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docs: update compiler.md, bring it up to date

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And add one more reference to it into the main README.
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Roman Khimov 2020-05-19 00:17:05 +03:00
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9
README.md
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@ -92,6 +92,15 @@ Available network flags:
- `--privnet, -p`
- `--testnet, -t`
## Smart contract development
Please refer to [neo-go smart contract development
workshop](https://github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go-sc-wrkshp) that shows some
simple contracts that can be compiled/deployed/run using neo-go compiler, SDK
and private network. For details on how Go code is translated to Neo VM
bytecode and what you can and can not do in smart contract please refer to the
[compiler documentation](docs/compiler.md).
# Developer notes
Nodes have such features as [Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/docs/guides/go-application) and
[Pprof](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/) in order to have additional information about them for debugging.

249
docs/compiler.md
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@ -2,66 +2,36 @@
The neo-go compiler compiles Go programs to bytecode that the NEO virtual machine can understand.
## Currently supported
## Language compatibility
### Go internals
- type checking
- multiple assignments
- global variables
- types int, string, byte and booleans
- struct types + method receives
- functions
- composite literals `[]int, []string, []byte`
- basic if statements
- binary expressions
- return statements
- for loops
- imports
The compiler is mostly compatible with regular Go language specification, but
there are some important deviations that you need to be aware of that make it
a dialect of Go rather than a complete port of the language:
* `make()` ane `new()` are not supported, most of the time you can substitute
them with composite literals
* there is no real distinction between different integer types, all of them
work as big.Int in Go with a limit of 256 bit in width, so you can use
`int` for just about anything. This is the way integers work in Neo VM and
adding proper Go types emulation is considered to be too costly.
* goroutines, channels and garbage collection are not supported and will
never be because emulating that aspects of Go runtime on top of Neo VM is
close to impossible
* even though `panic()` is supported, `recover()` is not, `panic` shuts the
VM down
* lambdas are not supported (#939)
* it's not possible to rename imported interop packages, they won't work this
way (#397, #913)
### Go builtins
- len
- append
### VM API (interop layer)
## VM API (interop layer)
Compiler translates interop function calls into NEO VM syscalls or (for custom
functions) into NEO VM instructions. [Refer to GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop) for full API documentation.
#### Standard NEO Smart Contract API
- account
- asset
- attribute
- block
- blockchain
- contract
- engine
- header
- input
- iterator
- output
- runtime
- storage
- transaction
#### Custom VM utility helper functions
- crypto:
- `SHA1`
- `SHA256`
- `Hash256`
- `Hash160`
- enumerator
- util:
- `Equals` (to emit `EQUALS` opcode, not needed usually)
- `FromAddress(address string) []byte`
## Not supported
Due to the limitations of the NEO virtual machine, features listed below will not be supported.
- channels
- goroutines
- returning multiple values from functions
functions) into NEO VM instructions. [Refer to
pkg.go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop)
for full API documentation. In general it provides the same level of
functionality as Neo .net Framework library.
## Quick start
### Compile a smart contract
### Compiling
```
./bin/neo-go contract compile -i mycontract.go
@ -73,7 +43,7 @@ By default the filename will be the name of your .go file with the .avm extensio
./bin/neo-go contract compile -i mycontract.go --out /Users/foo/bar/contract.avm
```
### Debugging your smart contract
### Debugging
You can dump the opcodes generated by the compiler with the following command:
```
@ -83,62 +53,143 @@ You can dump the opcodes generated by the compiler with the following command:
This will result in something like this:
```
INDEX OPCODE DESC
0 0x54 PUSH4
1 0xc5 NEWARRAY
2 0x6b TOALTSTACK
3 0x1 PUSHBYTES1
3 0x2a *
5 0x6a DUPFROMALTSTACK
6 0x0 PUSH0
7 0x52 PUSH2
8 0x7a ROLL
9 0xc4 SETITEM
10 0x6a DUPFROMALTSTACK
11 0x0 PUSH0
12 0xc3 PICKITEM
13 0x5a PUSH10
14 0xa2 GTE
15 0x64 JMPIFNOT
16 0x7 7
16 0x0 0
18 0x51 PUSH1
19 0x6c FROMALTSTACK
20 0x75 DROP
21 0x66 RET
22 0x0 PUSH0
23 0x6c FROMALTSTACK
24 0x75 DROP
25 0x66 RET
INDEX OPCODE PARAMETER
0 INITSLOT 0500 ("\x05\x00") <<
3 PUSH0
4 REVERSEN
5 SYSCALL "\x9a\x1f\x19J"
10 NOP
11 STLOC0
12 LDLOC0
13 PUSH1
14 REVERSEN
15 PUSH1
16 PACK
17 SYSCALL "\x05\a\x92\x16"
22 NOP
23 PUSH0
24 REVERSEN
25 SYSCALL "E\x99Z\\"
30 NOP
31 STLOC1
32 LDLOC1
33 PUSH1
34 REVERSEN
35 PUSH1
36 PACK
37 SYSCALL "\x05\a\x92\x16"
42 NOP
43 PUSH0
44 REVERSEN
45 SYSCALL "\x87\xc3\xd2d"
50 NOP
51 STLOC2
52 LDLOC2
53 PUSH1
54 REVERSEN
55 PUSH1
56 PACK
57 SYSCALL "\x05\a\x92\x16"
62 NOP
63 PUSH0
64 REVERSEN
65 SYSCALL "\x1dY\xe1\x19"
70 NOP
71 STLOC3
72 LDLOC3
73 PUSH1
74 REVERSEN
75 PUSH1
76 PACK
77 SYSCALL "\x05\a\x92\x16"
82 NOP
83 PUSH1
84 RET
```
### Test invoke a compiled contract
You can simulate a test invocation of your compiled contract by the VM, to know the total gas cost for example, with the following command:
#### Neo Smart Contract Debugger support
It's possible to debug contracts written in Go using standard [Neo Smart
Contract Debugger](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-debugger/) which is a
part of [Neo Blockchain
Toolkit](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-blockchain-toolkit/). To do that
you need to generate debug information using `--debug` option, like this:
```
./bin/neo-go contract testinvoke -i mycompiledcontract.avm
$ ./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go -o contract.avm --debug contract.debug.json
```
Will output something like:
```
{
"state": "HALT, BREAK",
"gas_consumed": "0.006",
"Stack": [
{
"type": "Integer",
"value": "9"
}
]
}
This file can then be used by debugger and set up to work just like for any
other supported language.
### Deploying
Deploying a contract to blockchain with neo-go requires a configuration file
with contract's metadata in YAML format, like the following:
```
project:
author: Jack Smith
email: jack@example.com
version: 1.0
name: 'Smart contract'
description: 'Even smarter than Jack himself'
hasstorage: true
hasdynamicinvocation: false
ispayable: false
returntype: ByteArray
parameters: ['String', 'Array']
```
At the moment this is implemented via RPC call to the remote server.
It's passed to the `deploy` command via `-c` option:
```
$ ./bin/neo-go contract deploy -i contract.avm -c contract.yml -e http://localhost:20331 -w wallet.json -g 0.001
```
Deployment works via an RPC server, an address of which is passed via `-e`
option and should be signed using a wallet from `-w` option. More details can
be found in `deploy` command help.
#### Neo Express support
It's possible to deploy contracts written in Go using [Neo
Express](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-express) which is a part of [Neo
Blockchain
Toolkit](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-blockchain-toolkit/). To do that
you need to generate a different metadata file using YAML written for
deployment with neo-go. It's done in the same step with compilation via
`--config` input parameter and `--abi` output parameter, combined with debug
support the command line will look like this:
```
$ ./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go --config contract.yml -o contract.avm --debug contract.debug.json --abi contract.abi.json
```
This file can then be used by toolkit to deploy contract the same way
contracts in other languagues are deployed.
### Invoking
You can import your contract into the standalone VM and run it there (see [VM
documentation](vm.md) for more info), but that only works for simple contracts
that don't use blockchain a lot. For more real contracts you need to deploy
them first and then do test invocations and regular invocations with `contract
testinvokefunction` and `contract invokefunction` commands (or their variants,
see `contract` command help for more details. They all work via RPC, so it's a
mandatory parameter.
Example call (contract `f84d6a337fbc3d3a201d41da99e86b479e7a2554` with method
`balanceOf` and method's parameter `AK2nJJpJr6o664CWJKi1QRXjqeic2zRp8y` using
given RPC server and wallet and paying 0.00001 GAS for this transaction):
```
$ ./bin/neo-go contract invokefunction -e http://localhost:20331 -w my_wallet.json -g 0.00001 f84d6a337fbc3d3a201d41da99e86b479e7a2554 balanceOf AK2nJJpJr6o664CWJKi1QRXjqeic2zRp8y
```
## Smart contract examples
Some examples are provided in the [examples directory](examples).
Some examples are provided in the [examples directory](../examples).
### Check if the invoker of the contract is the owning address