neo-go/pkg/core/dao/dao.go

package dao

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	iocore "io"
	"math/big"
	"sync"

	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/config/limits"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/block"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/storage"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
)

// HasTransaction errors.
var (
	// ErrAlreadyExists is returned when the transaction exists in dao.
	ErrAlreadyExists = errors.New("transaction already exists")
	// ErrHasConflicts is returned when the transaction is in the list of conflicting
	// transactions which are already in dao.
	ErrHasConflicts = errors.New("transaction has conflicts")
	// ErrInternalDBInconsistency is returned when the format of the retrieved DAO
	// record is unexpected.
	ErrInternalDBInconsistency = errors.New("internal DB inconsistency")
)

// conflictRecordValueLen is the length of value of transaction conflict record.
// It consists of 1-byte [storage.ExecTransaction] prefix and 4-bytes block index
// in the LE form.
const conflictRecordValueLen = 1 + 4

// Simple is memCached wrapper around DB, simple DAO implementation.
type Simple struct {
	Version Version
	Store   *storage.MemCachedStore

	nativeCacheLock sync.RWMutex
	nativeCache     map[int32]NativeContractCache
	// nativeCachePS is the backend store that provides functionality to store
	// and retrieve multi-tier native contract cache. The lowest Simple has its
	// nativeCachePS set to nil.
	nativeCachePS *Simple

	private bool
	serCtx  *stackitem.SerializationContext
	keyBuf  []byte
	dataBuf *io.BufBinWriter
}

// NativeContractCache is an interface representing cache for a native contract.
// Cache can be copied to create a wrapper around current DAO layer. Wrapped cache
// can be persisted to the underlying DAO native cache.
type NativeContractCache interface {
	// Copy returns a copy of native cache item that can safely be changed within
	// the subsequent DAO operations.
	Copy() NativeContractCache
}

// NewSimple creates a new simple dao using the provided backend store.
func NewSimple(backend storage.Store, stateRootInHeader bool) *Simple {
	st := storage.NewMemCachedStore(backend)
	return newSimple(st, stateRootInHeader)
}

func newSimple(st *storage.MemCachedStore, stateRootInHeader bool) *Simple {
	return &Simple{
		Version: Version{
			StoragePrefix:     storage.STStorage,
			StateRootInHeader: stateRootInHeader,
		},
		Store:       st,
		nativeCache: make(map[int32]NativeContractCache),
	}
}

// GetBatch returns the currently accumulated DB changeset.
func (dao *Simple) GetBatch() *storage.MemBatch {
	return dao.Store.GetBatch()
}

// GetWrapped returns a new DAO instance with another layer of wrapped
// MemCachedStore around the current DAO Store.
func (dao *Simple) GetWrapped() *Simple {
	d := NewSimple(dao.Store, dao.Version.StateRootInHeader)
	d.Version = dao.Version
	d.nativeCachePS = dao
	return d
}

// GetPrivate returns a new DAO instance with another layer of private
// MemCachedStore around the current DAO Store.
func (dao *Simple) GetPrivate() *Simple {
	d := &Simple{
		Version: dao.Version,
		keyBuf:  dao.keyBuf,
		dataBuf: dao.dataBuf,
		serCtx:  dao.serCtx,
	} // Inherit everything...
	d.Store = storage.NewPrivateMemCachedStore(dao.Store) // except storage, wrap another layer.
	d.private = true
	d.nativeCachePS = dao
	// Do not inherit cache from nativeCachePS; instead should create clear map:
	// GetRWCache and GetROCache will retrieve cache from the underlying
	// nativeCache if requested. The lowest underlying DAO MUST have its native
	// cache initialized before access it, otherwise GetROCache and GetRWCache
	// won't work properly.
	d.nativeCache = make(map[int32]NativeContractCache)
	return d
}

// GetAndDecode performs get operation and decoding with serializable structures.
func (dao *Simple) GetAndDecode(entity io.Serializable, key []byte) error {
	entityBytes, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	reader := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(entityBytes)
	entity.DecodeBinary(reader)
	return reader.Err
}

// putWithBuffer performs put operation using buf as a pre-allocated buffer for serialization.
func (dao *Simple) putWithBuffer(entity io.Serializable, key []byte, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
	entity.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
	if buf.Err != nil {
		return buf.Err
	}
	dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
	return nil
}

// -- start NEP-17 transfer info.

func (dao *Simple) makeTTIKey(acc util.Uint160) []byte {
	key := dao.getKeyBuf(1 + util.Uint160Size)
	key[0] = byte(storage.STTokenTransferInfo)
	copy(key[1:], acc.BytesBE())
	return key
}

// GetTokenTransferInfo retrieves NEP-17 transfer info from the cache.
func (dao *Simple) GetTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160) (*state.TokenTransferInfo, error) {
	key := dao.makeTTIKey(acc)
	bs := state.NewTokenTransferInfo()
	err := dao.GetAndDecode(bs, key)
	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, storage.ErrKeyNotFound) {
		return nil, err
	}
	return bs, nil
}

// PutTokenTransferInfo saves NEP-17 transfer info in the cache.
func (dao *Simple) PutTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo) error {
	return dao.putTokenTransferInfo(acc, bs, dao.getDataBuf())
}

func (dao *Simple) putTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
	return dao.putWithBuffer(bs, dao.makeTTIKey(acc), buf)
}

// -- end NEP-17 transfer info.

// -- start transfer log.

func (dao *Simple) getTokenTransferLogKey(acc util.Uint160, newestTimestamp uint64, index uint32, isNEP11 bool) []byte {
	key := dao.getKeyBuf(1 + util.Uint160Size + 8 + 4)
	if isNEP11 {
		key[0] = byte(storage.STNEP11Transfers)
	} else {
		key[0] = byte(storage.STNEP17Transfers)
	}
	copy(key[1:], acc.BytesBE())
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[1+util.Uint160Size:], newestTimestamp)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(key[1+util.Uint160Size+8:], index)
	return key
}

// SeekNEP17TransferLog executes f for each NEP-17 transfer in log starting from
// the transfer with the newest timestamp up to the oldest transfer. It continues
// iteration until false is returned from f. The last non-nil error is returned.
func (dao *Simple) SeekNEP17TransferLog(acc util.Uint160, newestTimestamp uint64, f func(*state.NEP17Transfer) (bool, error)) error {
	key := dao.getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, newestTimestamp, 0, false)
	prefixLen := 1 + util.Uint160Size
	var seekErr error
	dao.Store.Seek(storage.SeekRange{
		Prefix:    key[:prefixLen],
		Start:     key[prefixLen : prefixLen+8],
		Backwards: true,
	}, func(k, v []byte) bool {
		lg := &state.TokenTransferLog{Raw: v}
		cont, err := lg.ForEachNEP17(f)
		if err != nil {
			seekErr = err
		}
		return cont
	})
	return seekErr
}

// SeekNEP11TransferLog executes f for each NEP-11 transfer in log starting from
// the transfer with the newest timestamp up to the oldest transfer. It continues
// iteration until false is returned from f. The last non-nil error is returned.
func (dao *Simple) SeekNEP11TransferLog(acc util.Uint160, newestTimestamp uint64, f func(*state.NEP11Transfer) (bool, error)) error {
	key := dao.getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, newestTimestamp, 0, true)
	prefixLen := 1 + util.Uint160Size
	var seekErr error
	dao.Store.Seek(storage.SeekRange{
		Prefix:    key[:prefixLen],
		Start:     key[prefixLen : prefixLen+8],
		Backwards: true,
	}, func(k, v []byte) bool {
		lg := &state.TokenTransferLog{Raw: v}
		cont, err := lg.ForEachNEP11(f)
		if err != nil {
			seekErr = err
		}
		return cont
	})
	return seekErr
}

// GetTokenTransferLog retrieves transfer log from the cache.
func (dao *Simple) GetTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, newestTimestamp uint64, index uint32, isNEP11 bool) (*state.TokenTransferLog, error) {
	key := dao.getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, newestTimestamp, index, isNEP11)
	value, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrKeyNotFound) {
			return new(state.TokenTransferLog), nil
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	return &state.TokenTransferLog{Raw: value}, nil
}

// PutTokenTransferLog saves the given transfer log in the cache.
func (dao *Simple) PutTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, start uint64, index uint32, isNEP11 bool, lg *state.TokenTransferLog) {
	key := dao.getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, start, index, isNEP11)
	dao.Store.Put(key, lg.Raw)
}

// -- end transfer log.

// -- start notification event.

func (dao *Simple) makeExecutableKey(hash util.Uint256) []byte {
	key := dao.getKeyBuf(1 + util.Uint256Size)
	key[0] = byte(storage.DataExecutable)
	copy(key[1:], hash.BytesBE())
	return key
}

// GetAppExecResults gets application execution results with the specified trigger from the
// given store.
func (dao *Simple) GetAppExecResults(hash util.Uint256, trig trigger.Type) ([]state.AppExecResult, error) {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(hash)
	bs, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if len(bs) == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: empty execution log", ErrInternalDBInconsistency)
	}
	switch bs[0] {
	case storage.ExecBlock:
		r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(bs)
		_ = r.ReadB()
		_, err = block.NewTrimmedFromReader(dao.Version.StateRootInHeader, r)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		result := make([]state.AppExecResult, 0, 2)
		for {
			aer := new(state.AppExecResult)
			aer.DecodeBinary(r)
			if r.Err != nil {
				if errors.Is(r.Err, iocore.EOF) {
					break
				}
				return nil, r.Err
			}
			if aer.Trigger&trig != 0 {
				result = append(result, *aer)
			}
		}
		return result, nil
	case storage.ExecTransaction:
		_, _, aer, err := decodeTxAndExecResult(bs)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if aer.Trigger&trig != 0 {
			return []state.AppExecResult{*aer}, nil
		}
		return nil, nil
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: unexpected executable prefix %d", ErrInternalDBInconsistency, bs[0])
	}
}

// GetTxExecResult gets application execution result of the specified transaction
// and returns the transaction itself, its height and its AppExecResult.
func (dao *Simple) GetTxExecResult(hash util.Uint256) (uint32, *transaction.Transaction, *state.AppExecResult, error) {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(hash)
	bs, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, nil, nil, err
	}
	if len(bs) == 0 {
		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: empty execution log", ErrInternalDBInconsistency)
	}
	if bs[0] != storage.ExecTransaction {
		return 0, nil, nil, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
	}
	return decodeTxAndExecResult(bs)
}

// decodeTxAndExecResult decodes transaction, its height and execution result from
// the given executable bytes. It performs no executable prefix check.
func decodeTxAndExecResult(buf []byte) (uint32, *transaction.Transaction, *state.AppExecResult, error) {
	if len(buf) == conflictRecordValueLen { // conflict record stub.
		return 0, nil, nil, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
	}
	r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(buf)
	_ = r.ReadB()
	h := r.ReadU32LE()
	tx := &transaction.Transaction{}
	tx.DecodeBinary(r)
	if r.Err != nil {
		return 0, nil, nil, r.Err
	}
	aer := new(state.AppExecResult)
	aer.DecodeBinary(r)
	if r.Err != nil {
		return 0, nil, nil, r.Err
	}

	return h, tx, aer, nil
}

// -- end notification event.

// -- start storage item.

// GetStorageItem returns StorageItem if it exists in the given store.
func (dao *Simple) GetStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) state.StorageItem {
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(dao.makeStorageItemKey(id, key))
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}
	return b
}

// PutStorageItem puts the given StorageItem for the given id with the given
// key into the given store.
func (dao *Simple) PutStorageItem(id int32, key []byte, si state.StorageItem) {
	stKey := dao.makeStorageItemKey(id, key)
	dao.Store.Put(stKey, si)
}

// PutBigInt serializaed and puts the given integer for the given id with the given
// key into the given store.
func (dao *Simple) PutBigInt(id int32, key []byte, n *big.Int) {
	var buf [bigint.MaxBytesLen]byte
	stData := bigint.ToPreallocatedBytes(n, buf[:])
	dao.PutStorageItem(id, key, stData)
}

// DeleteStorageItem drops a storage item for the given id with the
// given key from the store.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) {
	stKey := dao.makeStorageItemKey(id, key)
	dao.Store.Delete(stKey)
}

// Seek executes f for all storage items matching the given `rng` (matching the given prefix and
// starting from the point specified). If the key or the value is to be used outside of f, they
// may not be copied. Seek continues iterating until false is returned from f. A requested prefix
// (if any non-empty) is trimmed before passing to f.
func (dao *Simple) Seek(id int32, rng storage.SeekRange, f func(k, v []byte) bool) {
	rng.Prefix = bytes.Clone(dao.makeStorageItemKey(id, rng.Prefix)) // f() can use dao too.
	dao.Store.Seek(rng, func(k, v []byte) bool {
		return f(k[len(rng.Prefix):], v)
	})
}

// SeekAsync sends all storage items matching the given `rng` (matching the given prefix and
// starting from the point specified) to a channel and returns the channel.
// Resulting keys and values may not be copied.
func (dao *Simple) SeekAsync(ctx context.Context, id int32, rng storage.SeekRange) chan storage.KeyValue {
	rng.Prefix = bytes.Clone(dao.makeStorageItemKey(id, rng.Prefix))
	return dao.Store.SeekAsync(ctx, rng, true)
}

// makeStorageItemKey returns the key used to store the StorageItem in the DB.
func (dao *Simple) makeStorageItemKey(id int32, key []byte) []byte {
	// 1 for prefix + 4 for Uint32 + len(key) for key
	buf := dao.getKeyBuf(5 + len(key))
	buf[0] = byte(dao.Version.StoragePrefix)
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf[1:], uint32(id))
	copy(buf[5:], key)
	return buf
}

// -- end storage item.

// -- other.

// GetBlock returns Block by the given hash if it exists in the store.
func (dao *Simple) GetBlock(hash util.Uint256) (*block.Block, error) {
	return dao.getBlock(dao.makeExecutableKey(hash))
}

func (dao *Simple) getBlock(key []byte) (*block.Block, error) {
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(b)
	if r.ReadB() != storage.ExecBlock {
		// It may be a transaction.
		return nil, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
	}
	block, err := block.NewTrimmedFromReader(dao.Version.StateRootInHeader, r)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return block, nil
}

// Version represents the current dao version.
type Version struct {
	StoragePrefix              storage.KeyPrefix
	StateRootInHeader          bool
	P2PSigExtensions           bool
	P2PStateExchangeExtensions bool
	KeepOnlyLatestState        bool
	Magic                      uint32
	Value                      string
}

const (
	stateRootInHeaderBit = 1 << iota
	p2pSigExtensionsBit
	p2pStateExchangeExtensionsBit
	keepOnlyLatestStateBit
)

// FromBytes decodes v from a byte-slice.
func (v *Version) FromBytes(data []byte) error {
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return errors.New("missing version")
	}
	i := 0
	for i < len(data) && data[i] != '\x00' {
		i++
	}

	if i == len(data) {
		v.Value = string(data)
		return nil
	}

	if len(data) < i+3 {
		return errors.New("version is invalid")
	}

	v.Value = string(data[:i])
	v.StoragePrefix = storage.KeyPrefix(data[i+1])
	v.StateRootInHeader = data[i+2]&stateRootInHeaderBit != 0
	v.P2PSigExtensions = data[i+2]&p2pSigExtensionsBit != 0
	v.P2PStateExchangeExtensions = data[i+2]&p2pStateExchangeExtensionsBit != 0
	v.KeepOnlyLatestState = data[i+2]&keepOnlyLatestStateBit != 0

	m := i + 3
	if len(data) == m+4 {
		v.Magic = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(data[m:])
	}
	return nil
}

// Bytes encodes v to a byte-slice.
func (v *Version) Bytes() []byte {
	var mask byte
	if v.StateRootInHeader {
		mask |= stateRootInHeaderBit
	}
	if v.P2PSigExtensions {
		mask |= p2pSigExtensionsBit
	}
	if v.P2PStateExchangeExtensions {
		mask |= p2pStateExchangeExtensionsBit
	}
	if v.KeepOnlyLatestState {
		mask |= keepOnlyLatestStateBit
	}
	res := append([]byte(v.Value), '\x00', byte(v.StoragePrefix), mask)
	res = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(res, v.Magic)
	return res
}

func (dao *Simple) mkKeyPrefix(k storage.KeyPrefix) []byte {
	b := dao.getKeyBuf(1)
	b[0] = byte(k)
	return b
}

// GetVersion attempts to get the current version stored in the
// underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetVersion() (Version, error) {
	var version Version

	data, err := dao.Store.Get(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSVersion))
	if err == nil {
		err = version.FromBytes(data)
	}
	return version, err
}

// GetCurrentBlockHeight returns the current block height found in the
// underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error) {
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSCurrentBlock))
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[32:36]), nil
}

// GetCurrentHeaderHeight returns the current header height and hash from
// the underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetCurrentHeaderHeight() (i uint32, h util.Uint256, err error) {
	var b []byte
	b, err = dao.Store.Get(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSCurrentHeader))
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	i = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[32:36])
	h, err = util.Uint256DecodeBytesLE(b[:32])
	return
}

// GetStateSyncPoint returns current state synchronization point P.
func (dao *Simple) GetStateSyncPoint() (uint32, error) {
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSStateSyncPoint))
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b), nil
}

// GetStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight returns the current block height stored during state
// synchronization process.
func (dao *Simple) GetStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error) {
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight))
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b), nil
}

// GetHeaderHashes returns a page of header hashes retrieved from
// the given underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetHeaderHashes(height uint32) ([]util.Uint256, error) {
	var hashes []util.Uint256

	key := dao.mkHeaderHashKey(height)
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	br := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(b)
	br.ReadArray(&hashes)
	if br.Err != nil {
		return nil, br.Err
	}
	return hashes, nil
}

// DeleteHeaderHashes removes batches of header hashes starting from the one that
// contains header with index `since` up to the most recent batch. It assumes that
// all stored batches contain `batchSize` hashes.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteHeaderHashes(since uint32, batchSize int) {
	dao.Store.Seek(storage.SeekRange{
		Prefix:    dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.IXHeaderHashList),
		Backwards: true,
	}, func(k, _ []byte) bool {
		first := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(k[1:])
		if first >= since {
			dao.Store.Delete(k)
			return first != since
		}
		if first+uint32(batchSize)-1 >= since {
			dao.Store.Delete(k)
		}
		return false
	})
}

// GetTransaction returns Transaction and its height by the given hash
// if it exists in the store. It does not return conflict record stubs.
func (dao *Simple) GetTransaction(hash util.Uint256) (*transaction.Transaction, uint32, error) {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(hash)
	b, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, 0, err
	}
	if len(b) < 1 {
		return nil, 0, errors.New("bad transaction bytes")
	}
	if b[0] != storage.ExecTransaction {
		// It may be a block.
		return nil, 0, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
	}
	if len(b) == conflictRecordValueLen {
		// It's a conflict record stub.
		return nil, 0, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
	}
	r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(b)
	_ = r.ReadB()

	var height = r.ReadU32LE()

	tx := &transaction.Transaction{}
	tx.DecodeBinary(r)
	if r.Err != nil {
		return nil, 0, r.Err
	}

	return tx, height, nil
}

// PutVersion stores the given version in the underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) PutVersion(v Version) {
	dao.Version = v
	dao.Store.Put(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSVersion), v.Bytes())
}

// PutCurrentHeader stores the current header.
func (dao *Simple) PutCurrentHeader(h util.Uint256, index uint32) {
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	buf.WriteBytes(h.BytesLE())
	buf.WriteU32LE(index)
	dao.Store.Put(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSCurrentHeader), buf.Bytes())
}

// PutStateSyncPoint stores the current state synchronization point P.
func (dao *Simple) PutStateSyncPoint(p uint32) {
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	buf.WriteU32LE(p)
	dao.Store.Put(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSStateSyncPoint), buf.Bytes())
}

// PutStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight stores the current block height during state synchronization process.
func (dao *Simple) PutStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight(h uint32) {
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	buf.WriteU32LE(h)
	dao.Store.Put(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight), buf.Bytes())
}

func (dao *Simple) mkHeaderHashKey(h uint32) []byte {
	b := dao.getKeyBuf(1 + 4)
	b[0] = byte(storage.IXHeaderHashList)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[1:], h)
	return b
}

// StoreHeaderHashes pushes a batch of header hashes into the store.
func (dao *Simple) StoreHeaderHashes(hashes []util.Uint256, height uint32) error {
	key := dao.mkHeaderHashKey(height)
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	buf.WriteArray(hashes)
	if buf.Err != nil {
		return buf.Err
	}
	dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
	return nil
}

// HasTransaction returns nil if the given store does not contain the given
// Transaction hash. It returns an error in case the transaction is in chain
// or in the list of conflicting transactions. If non-zero signers are specified,
// then additional check against the conflicting transaction signers intersection
// is held. Do not omit signers in case if it's important to check the validity
// of a supposedly conflicting on-chain transaction. The retrieved conflict isn't
// checked against the maxTraceableBlocks setting if signers are omitted.
// HasTransaction does not consider the case of block executable.
func (dao *Simple) HasTransaction(hash util.Uint256, signers []transaction.Signer, currentIndex uint32, maxTraceableBlocks uint32) error {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(hash)
	bytes, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	if len(bytes) < conflictRecordValueLen { // (storage.ExecTransaction + index) for conflict record
		return nil
	}
	if bytes[0] != storage.ExecTransaction {
		// It's a block, thus no conflict. This path is needed since there's a transaction accepted on mainnet
		// that conflicts with block. This transaction was declined by Go nodes, but accepted by C# nodes, and hence
		// we need to adjust Go behaviour post-factum. Ref. #3427 and 0x289c235dcdab8be7426d05f0fbb5e86c619f81481ea136493fa95deee5dbb7cc.
		return nil
	}
	if len(bytes) != conflictRecordValueLen {
		return ErrAlreadyExists // fully-qualified transaction
	}
	if len(signers) == 0 {
		return ErrHasConflicts
	}

	if !isTraceableBlock(bytes[1:], currentIndex, maxTraceableBlocks) {
		// The most fresh conflict record is already outdated.
		return nil
	}

	for _, s := range signers {
		v, err := dao.Store.Get(append(key, s.Account.BytesBE()...))
		if err == nil {
			if isTraceableBlock(v[1:], currentIndex, maxTraceableBlocks) {
				return ErrHasConflicts
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func isTraceableBlock(indexBytes []byte, height, maxTraceableBlocks uint32) bool {
	index := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(indexBytes)
	return index <= height && index+maxTraceableBlocks > height
}

// StoreAsBlock stores given block as DataBlock. It can reuse given buffer for
// the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsBlock(block *block.Block, aer1 *state.AppExecResult, aer2 *state.AppExecResult) error {
	var (
		key = dao.makeExecutableKey(block.Hash())
		buf = dao.getDataBuf()
	)
	buf.WriteB(storage.ExecBlock)
	block.EncodeTrimmed(buf.BinWriter)
	if aer1 != nil {
		aer1.EncodeBinaryWithContext(buf.BinWriter, dao.GetItemCtx())
	}
	if aer2 != nil {
		aer2.EncodeBinaryWithContext(buf.BinWriter, dao.GetItemCtx())
	}
	if buf.Err != nil {
		return buf.Err
	}
	dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
	return nil
}

// DeleteBlock removes the block from dao. It's not atomic, so make sure you're
// using private MemCached instance here.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteBlock(h util.Uint256) error {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(h)

	b, err := dao.getBlock(key)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	err = dao.storeHeader(key, &b.Header)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, tx := range b.Transactions {
		copy(key[1:], tx.Hash().BytesBE())
		dao.Store.Delete(key)
		for _, attr := range tx.GetAttributes(transaction.ConflictsT) {
			hash := attr.Value.(*transaction.Conflicts).Hash
			copy(key[1:], hash.BytesBE())

			v, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve conflict record stub for %s (height %d, conflict %s): %w", tx.Hash().StringLE(), b.Index, hash.StringLE(), err)
			}
			// It might be a block since we allow transactions to have block hash in the Conflicts attribute.
			if v[0] != storage.ExecTransaction {
				continue
			}
			index := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(v[1:])
			// We can check for `<=` here, but use equality comparison to be more precise
			// and do not touch earlier conflict records (if any). Their removal must be triggered
			// by the caller code.
			if index == b.Index {
				dao.Store.Delete(key)
			}

			for _, s := range tx.Signers {
				sKey := append(key, s.Account.BytesBE()...)
				v, err := dao.Store.Get(sKey)
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve conflict record for %s (height %d, conflict %s, signer %s): %w", tx.Hash().StringLE(), b.Index, hash.StringLE(), address.Uint160ToString(s.Account), err)
				}
				index = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(v[1:])
				if index == b.Index {
					dao.Store.Delete(sKey)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// PurgeHeader completely removes specified header from dao. It differs from
// DeleteBlock in that it removes header anyway and does nothing except removing
// header. It does no checks for header existence.
func (dao *Simple) PurgeHeader(h util.Uint256) {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(h)
	dao.Store.Delete(key)
}

// StoreHeader saves the block header into the store.
func (dao *Simple) StoreHeader(h *block.Header) error {
	return dao.storeHeader(dao.makeExecutableKey(h.Hash()), h)
}

func (dao *Simple) storeHeader(key []byte, h *block.Header) error {
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	buf.WriteB(storage.ExecBlock)
	h.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
	buf.BinWriter.WriteB(0)
	if buf.Err != nil {
		return buf.Err
	}
	dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
	return nil
}

// StoreAsCurrentBlock stores the hash of the given block with prefix
// SYSCurrentBlock.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsCurrentBlock(block *block.Block) {
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()
	h := block.Hash()
	h.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
	buf.WriteU32LE(block.Index)
	dao.Store.Put(dao.mkKeyPrefix(storage.SYSCurrentBlock), buf.Bytes())
}

// StoreAsTransaction stores the given TX as DataTransaction. It also stores conflict records
// (hashes of transactions the given tx has conflicts with) as DataTransaction with value containing
// only five bytes: 1-byte [storage.ExecTransaction] executable prefix + 4-bytes-LE block index. It can reuse the given
// buffer for the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsTransaction(tx *transaction.Transaction, index uint32, aer *state.AppExecResult) error {
	key := dao.makeExecutableKey(tx.Hash())
	buf := dao.getDataBuf()

	buf.WriteB(storage.ExecTransaction)
	buf.WriteU32LE(index)
	tx.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
	if aer != nil {
		aer.EncodeBinaryWithContext(buf.BinWriter, dao.GetItemCtx())
	}
	if buf.Err != nil {
		return buf.Err
	}
	val := buf.Bytes()
	dao.Store.Put(key, val)

	val = val[:conflictRecordValueLen] // storage.ExecTransaction (1 byte) + index (4 bytes)
	attrs := tx.GetAttributes(transaction.ConflictsT)
	for _, attr := range attrs {
		// Conflict record stub.
		hash := attr.Value.(*transaction.Conflicts).Hash
		copy(key[1:], hash.BytesBE())

		// A short path if there's a block with the matching hash. If it's there, then
		// don't store the conflict record stub and conflict signers since it's a
		// useless record, no transaction with the same hash is possible.
		exec, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
		if err == nil {
			if len(exec) > 0 && exec[0] != storage.ExecTransaction {
				continue
			}
		}

		dao.Store.Put(key, val)

		// Conflicting signers.
		sKey := make([]byte, len(key)+util.Uint160Size)
		copy(sKey, key)
		for _, s := range tx.Signers {
			copy(sKey[len(key):], s.Account.BytesBE())
			dao.Store.Put(sKey, val)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (dao *Simple) getKeyBuf(l int) []byte {
	if dao.private {
		if dao.keyBuf == nil {
			dao.keyBuf = make([]byte, 0, 1+4+limits.MaxStorageKeyLen) // Prefix, uint32, key.
		}
		return dao.keyBuf[:l] // Should have enough capacity.
	}
	return make([]byte, l)
}

func (dao *Simple) getDataBuf() *io.BufBinWriter {
	if dao.private {
		if dao.dataBuf == nil {
			dao.dataBuf = io.NewBufBinWriter()
		}
		dao.dataBuf.Reset()
		return dao.dataBuf
	}
	return io.NewBufBinWriter()
}

func (dao *Simple) GetItemCtx() *stackitem.SerializationContext {
	if dao.private {
		if dao.serCtx == nil {
			dao.serCtx = stackitem.NewSerializationContext()
		}
		return dao.serCtx
	}
	return stackitem.NewSerializationContext()
}

// Persist flushes all the changes made into the (supposedly) persistent
// underlying store. It doesn't block accesses to DAO from other threads.
func (dao *Simple) Persist() (int, error) {
	if dao.nativeCachePS != nil {
		dao.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
		dao.nativeCachePS.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
		defer func() {
			dao.nativeCachePS.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()
			dao.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()
		}()

		dao.persistNativeCache()
	}
	return dao.Store.Persist()
}

// PersistSync flushes all the changes made into the (supposedly) persistent
// underlying store. It's a synchronous version of Persist that doesn't allow
// other threads to work with DAO while flushing the Store.
func (dao *Simple) PersistSync() (int, error) {
	if dao.nativeCachePS != nil {
		dao.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
		dao.nativeCachePS.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
		defer func() {
			dao.nativeCachePS.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()
			dao.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()
		}()
		dao.persistNativeCache()
	}
	return dao.Store.PersistSync()
}

// persistNativeCache is internal unprotected method for native cache persisting.
// It does NO checks for nativeCachePS is not nil.
func (dao *Simple) persistNativeCache() {
	lower := dao.nativeCachePS
	for id, nativeCache := range dao.nativeCache {
		lower.nativeCache[id] = nativeCache
	}
	dao.nativeCache = nil
}

// GetROCache returns native contact cache. The cache CAN NOT be modified by
// the caller. It's the caller's duty to keep it unmodified.
func (dao *Simple) GetROCache(id int32) NativeContractCache {
	dao.nativeCacheLock.RLock()
	defer dao.nativeCacheLock.RUnlock()

	return dao.getCache(id, true)
}

// GetRWCache returns native contact cache. The cache CAN BE safely modified
// by the caller.
func (dao *Simple) GetRWCache(id int32) NativeContractCache {
	dao.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
	defer dao.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()

	return dao.getCache(id, false)
}

// getCache is an internal unlocked representation of GetROCache and GetRWCache.
func (dao *Simple) getCache(k int32, ro bool) NativeContractCache {
	if itm, ok := dao.nativeCache[k]; ok {
		// Don't need to create itm copy, because its value was already copied
		// the first time it was retrieved from lower ps.
		return itm
	}

	if dao.nativeCachePS != nil {
		if ro {
			return dao.nativeCachePS.GetROCache(k)
		}
		v := dao.nativeCachePS.GetRWCache(k)
		if v != nil {
			// Create a copy here in order not to modify the existing cache.
			cp := v.Copy()
			dao.nativeCache[k] = cp
			return cp
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// SetCache adds native contract cache to the cache map.
func (dao *Simple) SetCache(id int32, v NativeContractCache) {
	dao.nativeCacheLock.Lock()
	defer dao.nativeCacheLock.Unlock()

	dao.nativeCache[id] = v
}