 	case opcode.JMPL, opcode.JMPIFL, opcode.JMPIFNOTL, opcode.JMPEQL, opcode.JMPNEL,
 		opcode.JMPGTL, opcode.JMPGEL, opcode.JMPLTL, opcode.JMPLEL,
-		opcode.CALLL, opcode.SYSCALL:
+		opcode.CALLL, opcode.SYSCALL, opcode.PUSHA:
 		numtoread = 4
 	default:
 		if instr <= opcode.PUSHINT256 {
--- a/pkg/vm/opcode/opcode.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/opcode/opcode.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ const (
 	PUSHINT128 Opcode = 0x04
 	PUSHINT256 Opcode = 0x05

+	PUSHA    Opcode = 0x0A
 	PUSHNULL Opcode = 0x0B

 	PUSHDATA1 Opcode = 0x0C
@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ const (
 	JMPLEL    Opcode = 0x33
 	CALL      Opcode = 0x34
 	CALLL     Opcode = 0x35
+	CALLA     Opcode = 0x36

 	// Exceptions
 	ABORT  Opcode = 0x37
--- a/pkg/vm/opcode/opcode_string.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/opcode/opcode_string.go
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ func _() {
 	_ = x[PUSHINT64-3]
 	_ = x[PUSHINT128-4]
 	_ = x[PUSHINT256-5]
+	_ = x[PUSHA-10]
 	_ = x[PUSHNULL-11]
 	_ = x[PUSHDATA1-12]
 	_ = x[PUSHDATA2-13]
@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ func _() {
 	_ = x[JMPLEL-51]
 	_ = x[CALL-52]
 	_ = x[CALLL-53]
+	_ = x[CALLA-54]
 	_ = x[ABORT-55]
 	_ = x[ASSERT-56]
 	_ = x[THROW-58]
@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ func _() {
 	_ = x[CONVERT-219]
 }

-const _Opcode_name = "PUSHINT8PUSHINT16PUSHINT32PUSHINT64PUSHINT128PUSHINT256PUSHNULLPUSHDATA1PUSHDATA2PUSHDATA4PUSHM1PUSH0PUSH1PUSH2PUSH3PUSH4PUSH5PUSH6PUSH7PUSH8PUSH9PUSH10PUSH11PUSH12PUSH13PUSH14PUSH15PUSH16NOPJMPJMPLJMPIFJMPIFLJMPIFNOTJMPIFNOTLJMPEQJMPEQLJMPNEJMPNELJMPGTJMPGTLJMPGEJMPGELJMPLTJMPLTLJMPLEJMPLELCALLCALLLABORTASSERTTHROWRETSYSCALLDEPTHDROPNIPXDROPCLEARDUPOVERPICKTUCKSWAPOLDPUSH1ROLLREVERSE3REVERSE4REVERSENDUPFROMALTSTACKTOALTSTACKFROMALTSTACKCATSUBSTRLEFTRIGHTINVERTANDORXOREQUALNOTEQUALSIGNABSNEGATEINCDECADDSUBMULDIVMODSHLSHRNOTBOOLANDBOOLORNZNUMEQUALNUMNOTEQUALLTLTEGTGTEMINMAXWITHINPACKUNPACKNEWARRAY0NEWARRAYNEWARRAYTNEWSTRUCT0NEWSTRUCTNEWMAPSIZEHASKEYKEYSVALUESPICKITEMAPPENDSETITEMREVERSEITEMSREMOVECLEARITEMSISNULLISTYPECONVERT"
+const _Opcode_name = "PUSHINT8PUSHINT16PUSHINT32PUSHINT64PUSHINT128PUSHINT256PUSHAPUSHNULLPUSHDATA1PUSHDATA2PUSHDATA4PUSHM1PUSH0PUSH1PUSH2PUSH3PUSH4PUSH5PUSH6PUSH7PUSH8PUSH9PUSH10PUSH11PUSH12PUSH13PUSH14PUSH15PUSH16NOPJMPJMPLJMPIFJMPIFLJMPIFNOTJMPIFNOTLJMPEQJMPEQLJMPNEJMPNELJMPGTJMPGTLJMPGEJMPGELJMPLTJMPLTLJMPLEJMPLELCALLCALLLCALLAABORTASSERTTHROWRETSYSCALLDEPTHDROPNIPXDROPCLEARDUPOVERPICKTUCKSWAPOLDPUSH1ROLLREVERSE3REVERSE4REVERSENDUPFROMALTSTACKTOALTSTACKFROMALTSTACKCATSUBSTRLEFTRIGHTINVERTANDORXOREQUALNOTEQUALSIGNABSNEGATEINCDECADDSUBMULDIVMODSHLSHRNOTBOOLANDBOOLORNZNUMEQUALNUMNOTEQUALLTLTEGTGTEMINMAXWITHINPACKUNPACKNEWARRAY0NEWARRAYNEWARRAYTNEWSTRUCT0NEWSTRUCTNEWMAPSIZEHASKEYKEYSVALUESPICKITEMAPPENDSETITEMREVERSEITEMSREMOVECLEARITEMSISNULLISTYPECONVERT"

 var _Opcode_map = map[Opcode]string{
 	0:   _Opcode_name[0:8],
@ -150,128 +152,130 @@ var _Opcode_map = map[Opcode]string{
 	3:   _Opcode_name[26:35],
 	4:   _Opcode_name[35:45],
 	5:   _Opcode_name[45:55],
-	11:  _Opcode_name[55:63],
-	12:  _Opcode_name[63:72],
-	13:  _Opcode_name[72:81],
-	14:  _Opcode_name[81:90],
-	15:  _Opcode_name[90:96],
-	16:  _Opcode_name[96:101],
-	17:  _Opcode_name[101:106],
-	18:  _Opcode_name[106:111],
-	19:  _Opcode_name[111:116],
-	20:  _Opcode_name[116:121],
-	21:  _Opcode_name[121:126],
-	22:  _Opcode_name[126:131],
-	23:  _Opcode_name[131:136],
-	24:  _Opcode_name[136:141],
-	25:  _Opcode_name[141:146],
-	26:  _Opcode_name[146:152],
-	27:  _Opcode_name[152:158],
-	28:  _Opcode_name[158:164],
-	29:  _Opcode_name[164:170],
-	30:  _Opcode_name[170:176],
-	31:  _Opcode_name[176:182],
-	32:  _Opcode_name[182:188],
-	33:  _Opcode_name[188:191],
-	34:  _Opcode_name[191:194],
-	35:  _Opcode_name[194:198],
-	36:  _Opcode_name[198:203],
-	37:  _Opcode_name[203:209],
-	38:  _Opcode_name[209:217],
-	39:  _Opcode_name[217:226],
-	40:  _Opcode_name[226:231],
-	41:  _Opcode_name[231:237],
-	42:  _Opcode_name[237:242],
-	43:  _Opcode_name[242:248],
-	44:  _Opcode_name[248:253],
-	45:  _Opcode_name[253:259],
-	46:  _Opcode_name[259:264],
-	47:  _Opcode_name[264:270],
-	48:  _Opcode_name[270:275],
-	49:  _Opcode_name[275:281],
-	50:  _Opcode_name[281:286],
-	51:  _Opcode_name[286:292],
-	52:  _Opcode_name[292:296],
-	53:  _Opcode_name[296:301],
-	55:  _Opcode_name[301:306],
-	56:  _Opcode_name[306:312],
-	58:  _Opcode_name[312:317],
-	64:  _Opcode_name[317:320],
-	65:  _Opcode_name[320:327],
-	67:  _Opcode_name[327:332],
-	69:  _Opcode_name[332:336],
-	70:  _Opcode_name[336:339],
-	72:  _Opcode_name[339:344],
-	73:  _Opcode_name[344:349],
-	74:  _Opcode_name[349:352],
-	75:  _Opcode_name[352:356],
-	77:  _Opcode_name[356:360],
-	78:  _Opcode_name[360:364],
-	80:  _Opcode_name[364:368],
-	81:  _Opcode_name[368:376],
-	82:  _Opcode_name[376:380],
-	83:  _Opcode_name[380:388],
-	84:  _Opcode_name[388:396],
-	85:  _Opcode_name[396:404],
-	106: _Opcode_name[404:419],
-	107: _Opcode_name[419:429],
-	108: _Opcode_name[429:441],
-	126: _Opcode_name[441:444],
-	127: _Opcode_name[444:450],
-	128: _Opcode_name[450:454],
-	129: _Opcode_name[454:459],
-	144: _Opcode_name[459:465],
-	145: _Opcode_name[465:468],
-	146: _Opcode_name[468:470],
-	147: _Opcode_name[470:473],
-	151: _Opcode_name[473:478],
-	152: _Opcode_name[478:486],
-	153: _Opcode_name[486:490],
-	154: _Opcode_name[490:493],
-	155: _Opcode_name[493:499],
-	156: _Opcode_name[499:502],
-	157: _Opcode_name[502:505],
-	158: _Opcode_name[505:508],
-	159: _Opcode_name[508:511],
-	160: _Opcode_name[511:514],
-	161: _Opcode_name[514:517],
-	162: _Opcode_name[517:520],
-	168: _Opcode_name[520:523],
-	169: _Opcode_name[523:526],
-	170: _Opcode_name[526:529],
-	171: _Opcode_name[529:536],
-	172: _Opcode_name[536:542],
-	177: _Opcode_name[542:544],
-	179: _Opcode_name[544:552],
-	180: _Opcode_name[552:563],
-	181: _Opcode_name[563:565],
-	182: _Opcode_name[565:568],
-	183: _Opcode_name[568:570],
-	184: _Opcode_name[570:573],
-	185: _Opcode_name[573:576],
-	186: _Opcode_name[576:579],
-	187: _Opcode_name[579:585],
-	192: _Opcode_name[585:589],
-	193: _Opcode_name[589:595],
-	194: _Opcode_name[595:604],
-	195: _Opcode_name[604:612],
-	196: _Opcode_name[612:621],
-	197: _Opcode_name[621:631],
-	198: _Opcode_name[631:640],
-	200: _Opcode_name[640:646],
-	202: _Opcode_name[646:650],
-	203: _Opcode_name[650:656],
-	204: _Opcode_name[656:660],
-	205: _Opcode_name[660:666],
-	206: _Opcode_name[666:674],
-	207: _Opcode_name[674:680],
-	208: _Opcode_name[680:687],
-	209: _Opcode_name[687:699],
-	210: _Opcode_name[699:705],
-	211: _Opcode_name[705:715],
-	216: _Opcode_name[715:721],
-	217: _Opcode_name[721:727],
-	219: _Opcode_name[727:734],
+	10:  _Opcode_name[55:60],
+	11:  _Opcode_name[60:68],
+	12:  _Opcode_name[68:77],
+	13:  _Opcode_name[77:86],
+	14:  _Opcode_name[86:95],
+	15:  _Opcode_name[95:101],
+	16:  _Opcode_name[101:106],
+	17:  _Opcode_name[106:111],
+	18:  _Opcode_name[111:116],
+	19:  _Opcode_name[116:121],
+	20:  _Opcode_name[121:126],
+	21:  _Opcode_name[126:131],
+	22:  _Opcode_name[131:136],
+	23:  _Opcode_name[136:141],
+	24:  _Opcode_name[141:146],
+	25:  _Opcode_name[146:151],
+	26:  _Opcode_name[151:157],
+	27:  _Opcode_name[157:163],
+	28:  _Opcode_name[163:169],
+	29:  _Opcode_name[169:175],
+	30:  _Opcode_name[175:181],
+	31:  _Opcode_name[181:187],
+	32:  _Opcode_name[187:193],
+	33:  _Opcode_name[193:196],
+	34:  _Opcode_name[196:199],
+	35:  _Opcode_name[199:203],
+	36:  _Opcode_name[203:208],
+	37:  _Opcode_name[208:214],
+	38:  _Opcode_name[214:222],
+	39:  _Opcode_name[222:231],
+	40:  _Opcode_name[231:236],
+	41:  _Opcode_name[236:242],
+	42:  _Opcode_name[242:247],
+	43:  _Opcode_name[247:253],
+	44:  _Opcode_name[253:258],
+	45:  _Opcode_name[258:264],
+	46:  _Opcode_name[264:269],
+	47:  _Opcode_name[269:275],
+	48:  _Opcode_name[275:280],
+	49:  _Opcode_name[280:286],
+	50:  _Opcode_name[286:291],
+	51:  _Opcode_name[291:297],
+	52:  _Opcode_name[297:301],
+	53:  _Opcode_name[301:306],
+	54:  _Opcode_name[306:311],
+	55:  _Opcode_name[311:316],
+	56:  _Opcode_name[316:322],
+	58:  _Opcode_name[322:327],
+	64:  _Opcode_name[327:330],
+	65:  _Opcode_name[330:337],
+	67:  _Opcode_name[337:342],
+	69:  _Opcode_name[342:346],
+	70:  _Opcode_name[346:349],
+	72:  _Opcode_name[349:354],
+	73:  _Opcode_name[354:359],
+	74:  _Opcode_name[359:362],
+	75:  _Opcode_name[362:366],
+	77:  _Opcode_name[366:370],
+	78:  _Opcode_name[370:374],
+	80:  _Opcode_name[374:378],
+	81:  _Opcode_name[378:386],
+	82:  _Opcode_name[386:390],
+	83:  _Opcode_name[390:398],
+	84:  _Opcode_name[398:406],
+	85:  _Opcode_name[406:414],
+	106: _Opcode_name[414:429],
+	107: _Opcode_name[429:439],
+	108: _Opcode_name[439:451],
+	126: _Opcode_name[451:454],
+	127: _Opcode_name[454:460],
+	128: _Opcode_name[460:464],
+	129: _Opcode_name[464:469],
+	144: _Opcode_name[469:475],
+	145: _Opcode_name[475:478],
+	146: _Opcode_name[478:480],
+	147: _Opcode_name[480:483],
+	151: _Opcode_name[483:488],
+	152: _Opcode_name[488:496],
+	153: _Opcode_name[496:500],
+	154: _Opcode_name[500:503],
+	155: _Opcode_name[503:509],
+	156: _Opcode_name[509:512],
+	157: _Opcode_name[512:515],
+	158: _Opcode_name[515:518],
+	159: _Opcode_name[518:521],
+	160: _Opcode_name[521:524],
+	161: _Opcode_name[524:527],
+	162: _Opcode_name[527:530],
+	168: _Opcode_name[530:533],
+	169: _Opcode_name[533:536],
+	170: _Opcode_name[536:539],
+	171: _Opcode_name[539:546],
+	172: _Opcode_name[546:552],
+	177: _Opcode_name[552:554],
+	179: _Opcode_name[554:562],
+	180: _Opcode_name[562:573],
+	181: _Opcode_name[573:575],
+	182: _Opcode_name[575:578],
+	183: _Opcode_name[578:580],
+	184: _Opcode_name[580:583],
+	185: _Opcode_name[583:586],
+	186: _Opcode_name[586:589],
+	187: _Opcode_name[589:595],
+	192: _Opcode_name[595:599],
+	193: _Opcode_name[599:605],
+	194: _Opcode_name[605:614],
+	195: _Opcode_name[614:622],
+	196: _Opcode_name[622:631],
+	197: _Opcode_name[631:641],
+	198: _Opcode_name[641:650],
+	200: _Opcode_name[650:656],
+	202: _Opcode_name[656:660],
+	203: _Opcode_name[660:666],
+	204: _Opcode_name[666:670],
+	205: _Opcode_name[670:676],
+	206: _Opcode_name[676:684],
+	207: _Opcode_name[684:690],
+	208: _Opcode_name[690:697],
+	209: _Opcode_name[697:709],
+	210: _Opcode_name[709:715],
+	211: _Opcode_name[715:725],
+	216: _Opcode_name[725:731],
+	217: _Opcode_name[731:737],
+	219: _Opcode_name[737:744],
 }

 func (i Opcode) String() string {
--- a/pkg/vm/stack_item.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/stack_item.go
@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"reflect"

+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 )

@ -857,3 +859,84 @@ func (i *InteropItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
 func (i *InteropItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return json.Marshal(i.value)
 }
+
+// PointerItem represents VM-level instruction pointer.
+type PointerItem struct {
+	pos    int
+	script []byte
+	hash   util.Uint160
+}
+
+// NewPointerItem returns new pointer on the specified position.
+func NewPointerItem(pos int, script []byte) *PointerItem {
+	return &PointerItem{
+		pos:    pos,
+		script: script,
+		hash:   hash.Hash160(script),
+	}
+}
+
+// String implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) String() string {
+	return "Pointer"
+}
+
+// Value implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Value() interface{} {
+	return p.pos
+}
+
+// Dup implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Dup() StackItem {
+	return &PointerItem{
+		pos:    p.pos,
+		script: p.script,
+		hash:   p.hash,
+	}
+}
+
+// Bool implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Bool() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
+	if p == s {
+		return true
+	}
+	ptr, ok := s.(*PointerItem)
+	return ok && p.pos == ptr.pos && p.hash == ptr.hash
+}
+
+// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
+	return smartcontract.NewParameter(smartcontract.AnyType)
+}
+
+// Type implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Type() StackItemType {
+	return PointerT
+}
+
+// Convert implements StackItem interface.
+func (p *PointerItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case PointerT:
+		return p, nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBoolItem(p.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/vm/stack_item_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/stack_item_test.go
@ -127,6 +127,10 @@ var stringerTestCases = []struct {
 		input:  NewInteropItem(nil),
 		result: "InteropItem",
 	},
+	{
+		input:  NewPointerItem(0, nil),
+		result: "Pointer",
+	},
 }

 func TestStringer(t *testing.T) {
@ -314,6 +318,32 @@ var equalsTestCases = map[string][]struct {
 			result: true,
 		},
 	},
+	"pointer": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointerItem(2, []byte{1}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{2}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
+			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)),
+			result: false,
+		},
+	},
 }

 func TestEquals(t *testing.T) {
--- a/pkg/vm/vm.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/vm.go
@ -198,6 +198,9 @@ func (v *VM) PrintOps() {
 			case opcode.JMP, opcode.JMPIF, opcode.JMPIFNOT, opcode.CALL:
 				offset := int16(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(parameter))
 				desc = fmt.Sprintf("%d (%d/%x)", ctx.ip+int(offset), offset, parameter)
+			case opcode.PUSHA:
+				offset := int32(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(parameter))
+				desc = fmt.Sprintf("%d (%x)", offset, parameter)
 			case opcode.SYSCALL:
 				desc = fmt.Sprintf("%q", parameter)
 			default:
@ -529,6 +532,14 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 	case opcode.PUSHDATA1, opcode.PUSHDATA2, opcode.PUSHDATA4:
 		v.estack.PushVal(parameter)

+	case opcode.PUSHA:
+		n := int32(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(parameter))
+		if n < 0 || int(n) > len(ctx.prog) {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid pointer offset (%d)", n))
+		}
+		ptr := NewPointerItem(int(n), ctx.prog)
+		v.estack.PushVal(ptr)
+
 	case opcode.PUSHNULL:
 		v.estack.PushVal(NullItem{})

@ -1134,6 +1145,17 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		offset := v.getJumpOffset(newCtx, parameter, 0)
 		v.jumpIf(newCtx, offset, true)

+	case opcode.CALLA:
+		ptr := v.estack.Pop().Item().(*PointerItem)
+		if ptr.hash != ctx.ScriptHash() {
+			panic("invalid script in pointer")
+		}
+
+		newCtx := ctx.Copy()
+		newCtx.rvcount = -1
+		v.istack.PushVal(newCtx)
+		v.jumpIf(newCtx, ptr.pos, true)
+
 	case opcode.SYSCALL:
 		interopID := GetInteropID(parameter)
 		ifunc := v.GetInteropByID(interopID)
--- a/pkg/vm/vm_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/vm_test.go
@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ func TestCONVERT(t *testing.T) {
 			NewArrayItem(arr), NewArrayItem(nil),
 			NewStructItem(arr), NewStructItem(nil),
 			NewMapItem(), m, NewInteropItem(struct{}{}),
+			NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
 		}
 		for i := range trueCases {
 			t.Run(getName(trueCases[i], BooleanT), testBool(trueCases[i], NewBoolItem(true)))
@ -329,9 +330,12 @@ func TestCONVERT(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("Map->Map", testCONVERT(MapT, m, m))

+	ptr := NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1})
+	t.Run("Pointer->Pointer", testCONVERT(PointerT, ptr, ptr))
+
 	t.Run("Null->", func(t *testing.T) {
 		types := []StackItemType{
-			BooleanT, ByteArrayT, IntegerT, ArrayT, StructT, MapT, InteropT,
+			BooleanT, ByteArrayT, IntegerT, ArrayT, StructT, MapT, InteropT, PointerT,
 		}
 		for i := range types {
 			t.Run(types[i].String(), testCONVERT(types[i], NullItem{}, NullItem{}))
@ -905,6 +909,21 @@ func TestJMPs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestPUSHA(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Negative", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.PUSHA, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF), nil))
+	t.Run("TooBig", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.PUSHA, 10, 0, 0, 0), nil))
+	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
+		prog := makeProgram(opcode.PUSHA, 2, 0, 0, 0)
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, NewPointerItem(2, prog))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCALLA(t *testing.T) {
+	prog := makeProgram(opcode.CALLA, opcode.PUSH2, opcode.ADD, opcode.RET, opcode.PUSH3, opcode.RET)
+	t.Run("InvalidScript", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewPointerItem(4, []byte{1})))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 5, NewPointerItem(4, prog)))
+}
+
 func TestNOT(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NOT)
 	t.Run("Bool", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, false))