diff --git a/internal/fakechain/fakechain.go b/internal/fakechain/fakechain.go
index 8e016724b..3704eb234 100644
--- a/internal/fakechain/fakechain.go
+++ b/internal/fakechain/fakechain.go
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ func (chain *FakeChain) GetStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) state.StorageItem {
 }
 
 // GetTestVM implements Blockchainer interface.
-func (chain *FakeChain) GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) (*vm.VM, func()) {
+func (chain *FakeChain) GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) *interop.Context {
 	panic("TODO")
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/core/blockchain.go b/pkg/core/blockchain.go
index ad34235ed..a807a4407 100644
--- a/pkg/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/pkg/core/blockchain.go
@@ -2138,14 +2138,14 @@ func (bc *Blockchain) GetEnrollments() ([]state.Validator, error) {
 	return bc.contracts.NEO.GetCandidates(bc.dao)
 }
 
-// GetTestVM returns a VM setup for a test run of some sort of code and finalizer function.
-func (bc *Blockchain) GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) (*vm.VM, func()) {
+// GetTestVM returns an interop context with VM set up for a test run.
+func (bc *Blockchain) GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) *interop.Context {
 	d := bc.dao.GetWrapped().(*dao.Simple)
 	systemInterop := bc.newInteropContext(t, d, b, tx)
 	vm := systemInterop.SpawnVM()
 	vm.SetPriceGetter(systemInterop.GetPrice)
 	vm.LoadToken = contract.LoadToken(systemInterop)
-	return vm, systemInterop.Finalize
+	return systemInterop
 }
 
 // Various witness verification errors.
diff --git a/pkg/core/blockchainer/blockchainer.go b/pkg/core/blockchainer/blockchainer.go
index 7ccb738af..4a45694a5 100644
--- a/pkg/core/blockchainer/blockchainer.go
+++ b/pkg/core/blockchainer/blockchainer.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/block"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/blockchainer/services"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/mempool"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ type Blockchainer interface {
 	GetStateModule() StateRoot
 	GetStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) state.StorageItem
 	GetStorageItems(id int32) ([]state.StorageItemWithKey, error)
-	GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) (*vm.VM, func())
+	GetTestVM(t trigger.Type, tx *transaction.Transaction, b *block.Block) *interop.Context
 	GetTransaction(util.Uint256) (*transaction.Transaction, uint32, error)
 	SetOracle(service services.Oracle)
 	mempool.Feer // fee interface
diff --git a/pkg/core/helper_test.go b/pkg/core/helper_test.go
index f117c9825..6db705df1 100644
--- a/pkg/core/helper_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/helper_test.go
@@ -613,12 +613,12 @@ func setTxSystemFee(bc *Blockchain, sysFee int64, tx *transaction.Transaction) {
 	}
 
 	ttx := *tx // prevent setting 'hash' field
-	v, f := bc.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, &ttx, b)
-	defer f()
+	ic := bc.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, &ttx, b)
+	defer ic.Finalize()
 
-	v.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
-	_ = v.Run()
-	tx.SystemFee = v.GasConsumed()
+	ic.VM.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
+	_ = ic.VM.Run()
+	tx.SystemFee = ic.VM.GasConsumed()
 }
 
 func signTxWithAccounts(chain *Blockchain, sysFee int64, tx *transaction.Transaction, accs ...*wallet.Account) {
diff --git a/pkg/neotest/basic.go b/pkg/neotest/basic.go
index 46ef05c0c..3febadcd4 100644
--- a/pkg/neotest/basic.go
+++ b/pkg/neotest/basic.go
@@ -309,10 +309,10 @@ func TestInvoke(bc blockchainer.Blockchainer, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*vm.
 	// `GetTestVM` as well as `Run` can use transaction hash which will set cached value.
 	// This is unwanted behaviour so we explicitly copy transaction to perform execution.
 	ttx := *tx
-	v, f := bc.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, &ttx, b)
-	defer f()
+	ic := bc.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, &ttx, b)
+	defer ic.Finalize()
 
-	v.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
-	err = v.Run()
-	return v, err
+	ic.VM.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
+	err = ic.VM.Run()
+	return ic.VM, err
 }
diff --git a/pkg/neotest/client.go b/pkg/neotest/client.go
index 646f58143..0bc9bf87c 100644
--- a/pkg/neotest/client.go
+++ b/pkg/neotest/client.go
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ func (e *Executor) CommitteeInvoker(h util.Uint160) *ContractInvoker {
 func (c *ContractInvoker) TestInvoke(t *testing.T, method string, args ...interface{}) (*vm.Stack, error) {
 	tx := c.PrepareInvokeNoSign(t, method, args...)
 	b := c.NewUnsignedBlock(t, tx)
-	v, f := c.Chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, b)
-	t.Cleanup(f)
+	ic := c.Chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, b)
+	t.Cleanup(ic.Finalize)
 
-	v.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
-	err := v.Run()
-	return v.Estack(), err
+	ic.VM.LoadWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
+	err := ic.VM.Run()
+	return ic.VM.Estack(), err
 }
 
 // WithSigners creates new client with the provided signer.
diff --git a/pkg/rpc/server/client_test.go b/pkg/rpc/server/client_test.go
index e24647cfe..7b92eccac 100644
--- a/pkg/rpc/server/client_test.go
+++ b/pkg/rpc/server/client_test.go
@@ -715,9 +715,9 @@ func TestCreateNEP17TransferTx(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, acc.SignTx(testchain.Network(), tx))
 		require.NoError(t, chain.VerifyTx(tx))
-		v, _ := chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, nil)
-		v.LoadScriptWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
+		ic := chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, nil)
+		ic.VM.LoadScriptWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
 	})
 	t.Run("none scope", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := c.CreateNEP17TransferTx(acc, util.Uint160{}, gasContractHash, 1000, 0, nil, []client.SignerAccount{{
@@ -739,9 +739,9 @@ func TestCreateNEP17TransferTx(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, acc.SignTx(testchain.Network(), tx))
 		require.NoError(t, chain.VerifyTx(tx))
-		v, _ := chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, nil)
-		v.LoadScriptWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
-		require.NoError(t, v.Run())
+		ic := chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, nil)
+		ic.VM.LoadScriptWithFlags(tx.Script, callflag.All)
+		require.NoError(t, ic.VM.Run())
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/rpc/server/server.go b/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
index 19f596260..ef91bd320 100644
--- a/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
+++ b/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
@@ -853,19 +853,19 @@ func (s *Server) invokeReadOnly(bw *io.BufBinWriter, h util.Uint160, method stri
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	v, finalize := s.chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, b)
-	v.GasLimit = core.HeaderVerificationGasLimit
-	v.LoadScriptWithFlags(script, callflag.All)
-	err = v.Run()
+	ic := s.chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Application, tx, b)
+	ic.VM.GasLimit = core.HeaderVerificationGasLimit
+	ic.VM.LoadScriptWithFlags(script, callflag.All)
+	err = ic.VM.Run()
 	if err != nil {
-		finalize()
+		ic.Finalize()
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run `%s` for %s: %w", method, h.StringLE(), err)
 	}
-	if v.Estack().Len() != 1 {
-		finalize()
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid `%s` return values count: expected 1, got %d", method, v.Estack().Len())
+	if ic.VM.Estack().Len() != 1 {
+		ic.Finalize()
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid `%s` return values count: expected 1, got %d", method, ic.VM.Estack().Len())
 	}
-	return v.Estack().Pop().Item(), finalize, nil
+	return ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item(), ic.Finalize, nil
 }
 
 func (s *Server) getTokenBalance(h util.Uint160, acc util.Uint160, id []byte, bw *io.BufBinWriter) (*big.Int, error) {
@@ -1690,20 +1690,20 @@ func (s *Server) runScriptInVM(t trigger.Type, script []byte, contractScriptHash
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, response.NewInternalServerError("can't create fake block", err)
 	}
-	vm, finalize := s.chain.GetTestVM(t, tx, b)
+	ic := s.chain.GetTestVM(t, tx, b)
 	if verbose {
-		vm.EnableInvocationTree()
+		ic.VM.EnableInvocationTree()
 	}
-	vm.GasLimit = int64(s.config.MaxGasInvoke)
+	ic.VM.GasLimit = int64(s.config.MaxGasInvoke)
 	if t == trigger.Verification {
 		// We need this special case because witnesses verification is not the simple System.Contract.Call,
 		// and we need to define exactly the amount of gas consumed for a contract witness verification.
 		gasPolicy := s.chain.GetMaxVerificationGAS()
-		if vm.GasLimit > gasPolicy {
-			vm.GasLimit = gasPolicy
+		if ic.VM.GasLimit > gasPolicy {
+			ic.VM.GasLimit = gasPolicy
 		}
 
-		err := s.chain.InitVerificationVM(vm, func(h util.Uint160) (*state.Contract, error) {
+		err := s.chain.InitVerificationVM(ic.VM, func(h util.Uint160) (*state.Contract, error) {
 			res := s.chain.GetContractState(h)
 			if res == nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown contract: %s", h.StringBE())
@@ -1714,14 +1714,14 @@ func (s *Server) runScriptInVM(t trigger.Type, script []byte, contractScriptHash
 			return nil, response.NewInternalServerError("can't prepare verification VM", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		vm.LoadScriptWithFlags(script, callflag.All)
+		ic.VM.LoadScriptWithFlags(script, callflag.All)
 	}
-	err = vm.Run()
+	err = ic.VM.Run()
 	var faultException string
 	if err != nil {
 		faultException = err.Error()
 	}
-	return result.NewInvoke(vm, finalize, script, faultException, s.config.MaxIteratorResultItems), nil
+	return result.NewInvoke(ic.VM, ic.Finalize, script, faultException, s.config.MaxIteratorResultItems), nil
 }
 
 // submitBlock broadcasts a raw block over the NEO network.
diff --git a/pkg/services/oracle/response.go b/pkg/services/oracle/response.go
index fdbef6afa..779290b8a 100644
--- a/pkg/services/oracle/response.go
+++ b/pkg/services/oracle/response.go
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ import (
 	gio "io"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/fee"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/callflag"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
@@ -138,24 +138,24 @@ func (o *Oracle) testVerify(tx *transaction.Transaction) (int64, bool) {
 	// method caches transaction hash, but tx building is not yet completed and hash will be changed.
 	// So make a copy of tx to avoid wrong hash caching.
 	cp := *tx
-	v, finalize := o.Chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Verification, &cp, nil)
-	v.GasLimit = o.Chain.GetMaxVerificationGAS()
-	v.LoadScriptWithHash(o.oracleScript, o.oracleHash, callflag.ReadOnly)
-	v.Context().Jump(o.verifyOffset)
+	ic := o.Chain.GetTestVM(trigger.Verification, &cp, nil)
+	ic.VM.GasLimit = o.Chain.GetMaxVerificationGAS()
+	ic.VM.LoadScriptWithHash(o.oracleScript, o.oracleHash, callflag.ReadOnly)
+	ic.VM.Context().Jump(o.verifyOffset)
 
-	ok := isVerifyOk(v, finalize)
-	return v.GasConsumed(), ok
+	ok := isVerifyOk(ic)
+	return ic.VM.GasConsumed(), ok
 }
 
-func isVerifyOk(v *vm.VM, finalize func()) bool {
-	defer finalize()
-	if err := v.Run(); err != nil {
+func isVerifyOk(ic *interop.Context) bool {
+	defer ic.Finalize()
+	if err := ic.VM.Run(); err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	if v.Estack().Len() != 1 {
+	if ic.VM.Estack().Len() != 1 {
 		return false
 	}
-	ok, err := v.Estack().Pop().Item().TryBool()
+	ok, err := ic.VM.Estack().Pop().Item().TryBool()
 	return err == nil && ok
 }