diff --git a/pkg/compiler/util_test.go b/pkg/compiler/util_test.go
index 996a466b8..67eeb8118 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/util_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/util_test.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ func TestSHA256(t *testing.T) {
 	`
 	v := vmAndCompile(t, src)
 	ic := &interop.Context{Trigger: trigger.Verification}
+	ic.VM = v
 	crypto.Register(ic)
 	v.SyscallHandler = ic.SyscallHandler
 	require.NoError(t, v.Run())
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/callback/callback.go b/pkg/core/interop/callback/callback.go
index e32afd2bd..6ea266341 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/callback/callback.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/callback/callback.go
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ type Callback interface {
 }
 
 // Invoke invokes provided callback.
-func Invoke(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	cb := v.Estack().Pop().Interop().Value().(Callback)
-	args := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
+func Invoke(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	cb := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Interop().Value().(Callback)
+	args := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Array()
 	if cb.ArgCount() != len(args) {
 		return errors.New("invalid argument count")
 	}
-	cb.LoadContext(v, args)
+	cb.LoadContext(ic.VM, args)
 	switch t := cb.(type) {
 	case *MethodCallback:
 		id := emit.InteropNameToID([]byte("System.Contract.Call"))
-		return ic.SyscallHandler(v, id)
+		return ic.SyscallHandler(ic.VM, id)
 	case *SyscallCallback:
-		return ic.SyscallHandler(v, t.desc.ID)
+		return ic.SyscallHandler(ic.VM, t.desc.ID)
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/callback/method.go b/pkg/core/interop/callback/method.go
index 4eade208d..d595a5a37 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/callback/method.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/callback/method.go
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ func (s *MethodCallback) LoadContext(v *vm.VM, args []stackitem.Item) {
 }
 
 // CreateFromMethod creates callback for a contract method.
-func CreateFromMethod(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	rawHash := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func CreateFromMethod(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	rawHash := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	h, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(rawHash)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ func CreateFromMethod(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.New("contract not found")
 	}
-	method := string(v.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
+	method := string(ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
 	if strings.HasPrefix(method, "_") {
 		return errors.New("invalid method name")
 	}
-	currCs, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(v.GetCurrentScriptHash())
+	currCs, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash())
 	if err == nil && !currCs.Manifest.CanCall(&cs.Manifest, method) {
 		return errors.New("method call is not allowed")
 	}
 	md := cs.Manifest.ABI.GetMethod(method)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&MethodCallback{
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&MethodCallback{
 		contract: cs,
 		method:   md,
 	}))
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/callback/pointer.go b/pkg/core/interop/callback/pointer.go
index 87963ae6a..2a896b7e6 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/callback/pointer.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/callback/pointer.go
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ func (p *PointerCallback) LoadContext(v *vm.VM, args []stackitem.Item) {
 }
 
 // Create creates callback using pointer and parameters count.
-func Create(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	ctx := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(*vm.Context)
-	offset := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(*stackitem.Pointer).Position()
-	count := v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&PointerCallback{
+func Create(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	ctx := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().(*vm.Context)
+	offset := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().(*stackitem.Pointer).Position()
+	count := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&PointerCallback{
 		paramCount: int(count),
 		offset:     offset,
 		context:    ctx,
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/callback/syscall.go b/pkg/core/interop/callback/syscall.go
index d52c091d3..a7d078104 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/callback/syscall.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/callback/syscall.go
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ func (p *SyscallCallback) LoadContext(v *vm.VM, args []stackitem.Item) {
 }
 
 // CreateFromSyscall creates callback from syscall.
-func CreateFromSyscall(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	id := uint32(v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
+func CreateFromSyscall(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	id := uint32(ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
 	f := ic.GetFunction(id)
 	if f == nil {
 		return errors.New("syscall not found")
@@ -37,6 +37,6 @@ func CreateFromSyscall(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if f.DisallowCallback {
 		return errors.New("syscall is not allowed to be used in a callback")
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&SyscallCallback{f}))
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&SyscallCallback{f}))
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/context.go b/pkg/core/interop/context.go
index c35bf7936..045fc5246 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/context.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/context.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ type Context struct {
 	Log           *zap.Logger
 	Invocations   map[util.Uint160]int
 	ScriptGetter  vm.ScriptHashGetter
+	VM            *vm.VM
 	Functions     [][]Function
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ func NewContext(trigger trigger.Type, bc blockchainer.Blockchainer, d dao.DAO, n
 type Function struct {
 	ID   uint32
 	Name string
-	Func func(*Context, *vm.VM) error
+	Func func(*Context) error
 	// DisallowCallback is true iff syscall can't be used in a callback.
 	DisallowCallback bool
 	// ParamCount is a number of function parameters.
@@ -155,26 +156,27 @@ func (ic *Context) GetFunction(id uint32) *Function {
 }
 
 // SyscallHandler handles syscall with id.
-func (ic *Context) SyscallHandler(v *vm.VM, id uint32) error {
+func (ic *Context) SyscallHandler(_ *vm.VM, id uint32) error {
 	f := ic.GetFunction(id)
 	if f == nil {
 		return errors.New("syscall not found")
 	}
-	cf := v.Context().GetCallFlags()
+	cf := ic.VM.Context().GetCallFlags()
 	if !cf.Has(f.RequiredFlags) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("missing call flags: %05b vs %05b", cf, f.RequiredFlags)
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(f.Price) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(f.Price) {
 		return errors.New("insufficient amount of gas")
 	}
-	return f.Func(ic, v)
+	return f.Func(ic)
 }
 
-// SpawnVM spawns new VM with the specified gas limit.
+// SpawnVM spawns new VM with the specified gas limit and set context.VM field.
 func (ic *Context) SpawnVM() *vm.VM {
 	v := vm.NewWithTrigger(ic.Trigger)
 	v.GasLimit = -1
 	v.SyscallHandler = ic.SyscallHandler
 	ic.ScriptGetter = v
+	ic.VM = v
 	return v
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
index 67676292c..fc4a84783 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
@@ -18,56 +18,56 @@ import (
 const ECDSAVerifyPrice = 1000000
 
 // ECDSASecp256r1Verify checks ECDSA signature using Secp256r1 elliptic curve.
-func ECDSASecp256r1Verify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return ecdsaVerify(ic, v, elliptic.P256())
+func ECDSASecp256r1Verify(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ecdsaVerify(ic, elliptic.P256())
 }
 
 // ECDSASecp256k1Verify checks ECDSA signature using Secp256k1 elliptic curve
-func ECDSASecp256k1Verify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return ecdsaVerify(ic, v, btcec.S256())
+func ECDSASecp256k1Verify(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ecdsaVerify(ic, btcec.S256())
 }
 
 // ecdsaVerify is internal representation of ECDSASecp256k1Verify and
 // ECDSASecp256r1Verify.
-func ecdsaVerify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, curve elliptic.Curve) error {
-	msg := getMessage(ic, v.Estack().Pop().Item())
+func ecdsaVerify(ic *interop.Context, curve elliptic.Curve) error {
+	msg := getMessage(ic, ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item())
 	hashToCheck := hash.Sha256(msg).BytesBE()
-	keyb := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
-	signature := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	keyb := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	signature := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	pkey, err := keys.NewPublicKeyFromBytes(keyb, curve)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	res := pkey.Verify(signature, hashToCheck)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(res)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(res)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // ECDSASecp256r1CheckMultisig checks multiple ECDSA signatures at once using
 // Secp256r1 elliptic curve.
-func ECDSASecp256r1CheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic, v, elliptic.P256())
+func ECDSASecp256r1CheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic, elliptic.P256())
 }
 
 // ECDSASecp256k1CheckMultisig checks multiple ECDSA signatures at once using
 // Secp256k1 elliptic curve.
-func ECDSASecp256k1CheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic, v, btcec.S256())
+func ECDSASecp256k1CheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic, btcec.S256())
 }
 
 // ecdsaCheckMultisig is internal representation of ECDSASecp256r1CheckMultisig and
 // ECDSASecp256k1CheckMultisig
-func ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, curve elliptic.Curve) error {
-	msg := getMessage(ic, v.Estack().Pop().Item())
+func ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, curve elliptic.Curve) error {
+	msg := getMessage(ic, ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item())
 	hashToCheck := hash.Sha256(msg).BytesBE()
-	pkeys, err := v.Estack().PopSigElements()
+	pkeys, err := ic.VM.Estack().PopSigElements()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wrong parameters: %s", err.Error())
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(ECDSAVerifyPrice * int64(len(pkeys))) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(ECDSAVerifyPrice * int64(len(pkeys))) {
 		return errors.New("gas limit exceeded")
 	}
-	sigs, err := v.Estack().PopSigElements()
+	sigs, err := ic.VM.Estack().PopSigElements()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wrong parameters: %s", err.Error())
 	}
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ func ecdsaCheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, curve elliptic.Curve) err
 	if len(pkeys) < len(sigs) {
 		return errors.New("more signatures than there are keys")
 	}
-	sigok := vm.CheckMultisigPar(v, curve, hashToCheck, pkeys, sigs)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(sigok)
+	sigok := vm.CheckMultisigPar(ic.VM, curve, hashToCheck, pkeys, sigs)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(sigok)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/hash.go b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/hash.go
index 30936706f..106f545fd 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/hash.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/hash.go
@@ -3,21 +3,20 @@ package crypto
 import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 )
 
 // Sha256 returns sha256 hash of the data.
-func Sha256(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	msg := getMessage(ic, v.Estack().Pop().Item())
+func Sha256(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	msg := getMessage(ic, ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item())
 	h := hash.Sha256(msg).BytesBE()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(h)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // RipeMD160 returns RipeMD160 hash of the data.
-func RipeMD160(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	msg := getMessage(ic, v.Estack().Pop().Item())
+func RipeMD160(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	msg := getMessage(ic, ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item())
 	h := hash.RipeMD160(msg).BytesBE()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(h)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/enumerator/interop.go b/pkg/core/interop/enumerator/interop.go
index 6265d74d1..24cc85931 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/enumerator/interop.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/enumerator/interop.go
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Concat concatenates 2 enumerators into a single one.
-func Concat(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.EnumeratorConcat(v)
+func Concat(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.EnumeratorConcat(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Create creates an enumerator from an array-like or bytearray-like stack item.
-func Create(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.EnumeratorCreate(v)
+func Create(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.EnumeratorCreate(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Next advances the enumerator, pushes true if is it was successful
 // and false otherwise.
-func Next(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.EnumeratorNext(v)
+func Next(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.EnumeratorNext(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Value returns the current value of the enumerator.
-func Value(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.EnumeratorValue(v)
+func Value(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.EnumeratorValue(ic.VM)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/iterator/interop.go b/pkg/core/interop/iterator/interop.go
index f04dfa942..6bc161479 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/iterator/interop.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/iterator/interop.go
@@ -6,26 +6,26 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Concat concatenates 2 iterators into a single one.
-func Concat(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.IteratorConcat(v)
+func Concat(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.IteratorConcat(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Create creates an iterator from array-like or map stack item.
-func Create(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.IteratorCreate(v)
+func Create(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.IteratorCreate(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Key returns current iterator key.
-func Key(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.IteratorKey(v)
+func Key(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.IteratorKey(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Keys returns keys of the iterator.
-func Keys(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.IteratorKeys(v)
+func Keys(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.IteratorKeys(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // Values returns values of the iterator.
-func Values(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.IteratorValues(v)
+func Values(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.IteratorValues(ic.VM)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/json/json.go b/pkg/core/interop/json/json.go
index c9f660fa3..5be269939 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/json/json.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/json/json.go
@@ -2,28 +2,27 @@ package json
 
 import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // Serialize handles System.JSON.Serialize syscall.
-func Serialize(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	item := v.Estack().Pop().Item()
+func Serialize(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	item := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item()
 	data, err := stackitem.ToJSON(item)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(data)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(data)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // Deserialize handles System.JSON.Deserialize syscall.
-func Deserialize(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	data := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func Deserialize(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	data := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	item, err := stackitem.FromJSON(data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(item)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(item)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/runtime/util.go b/pkg/core/interop/runtime/util.go
index 522940381..ada452596 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/runtime/util.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/runtime/util.go
@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 // GasLeft returns remaining amount of GAS.
-func GasLeft(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	if v.GasLimit == -1 {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(v.GasLimit)
+func GasLeft(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	if ic.VM.GasLimit == -1 {
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.VM.GasLimit)
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(v.GasLimit - v.GasConsumed())
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.VM.GasLimit - ic.VM.GasConsumed())
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // GetNotifications returns notifications emitted by current contract execution.
-func GetNotifications(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	item := v.Estack().Pop().Item()
+func GetNotifications(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	item := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item()
 	notifications := ic.Notifications
 	if _, ok := item.(stackitem.Null); !ok {
 		b, err := item.TryBytes()
@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ func GetNotifications(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		})
 		arr.Append(ev)
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(arr)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(arr)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // GetInvocationCounter returns how many times current contract was invoked during current tx execution.
-func GetInvocationCounter(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	count, ok := ic.Invocations[v.GetCurrentScriptHash()]
+func GetInvocationCounter(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	count, ok := ic.Invocations[ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash()]
 	if !ok {
 		return errors.New("current contract wasn't invoked from others")
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(count)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(count)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/runtime/witness.go b/pkg/core/interop/runtime/witness.go
index 948aa3a86..727a8427e 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/runtime/witness.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/runtime/witness.go
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ func CheckKeyedWitness(ic *interop.Context, key *keys.PublicKey) (bool, error) {
 }
 
 // CheckWitness checks witnesses.
-func CheckWitness(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
+func CheckWitness(ic *interop.Context) error {
 	var res bool
 	var err error
 
-	hashOrKey := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	hashOrKey := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	hash, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(hashOrKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		var key *keys.PublicKey
@@ -93,6 +93,6 @@ func CheckWitness(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to check")
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(res)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(res)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_neo.go b/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
index 5fa5d3067..4c357470e 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ const (
 var errGasLimitExceeded = errors.New("gas limit exceeded")
 
 // storageFind finds stored key-value pair.
-func storageFind(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	stcInterface := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
+func storageFind(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	stcInterface := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value()
 	stc, ok := stcInterface.(*StorageContext)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%T is not a StorageContext", stcInterface)
 	}
-	prefix := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	prefix := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	siMap, err := ic.DAO.GetStorageItemsWithPrefix(stc.ID, prefix)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func storageFind(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	})
 
 	item := vm.NewMapIterator(filteredMap)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(item)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(item)
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -59,16 +59,16 @@ func storageFind(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 // createContractStateFromVM pops all contract state elements from the VM
 // evaluation stack, does a lot of checks and returns Contract if it
 // succeeds.
-func createContractStateFromVM(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) (*state.Contract, error) {
-	script := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func createContractStateFromVM(ic *interop.Context) (*state.Contract, error) {
+	script := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	if len(script) > MaxContractScriptSize {
 		return nil, errors.New("the script is too big")
 	}
-	manifestBytes := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	manifestBytes := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	if len(manifestBytes) > manifest.MaxManifestSize {
 		return nil, errors.New("manifest is too big")
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(int64(StoragePrice * (len(script) + len(manifestBytes)))) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(int64(StoragePrice * (len(script) + len(manifestBytes)))) {
 		return nil, errGasLimitExceeded
 	}
 	var m manifest.Manifest
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ func createContractStateFromVM(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) (*state.Contract,
 }
 
 // contractCreate creates a contract.
-func contractCreate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	newcontract, err := createContractStateFromVM(ic, v)
+func contractCreate(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	newcontract, err := createContractStateFromVM(ic)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -107,26 +107,26 @@ func contractCreate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot convert contract to stack item: %v", err)
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(cs)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(cs)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // contractUpdate migrates a contract. This method assumes that Manifest and Script
 // of the contract can be updated independently.
-func contractUpdate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	contract, _ := ic.DAO.GetContractState(v.GetCurrentScriptHash())
+func contractUpdate(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	contract, _ := ic.DAO.GetContractState(ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash())
 	if contract == nil {
 		return errors.New("contract doesn't exist")
 	}
-	script := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	script := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	if len(script) > MaxContractScriptSize {
 		return errors.New("the script is too big")
 	}
-	manifestBytes := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	manifestBytes := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	if len(manifestBytes) > manifest.MaxManifestSize {
 		return errors.New("manifest is too big")
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(int64(StoragePrice * (len(script) + len(manifestBytes)))) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(int64(StoragePrice * (len(script) + len(manifestBytes)))) {
 		return errGasLimitExceeded
 	}
 	// if script was provided, update the old contract script and Manifest.ABI hash
@@ -186,30 +186,30 @@ func contractUpdate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 }
 
 // runtimeSerialize serializes top stack item into a ByteArray.
-func runtimeSerialize(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.RuntimeSerialize(v)
+func runtimeSerialize(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.RuntimeSerialize(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // runtimeDeserialize deserializes ByteArray from a stack into an item.
-func runtimeDeserialize(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return vm.RuntimeDeserialize(v)
+func runtimeDeserialize(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return vm.RuntimeDeserialize(ic.VM)
 }
 
 // runtimeEncode encodes top stack item into a base64 string.
-func runtimeEncode(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	src := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func runtimeEncode(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	src := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	result := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(src)
-	v.Estack().PushVal([]byte(result))
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal([]byte(result))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // runtimeDecode decodes top stack item from base64 string to byte array.
-func runtimeDecode(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	src := v.Estack().Pop().String()
+func runtimeDecode(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	src := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
 	result, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(src)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(result)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(result)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go b/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
index 5a441c3a0..17c6e7635 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ import (
  */
 
 func TestGetTrigger(t *testing.T) {
-	v, _, context, chain := createVMAndPushBlock(t)
+	_, _, context, chain := createVMAndPushBlock(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	require.NoError(t, runtimeGetTrigger(context, v))
+	require.NoError(t, runtimeGetTrigger(context))
 }
 
 func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
@@ -75,37 +75,37 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
 		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ID: id}))
 
-		err := storageFind(context, v)
+		err := storageFind(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		var iter *stackitem.Interop
 		require.NotPanics(t, func() { iter = v.Estack().Top().Interop() })
 
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context))
 		require.True(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, iterator.Key(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, iterator.Key(context))
 		require.Equal(t, []byte{0x01, 0x01}, v.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Value(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Value(context))
 		require.Equal(t, []byte{0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06}, v.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context))
 		require.True(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, iterator.Key(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, iterator.Key(context))
 		require.Equal(t, []byte{0x01, 0x02}, v.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Value(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Value(context))
 		require.Equal(t, []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04}, v.Estack().Pop().Bytes())
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(iter)
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context))
 		require.False(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 	})
 
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x03})
 		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ID: id}))
 
-		err := storageFind(context, v)
+		err := storageFind(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context))
 		require.False(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 	})
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
 		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(nil))
 
-		require.Error(t, storageFind(context, v))
+		require.Error(t, storageFind(context))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("invalid id", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
 		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ID: invalidID}))
 
-		require.NoError(t, storageFind(context, v))
-		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
+		require.NoError(t, storageFind(context))
+		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context))
 		require.False(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 	})
 }
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ func TestECDSAVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	ic := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
 	runCase := func(t *testing.T, isErr bool, result interface{}, args ...interface{}) {
 		v := vm.New()
+		ic.VM = v
 		for i := range args {
 			v.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
 		}
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ func TestECDSAVerify(t *testing.T) {
 					err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %v", r)
 				}
 			}()
-			err = crypto.ECDSASecp256r1Verify(ic, v)
+			err = crypto.ECDSASecp256r1Verify(ic)
 		}()
 
 		if isErr {
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ func TestRuntimeEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	defer bc.Close()
 
 	v.Estack().PushVal(str)
-	require.NoError(t, runtimeEncode(ic, v))
+	require.NoError(t, runtimeEncode(ic))
 
 	expected := []byte(base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(str))
 	actual := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ func TestRuntimeDecode(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("positive", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(str)
-		require.NoError(t, runtimeDecode(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, runtimeDecode(ic))
 
 		actual := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
@@ -250,17 +251,17 @@ func TestRuntimeDecode(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("error", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(str + "%")
-		require.Error(t, runtimeDecode(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, runtimeDecode(ic))
 	})
 }
 
 // Helper functions to create VM, InteropContext, TX, Account, Contract.
 
 func createVM(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
-	v := vm.New()
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application,
 		dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
+	v := context.SpawnVM()
 	return v, context, chain
 }
 
@@ -271,10 +272,10 @@ func createVMAndPushBlock(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *block.Block, *interop.Context,
 }
 
 func createVMAndBlock(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *block.Block, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
-	v := vm.New()
 	block := newDumbBlock()
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), block, nil)
+	v := context.SpawnVM()
 	return v, block, context, chain
 }
 
@@ -285,7 +286,6 @@ func createVMAndPushTX(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *transaction.Transaction, *interop
 }
 
 func createVMAndContractState(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *state.Contract, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
-	v := vm.New()
 	script := []byte("testscript")
 	m := manifest.NewManifest(hash.Hash160(script))
 	m.Features = smartcontract.HasStorage
@@ -297,11 +297,11 @@ func createVMAndContractState(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *state.Contract, *interop.C
 
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
+	v := context.SpawnVM()
 	return v, contractState, context, chain
 }
 
 func createVMAndAccState(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *state.Account, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
-	v := vm.New()
 	rawHash := "4d3b96ae1bcc5a585e075e3b81920210dec16302"
 	hash, err := util.Uint160DecodeStringBE(rawHash)
 	accountState := state.NewAccount(hash)
@@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ func createVMAndAccState(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *state.Account, *interop.Context
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
+	v := context.SpawnVM()
 	return v, accountState, context, chain
 }
 
 func createVMAndTX(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *transaction.Transaction, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
-	v := vm.New()
 	script := []byte{byte(opcode.PUSH1), byte(opcode.RET)}
 	tx := transaction.New(netmode.UnitTestNet, script, 0)
 
@@ -327,5 +327,6 @@ func createVMAndTX(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *transaction.Transaction, *interop.Con
 	tx.Signers = []transaction.Signer{{Account: util.Uint160{1, 2, 3, 4}}}
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, tx)
+	v := context.SpawnVM()
 	return v, tx, context, chain
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_system.go b/pkg/core/interop_system.go
index 508d02bfb..d6fe2af1c 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_system.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_system.go
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ func blockToStackItem(b *block.Block) stackitem.Item {
 }
 
 // bcGetBlock returns current block.
-func bcGetBlock(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	hash, err := getBlockHashFromElement(ic.Chain, v.Estack().Pop())
+func bcGetBlock(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	hash, err := getBlockHashFromElement(ic.Chain, ic.VM.Estack().Pop())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	block, err := ic.Chain.GetBlock(hash)
 	if err != nil || !isTraceableBlock(ic, block.Index) {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(blockToStackItem(block))
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(blockToStackItem(block))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -118,28 +118,28 @@ func contractToStackItem(cs *state.Contract) (stackitem.Item, error) {
 }
 
 // bcGetContract returns contract.
-func bcGetContract(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	hashbytes := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func bcGetContract(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	hashbytes := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	hash, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(hashbytes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	cs, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(hash)
 	if err != nil {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 	} else {
 		item, err := contractToStackItem(cs)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		v.Estack().PushVal(item)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(item)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // bcGetHeight returns blockchain height.
-func bcGetHeight(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	v.Estack().PushVal(ic.Chain.BlockHeight())
+func bcGetHeight(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.Chain.BlockHeight())
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -176,51 +176,51 @@ func transactionToStackItem(t *transaction.Transaction) stackitem.Item {
 }
 
 // bcGetTransaction returns transaction.
-func bcGetTransaction(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	tx, h, err := getTransactionAndHeight(ic.DAO, v)
+func bcGetTransaction(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	tx, h, err := getTransactionAndHeight(ic.DAO, ic.VM)
 	if err != nil || !isTraceableBlock(ic, h) {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 		return nil
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(transactionToStackItem(tx))
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(transactionToStackItem(tx))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // bcGetTransactionFromBlock returns transaction with the given index from the
 // block with height or hash specified.
-func bcGetTransactionFromBlock(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	hash, err := getBlockHashFromElement(ic.Chain, v.Estack().Pop())
+func bcGetTransactionFromBlock(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	hash, err := getBlockHashFromElement(ic.Chain, ic.VM.Estack().Pop())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	index := v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()
+	index := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()
 	block, err := ic.DAO.GetBlock(hash)
 	if err != nil || !isTraceableBlock(ic, block.Index) {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 		return nil
 	}
 	if index < 0 || index >= int64(len(block.Transactions)) {
 		return errors.New("wrong transaction index")
 	}
 	tx := block.Transactions[index]
-	v.Estack().PushVal(tx.Hash().BytesBE())
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(tx.Hash().BytesBE())
 	return nil
 }
 
 // bcGetTransactionHeight returns transaction height.
-func bcGetTransactionHeight(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	_, h, err := getTransactionAndHeight(ic.DAO, v)
+func bcGetTransactionHeight(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	_, h, err := getTransactionAndHeight(ic.DAO, ic.VM)
 	if err != nil || !isTraceableBlock(ic, h) {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(-1)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(-1)
 		return nil
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(h)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // engineGetScriptContainer returns transaction or block that contains the script
 // being run.
-func engineGetScriptContainer(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
+func engineGetScriptContainer(ic *interop.Context) error {
 	var item stackitem.Item
 	switch t := ic.Container.(type) {
 	case *transaction.Transaction:
@@ -230,45 +230,45 @@ func engineGetScriptContainer(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	default:
 		return errors.New("unknown script container")
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(item)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(item)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // engineGetExecutingScriptHash returns executing script hash.
-func engineGetExecutingScriptHash(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return v.PushContextScriptHash(0)
+func engineGetExecutingScriptHash(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ic.VM.PushContextScriptHash(0)
 }
 
 // engineGetCallingScriptHash returns calling script hash.
-func engineGetCallingScriptHash(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return v.PushContextScriptHash(1)
+func engineGetCallingScriptHash(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ic.VM.PushContextScriptHash(1)
 }
 
 // engineGetEntryScriptHash returns entry script hash.
-func engineGetEntryScriptHash(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return v.PushContextScriptHash(v.Istack().Len() - 1)
+func engineGetEntryScriptHash(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return ic.VM.PushContextScriptHash(ic.VM.Istack().Len() - 1)
 }
 
 // runtimePlatform returns the name of the platform.
-func runtimePlatform(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	v.Estack().PushVal([]byte("NEO"))
+func runtimePlatform(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal([]byte("NEO"))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // runtimeGetTrigger returns the script trigger.
-func runtimeGetTrigger(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	v.Estack().PushVal(byte(ic.Trigger))
+func runtimeGetTrigger(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(byte(ic.Trigger))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // runtimeNotify should pass stack item to the notify plugin to handle it, but
 // in neo-go the only meaningful thing to do here is to log.
-func runtimeNotify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	name := v.Estack().Pop().String()
+func runtimeNotify(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	name := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
 	if len(name) > MaxEventNameLen {
 		return fmt.Errorf("event name must be less than %d", MaxEventNameLen)
 	}
-	elem := v.Estack().Pop()
+	elem := ic.VM.Estack().Pop()
 	args := elem.Array()
 	// But it has to be serializable, otherwise we either have some broken
 	// (recursive) structure inside or an interop item that can't be used
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func runtimeNotify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		args = []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("bad notification: %v", err)))}
 	}
 	ne := state.NotificationEvent{
-		ScriptHash: v.GetCurrentScriptHash(),
+		ScriptHash: ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash(),
 		Name:       name,
 		Item:       stackitem.NewArray(args),
 	}
@@ -289,21 +289,21 @@ func runtimeNotify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 }
 
 // runtimeLog logs the message passed.
-func runtimeLog(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	state := v.Estack().Pop().String()
+func runtimeLog(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	state := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
 	if len(state) > MaxNotificationSize {
 		return fmt.Errorf("message length shouldn't exceed %v", MaxNotificationSize)
 	}
 	msg := fmt.Sprintf("%q", state)
 	ic.Log.Info("runtime log",
-		zap.Stringer("script", v.GetCurrentScriptHash()),
+		zap.Stringer("script", ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash()),
 		zap.String("logs", msg))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // runtimeGetTime returns timestamp of the block being verified, or the latest
 // one in the blockchain if no block is given to Context.
-func runtimeGetTime(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
+func runtimeGetTime(ic *interop.Context) error {
 	var header *block.Header
 	if ic.Block == nil {
 		var err error
@@ -314,13 +314,13 @@ func runtimeGetTime(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	} else {
 		header = ic.Block.Header()
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(header.Timestamp)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(header.Timestamp)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // storageDelete deletes stored key-value pair.
-func storageDelete(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	stcInterface := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
+func storageDelete(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	stcInterface := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value()
 	stc, ok := stcInterface.(*StorageContext)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%T is not a StorageContext", stcInterface)
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ func storageDelete(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if stc.ReadOnly {
 		return errors.New("StorageContext is read only")
 	}
-	key := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	key := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	si := ic.DAO.GetStorageItem(stc.ID, key)
 	if si != nil && si.IsConst {
 		return errors.New("storage item is constant")
@@ -337,36 +337,36 @@ func storageDelete(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 }
 
 // storageGet returns stored key-value pair.
-func storageGet(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	stcInterface := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
+func storageGet(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	stcInterface := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value()
 	stc, ok := stcInterface.(*StorageContext)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%T is not a StorageContext", stcInterface)
 	}
-	key := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	key := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	si := ic.DAO.GetStorageItem(stc.ID, key)
 	if si != nil && si.Value != nil {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(si.Value)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(si.Value)
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // storageGetContext returns storage context (scripthash).
-func storageGetContext(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return storageGetContextInternal(ic, v, false)
+func storageGetContext(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return storageGetContextInternal(ic, false)
 }
 
 // storageGetReadOnlyContext returns read-only context (scripthash).
-func storageGetReadOnlyContext(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return storageGetContextInternal(ic, v, true)
+func storageGetReadOnlyContext(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return storageGetContextInternal(ic, true)
 }
 
 // storageGetContextInternal is internal version of storageGetContext and
 // storageGetReadOnlyContext which allows to specify ReadOnly context flag.
-func storageGetContextInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, isReadOnly bool) error {
-	contract, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(v.GetCurrentScriptHash())
+func storageGetContextInternal(ic *interop.Context, isReadOnly bool) error {
+	contract, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -377,11 +377,11 @@ func storageGetContextInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, isReadOnly bool) e
 		ID:       contract.ID,
 		ReadOnly: isReadOnly,
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(sc))
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(sc))
 	return nil
 }
 
-func putWithContextAndFlags(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, stc *StorageContext, key []byte, value []byte, isConst bool) error {
+func putWithContextAndFlags(ic *interop.Context, stc *StorageContext, key []byte, value []byte, isConst bool) error {
 	if len(key) > MaxStorageKeyLen {
 		return errors.New("key is too big")
 	}
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ func putWithContextAndFlags(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, stc *StorageContext,
 	if len(value) > len(si.Value) {
 		sizeInc = len(value) - len(si.Value)
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(int64(sizeInc) * StoragePrice) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(int64(sizeInc) * StoragePrice) {
 		return errGasLimitExceeded
 	}
 	si.Value = value
@@ -411,34 +411,34 @@ func putWithContextAndFlags(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, stc *StorageContext,
 }
 
 // storagePutInternal is a unified implementation of storagePut and storagePutEx.
-func storagePutInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, getFlag bool) error {
-	stcInterface := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
+func storagePutInternal(ic *interop.Context, getFlag bool) error {
+	stcInterface := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value()
 	stc, ok := stcInterface.(*StorageContext)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%T is not a StorageContext", stcInterface)
 	}
-	key := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
-	value := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	key := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	value := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	var flag int
 	if getFlag {
-		flag = int(v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
+		flag = int(ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
 	}
-	return putWithContextAndFlags(ic, v, stc, key, value, int(Constant)&flag != 0)
+	return putWithContextAndFlags(ic, stc, key, value, int(Constant)&flag != 0)
 }
 
 // storagePut puts key-value pair into the storage.
-func storagePut(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return storagePutInternal(ic, v, false)
+func storagePut(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return storagePutInternal(ic, false)
 }
 
 // storagePutEx puts key-value pair with given flags into the storage.
-func storagePutEx(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	return storagePutInternal(ic, v, true)
+func storagePutEx(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	return storagePutInternal(ic, true)
 }
 
 // storageContextAsReadOnly sets given context to read-only mode.
-func storageContextAsReadOnly(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	stcInterface := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
+func storageContextAsReadOnly(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	stcInterface := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value()
 	stc, ok := stcInterface.(*StorageContext)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%T is not a StorageContext", stcInterface)
@@ -450,31 +450,31 @@ func storageContextAsReadOnly(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		}
 		stc = stx
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(stc))
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(stc))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // contractCall calls a contract.
-func contractCall(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	h := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
-	method := v.Estack().Pop().String()
-	args := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
-	return contractCallExInternal(ic, v, h, method, args, smartcontract.All)
+func contractCall(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	h := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	method := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
+	args := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Array()
+	return contractCallExInternal(ic, h, method, args, smartcontract.All)
 }
 
 // contractCallEx calls a contract with flags.
-func contractCallEx(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	h := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
-	method := v.Estack().Pop().String()
-	args := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
-	flags := smartcontract.CallFlag(int32(v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()))
+func contractCallEx(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	h := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+	method := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
+	args := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Array()
+	flags := smartcontract.CallFlag(int32(ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64()))
 	if flags&^smartcontract.All != 0 {
 		return errors.New("call flags out of range")
 	}
-	return contractCallExInternal(ic, v, h, method, args, flags)
+	return contractCallExInternal(ic, h, method, args, flags)
 }
 
-func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, name string, args []stackitem.Item, f smartcontract.CallFlag) error {
+func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, h []byte, name string, args []stackitem.Item, f smartcontract.CallFlag) error {
 	u, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(h)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.New("invalid contract hash")
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, name string
 	if md == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("method '%s' not found", name)
 	}
-	curr, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(v.GetCurrentScriptHash())
+	curr, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash())
 	if err == nil {
 		if !curr.Manifest.CanCall(&cs.Manifest, name) {
 			return errors.New("disallowed method call")
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, name string
 	}
 
 	ic.Invocations[u]++
-	v.LoadScriptWithHash(cs.Script, u, v.Context().GetCallFlags()&f)
+	ic.VM.LoadScriptWithHash(cs.Script, u, ic.VM.Context().GetCallFlags()&f)
 	var isNative bool
 	for i := range ic.Natives {
 		if ic.Natives[i].Metadata().Hash.Equals(u) {
@@ -511,27 +511,27 @@ func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, name string
 		}
 	}
 	if isNative {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(args)
-		v.Estack().PushVal(name)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(args)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(name)
 	} else {
 		for i := len(args) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-			v.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
+			ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
 		}
 		// use Jump not Call here because context was loaded in LoadScript above.
-		v.Jump(v.Context(), md.Offset)
+		ic.VM.Jump(ic.VM.Context(), md.Offset)
 	}
 
 	md = cs.Manifest.ABI.GetMethod(manifest.MethodInit)
 	if md != nil {
-		v.Call(v.Context(), md.Offset)
+		ic.VM.Call(ic.VM.Context(), md.Offset)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
 // contractDestroy destroys a contract.
-func contractDestroy(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	hash := v.GetCurrentScriptHash()
+func contractDestroy(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	hash := ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash()
 	cs, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(hash)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
@@ -553,8 +553,8 @@ func contractDestroy(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 }
 
 // contractIsStandard checks if contract is standard (sig or multisig) contract.
-func contractIsStandard(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	h := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func contractIsStandard(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	h := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	u, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(h)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -573,23 +573,23 @@ func contractIsStandard(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(result)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(result)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // contractCreateStandardAccount calculates contract scripthash for a given public key.
-func contractCreateStandardAccount(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	h := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
+func contractCreateStandardAccount(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	h := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 	p, err := keys.NewPublicKeyFromBytes(h, elliptic.P256())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(p.GetScriptHash().BytesBE())
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(p.GetScriptHash().BytesBE())
 	return nil
 }
 
 // contractGetCallFlags returns current context calling flags.
-func contractGetCallFlags(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	v.Estack().PushVal(v.Context().GetCallFlags())
+func contractGetCallFlags(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.VM.Context().GetCallFlags())
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_system_test.go b/pkg/core/interop_system_test.go
index 58a8a5c82..0a1776b45 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_system_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_system_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsTransaction(tx, 0))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(tx.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetTransaction(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransaction(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		value := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("isn't traceable", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsTransaction(tx, 1))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(tx.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetTransaction(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransaction(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, ok := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(stackitem.Null)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("bad hash", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsTransaction(tx, 1))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(tx.Hash().BytesLE())
-		err := bcGetTransaction(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransaction(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, ok := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(stackitem.Null)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransactionFromBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(0)
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		value := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransactionFromBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("invalid block hash", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(0)
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesBE()[:10])
-		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 	})
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransactionFromBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsBlock(block))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(0)
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, ok := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(stackitem.Null)
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransactionFromBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsBlock(block))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(0)
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesLE())
-		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, ok := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(stackitem.Null)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func TestBCGetTransactionFromBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, context.DAO.StoreAsBlock(block))
 		v.Estack().PushVal(1)
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransactionFromBlock(context)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 	})
 }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func TestBCGetBlock(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesBE())
-		err := bcGetBlock(context, v)
+		err := bcGetBlock(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		value := v.Estack().Pop().Value()
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestBCGetBlock(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("bad hash", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(block.Hash().BytesLE())
-		err := bcGetTransaction(context, v)
+		err := bcGetTransaction(context)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, ok := v.Estack().Pop().Item().(stackitem.Null)
@@ -180,14 +180,14 @@ func TestContractIsStandard(t *testing.T) {
 
 		t.Run("true", func(t *testing.T) {
 			v.Estack().PushVal(pub.GetScriptHash().BytesBE())
-			require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic, v))
+			require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic))
 			require.True(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 		})
 
 		t.Run("false", func(t *testing.T) {
 			tx.Scripts[0].VerificationScript = []byte{9, 8, 7}
 			v.Estack().PushVal(pub.GetScriptHash().BytesBE())
-			require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic, v))
+			require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic))
 			require.False(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 		})
 	})
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func TestContractIsStandard(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(pub.GetScriptHash().BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic))
 		require.True(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 	})
 	t.Run("contract stored, false", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestContractIsStandard(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(&state.Contract{ID: 24, Script: script}))
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal(crypto.Hash160(script).BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractIsStandard(ic))
 		require.False(t, v.Estack().Pop().Bool())
 	})
 }
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func TestContractCreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		pub := priv.PublicKey()
 		v.Estack().PushVal(pub.Bytes())
-		require.NoError(t, contractCreateStandardAccount(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractCreateStandardAccount(ic))
 
 		value := v.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 		u, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(value)
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ func TestContractCreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	t.Run("InvalidKey", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{1, 2, 3})
-		require.Error(t, contractCreateStandardAccount(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractCreateStandardAccount(ic))
 	})
 }
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestRuntimeGasLeft(t *testing.T) {
 
 	v.GasLimit = 100
 	v.AddGas(58)
-	require.NoError(t, runtime.GasLeft(ic, v))
+	require.NoError(t, runtime.GasLeft(ic))
 	require.EqualValues(t, 42, v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
 }
 
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func TestRuntimeGetNotifications(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("NoFilter", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
-		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetNotifications(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetNotifications(ic))
 
 		arr := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
 		require.Equal(t, len(ic.Notifications), len(arr))
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func TestRuntimeGetNotifications(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("WithFilter", func(t *testing.T) {
 		h := util.Uint160{2}.BytesBE()
 		v.Estack().PushVal(h)
-		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetNotifications(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetNotifications(ic))
 
 		arr := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(arr))
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ func TestRuntimeGetInvocationCounter(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("Zero", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScript([]byte{1})
-		require.Error(t, runtime.GetInvocationCounter(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, runtime.GetInvocationCounter(ic))
 	})
 	t.Run("NonZero", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScript([]byte{2})
-		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetInvocationCounter(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, runtime.GetInvocationCounter(ic))
 		require.EqualValues(t, 42, v.Estack().Pop().BigInt().Int64())
 	})
 }
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func TestBlockchainGetContractState(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("positive", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(cs.ScriptHash().BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, bcGetContract(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, bcGetContract(ic))
 
 		actual := v.Estack().Pop().Item()
 		compareContractStates(t, cs, actual)
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func TestBlockchainGetContractState(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("uncknown contract state", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(util.Uint160{1, 2, 3}.BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, bcGetContract(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, bcGetContract(ic))
 
 		actual := v.Estack().Pop().Item()
 		require.Equal(t, stackitem.Null{}, actual)
@@ -394,14 +394,14 @@ func getTestContractState() (*state.Contract, *state.Contract) {
 	}
 }
 
-func loadScript(script []byte, args ...interface{}) *vm.VM {
+func loadScript(ic *interop.Context, script []byte, args ...interface{}) {
 	v := vm.New()
 	v.LoadScriptWithFlags(script, smartcontract.AllowCall)
 	for i := range args {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
 	}
 	v.GasLimit = -1
-	return v
+	ic.VM = v
 }
 
 func TestContractCall(t *testing.T) {
@@ -417,36 +417,36 @@ func TestContractCall(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addArgs := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1), stackitem.Make(2)})
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
-		v := loadScript(currScript, 42)
-		v.Estack().PushVal(addArgs)
-		v.Estack().PushVal("add")
-		v.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic, v))
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
-		require.Equal(t, 2, v.Estack().Len())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(3), v.Estack().Pop().Value())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), v.Estack().Pop().Value())
+		loadScript(ic, currScript, 42)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(addArgs)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal("add")
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
+		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic))
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
+		require.Equal(t, 2, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(3), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("CallExInvalidFlag", func(t *testing.T) {
-		v := loadScript(currScript, 42)
-		v.Estack().PushVal(byte(0xFF))
-		v.Estack().PushVal(addArgs)
-		v.Estack().PushVal("add")
-		v.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
-		require.Error(t, contractCallEx(ic, v))
+		loadScript(ic, currScript, 42)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(byte(0xFF))
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(addArgs)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal("add")
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
+		require.Error(t, contractCallEx(ic))
 	})
 
 	runInvalid := func(args ...interface{}) func(t *testing.T) {
 		return func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := loadScript(currScript, 42)
+			loadScript(ic, currScript, 42)
 			for i := range args {
-				v.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
+				ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
 			}
 			// interops can both return error and panic,
 			// we don't care which kind of error has occured
 			require.Panics(t, func() {
-				err := contractCall(ic, v)
+				err := contractCall(ic)
 				if err != nil {
 					panic(err)
 				}
@@ -466,26 +466,26 @@ func TestContractCall(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("IsolatedStack", func(t *testing.T) {
-		v := loadScript(currScript, 42)
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewArray(nil))
-		v.Estack().PushVal("drop")
-		v.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic, v))
-		require.Error(t, v.Run())
+		loadScript(ic, currScript, 42)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewArray(nil))
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal("drop")
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
+		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic))
+		require.Error(t, ic.VM.Run())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("CallInitialize", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("Directly", runInvalid(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{}), "_initialize", h.BytesBE()))
 
-		v := loadScript(currScript, 42)
-		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(5)}))
-		v.Estack().PushVal("add3")
-		v.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
-		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic, v))
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
-		require.Equal(t, 2, v.Estack().Len())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(8), v.Estack().Pop().Value())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), v.Estack().Pop().Value())
+		loadScript(ic, currScript, 42)
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(5)}))
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal("add3")
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(h.BytesBE())
+		require.NoError(t, contractCall(ic))
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
+		require.Equal(t, 2, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(8), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Value())
 	})
 }
 
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ func TestContractCreate(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("positive", func(t *testing.T) {
 		putArgsOnStack()
 
-		require.NoError(t, contractCreate(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractCreate(ic))
 		actual := v.Estack().Pop().Item()
 		compareContractStates(t, cs, actual)
 	})
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ func TestContractCreate(t *testing.T) {
 		cs.Script = append(cs.Script, 0x01)
 		putArgsOnStack()
 
-		require.Error(t, contractCreate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractCreate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("contract already exists", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ func TestContractCreate(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(cs))
 		putArgsOnStack()
 
-		require.Error(t, contractCreate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractCreate(ic))
 	})
 }
 
@@ -553,27 +553,27 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(cs))
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("no contract", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(cs))
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, util.Uint160{8, 9, 7}, smartcontract.All)
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("too large script", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(cs))
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(make([]byte, MaxContractScriptSize+1), nil)
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("too large manifest", func(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, ic.DAO.PutContractState(cs))
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, make([]byte, manifest.MaxManifestSize+1))
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("gas limit exceeded", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		v.GasLimit = 0
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack([]byte{1}, []byte{2})
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update script, the same script", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(cs.Script, nil)
 
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update script, already exists", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(duplicateScript, nil)
 
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update script, positive", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		newScript := []byte{9, 8, 7, 6, 5}
 		putArgsOnStack(newScript, nil)
 
-		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 
 		// updated contract should have new scripthash
 		actual, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(hash.Hash160(newScript))
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, cs.ScriptHash(), smartcontract.All)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, []byte{1, 2, 3})
 
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update manifest, bad contract hash", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, manifestBytes)
 
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update manifest, old contract shouldn't have storage", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, manifestBytes)
 
-		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update manifest, positive", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		putArgsOnStack(nil, manifestBytes)
 
-		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 
 		// updated contract should have new scripthash
 		actual, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(cs.ScriptHash())
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ func TestContractUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 
 		putArgsOnStack(newScript, newManifestBytes)
 
-		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, contractUpdate(ic))
 
 		// updated contract should have new script and manifest
 		actual, err := ic.DAO.GetContractState(hash.Hash160(newScript))
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ func TestContractGetCallFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	defer bc.Close()
 
 	v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, util.Uint160{1, 2, 3}, smartcontract.All)
-	require.NoError(t, contractGetCallFlags(ic, v))
+	require.NoError(t, contractGetCallFlags(ic))
 	require.Equal(t, int64(smartcontract.All), v.Estack().Pop().Value().(*big.Int).Int64())
 }
 
@@ -759,27 +759,27 @@ func TestPointerCallback(t *testing.T) {
 		byte(opcode.DIV), byte(opcode.RET),
 	}
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
-		v := loadScript(script, 2, stackitem.NewPointer(3, script))
-		v.Estack().PushVal(v.Context())
-		require.NoError(t, callback.Create(ic, v))
+		loadScript(ic, script, 2, stackitem.NewPointer(3, script))
+		ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.VM.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, callback.Create(ic))
 
 		args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(3), stackitem.Make(12)})
-		v.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
-		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
+		ic.VM.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
+		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
 
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
-		require.Equal(t, 1, v.Estack().Len())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(5), v.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
+		require.Equal(t, 1, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(5), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
 	})
 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("NotEnoughParameters", func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := loadScript(script, 2, stackitem.NewPointer(3, script))
-			v.Estack().PushVal(v.Context())
-			require.NoError(t, callback.Create(ic, v))
+			loadScript(ic, script, 2, stackitem.NewPointer(3, script))
+			ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(ic.VM.Context())
+			require.NoError(t, callback.Create(ic))
 
 			args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(3)})
-			v.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
-			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
+			ic.VM.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
+			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
 		})
 	})
 
@@ -799,11 +799,11 @@ func TestMethodCallback(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runInvalid := func(args ...interface{}) func(t *testing.T) {
 			return func(t *testing.T) {
-				v := loadScript(currCs.Script, 42)
+				loadScript(ic, currCs.Script, 42)
 				for i := range args {
-					v.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
+					ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(args[i])
 				}
-				require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic, v))
+				require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic))
 			}
 		}
 		t.Run("Hash", runInvalid("add", rawHash[1:]))
@@ -812,37 +812,38 @@ func TestMethodCallback(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("DisallowedMethod", runInvalid("ret7", rawHash))
 		t.Run("Initialize", runInvalid("_initialize", rawHash))
 		t.Run("NotEnoughArguments", func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := loadScript(currCs.Script, 42, "add", rawHash)
-			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic, v))
+			loadScript(ic, currCs.Script, 42, "add", rawHash)
+			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic))
 
-			v.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1)})), 1)
-			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
+			ic.VM.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1)})), 1)
+			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
 		})
 		t.Run("CallIsNotAllowed", func(t *testing.T) {
 			v := vm.New()
+			ic.VM = v
 			v.Load(currCs.Script)
 			v.Estack().PushVal("add")
 			v.Estack().PushVal(rawHash)
-			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic, v))
+			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic))
 
 			args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1), stackitem.Make(5)})
 			v.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
-			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
+			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
 		})
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
-		v := loadScript(currCs.Script, 42, "add", rawHash)
-		require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic, v))
+		loadScript(ic, currCs.Script, 42, "add", rawHash)
+		require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromMethod(ic))
 
 		args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1), stackitem.Make(5)})
-		v.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
+		ic.VM.Estack().InsertAt(vm.NewElement(args), 1)
 
-		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
-		require.Equal(t, 2, v.Estack().Len())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(6), v.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), v.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
+		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
+		require.Equal(t, 2, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(6), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
 	})
 }
 func TestSyscallCallback(t *testing.T) {
@@ -852,44 +853,44 @@ func TestSyscallCallback(t *testing.T) {
 	ic.Functions = append(ic.Functions, []interop.Function{
 		{
 			ID: 0x42,
-			Func: func(_ *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-				a := v.Estack().Pop().BigInt()
-				b := v.Estack().Pop().BigInt()
-				v.Estack().PushVal(new(big.Int).Add(a, b))
+			Func: func(ic *interop.Context) error {
+				a := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt()
+				b := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().BigInt()
+				ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(new(big.Int).Add(a, b))
 				return nil
 			},
 			ParamCount: 2,
 		},
 		{
 			ID:               0x53,
-			Func:             func(_ *interop.Context, _ *vm.VM) error { return nil },
+			Func:             func(_ *interop.Context) error { return nil },
 			DisallowCallback: true,
 		},
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
 		args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(12), stackitem.Make(30)})
-		v := loadScript([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, args, 0x42)
-		require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic, v))
-		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
-		require.Equal(t, 1, v.Estack().Len())
-		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), v.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
+		loadScript(ic, []byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, args, 0x42)
+		require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic))
+		require.NoError(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
+		require.Equal(t, 1, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
+		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(42), ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().Value())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("InvalidParameterCount", func(t *testing.T) {
 			args := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(12)})
-			v := loadScript([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, args, 0x42)
-			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic, v))
-			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic, v))
+			loadScript(ic, []byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, args, 0x42)
+			require.NoError(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic))
+			require.Error(t, callback.Invoke(ic))
 		})
 		t.Run("MissingSyscall", func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := loadScript([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, stackitem.NewArray(nil), 0x43)
-			require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic, v))
+			loadScript(ic, []byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, stackitem.NewArray(nil), 0x43)
+			require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic))
 		})
 		t.Run("Disallowed", func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := loadScript([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, stackitem.NewArray(nil), 0x53)
-			require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic, v))
+			loadScript(ic, []byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, stackitem.NewArray(nil), 0x53)
+			require.Error(t, callback.CreateFromSyscall(ic))
 		})
 	})
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/interops_test.go b/pkg/core/interops_test.go
index 4c811363b..748744e0b 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interops_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interops_test.go
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func testNonInterop(t *testing.T, value interface{}, f func(*interop.Context, *vm.VM) error) {
+func testNonInterop(t *testing.T, value interface{}, f func(*interop.Context) error) {
 	v := vm.New()
 	v.Estack().PushVal(value)
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
-	require.Error(t, f(context, v))
+	context.VM = v
+	require.Error(t, f(context))
 }
 
 func TestUnexpectedNonInterops(t *testing.T) {
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ func TestUnexpectedNonInterops(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// All of these functions expect an interop item on the stack.
-	funcs := []func(*interop.Context, *vm.VM) error{
+	funcs := []func(*interop.Context) error{
 		storageContextAsReadOnly,
 		storageDelete,
 		storageFind,
diff --git a/pkg/core/native/interop.go b/pkg/core/native/interop.go
index 5e1d23515..9bfb5184c 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native/interop.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native/interop.go
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 )
 
 // Deploy deploys native contract.
-func Deploy(ic *interop.Context, _ *vm.VM) error {
+func Deploy(ic *interop.Context) error {
 	if ic.Block == nil || ic.Block.Index != 0 {
 		return errors.New("native contracts can be deployed only at 0 block")
 	}
@@ -34,8 +33,8 @@ func Deploy(ic *interop.Context, _ *vm.VM) error {
 }
 
 // Call calls specified native contract method.
-func Call(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	name := v.Estack().Pop().String()
+func Call(ic *interop.Context) error {
+	name := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
 	var c interop.Contract
 	for _, ctr := range ic.Natives {
 		if ctr.Metadata().Name == name {
@@ -46,23 +45,23 @@ func Call(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if c == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("native contract %s not found", name)
 	}
-	h := v.GetCurrentScriptHash()
+	h := ic.VM.GetCurrentScriptHash()
 	if !h.Equals(c.Metadata().Hash) {
 		return errors.New("it is not allowed to use Neo.Native.Call directly to call native contracts. System.Contract.Call should be used")
 	}
-	operation := v.Estack().Pop().String()
-	args := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
+	operation := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().String()
+	args := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Array()
 	m, ok := c.Metadata().Methods[operation]
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("method %s not found", operation)
 	}
-	if !v.Context().GetCallFlags().Has(m.RequiredFlags) {
+	if !ic.VM.Context().GetCallFlags().Has(m.RequiredFlags) {
 		return errors.New("missing call flags")
 	}
-	if !v.AddGas(m.Price) {
+	if !ic.VM.AddGas(m.Price) {
 		return errors.New("gas limit exceeded")
 	}
 	result := m.Func(ic, args)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(result)
+	ic.VM.Estack().PushVal(result)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go b/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
index c4d1479f3..4cb9f3a9c 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
@@ -159,10 +159,9 @@ func TestNativeContract_InvokeInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	v := vm.New()
-	v.GasLimit = -1
 	ic := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application,
 		dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore(), netmode.UnitTestNet), nil, nil)
+	v := ic.SpawnVM()
 
 	t.Run("fail, bad current script hash", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.LoadScriptWithHash([]byte{1}, util.Uint160{1, 2, 3}, smartcontract.All)
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ func TestNativeContract_InvokeInternal(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal(tn.Metadata().Name)
 
 		// it's prohibited to call natives directly
-		require.Error(t, native.Call(ic, v))
+		require.Error(t, native.Call(ic))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ func TestNativeContract_InvokeInternal(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal("sum")
 		v.Estack().PushVal(tn.Metadata().Name)
 
-		require.NoError(t, native.Call(ic, v))
+		require.NoError(t, native.Call(ic))
 
 		value := v.Estack().Pop().BigInt()
 		require.Equal(t, int64(42), value.Int64())