rclone/backend/cache/storage_persistent.go

// +build !plan9

package cache

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"path"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	bolt "github.com/coreos/bbolt"
	"github.com/ncw/rclone/fs"
	"github.com/ncw/rclone/fs/walk"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
)

// Constants
const (
	RootBucket   = "root"
	RootTsBucket = "rootTs"
	DataTsBucket = "dataTs"
	tempBucket   = "pending"
)

// Features flags for this storage type
type Features struct {
	PurgeDb    bool          // purge the db before starting
	DbWaitTime time.Duration // time to wait for DB to be available
}

var boltMap = make(map[string]*Persistent)
var boltMapMx sync.Mutex

// GetPersistent returns a single instance for the specific store
func GetPersistent(dbPath, chunkPath string, f *Features) (*Persistent, error) {
	// write lock to create one
	boltMapMx.Lock()
	defer boltMapMx.Unlock()
	if b, ok := boltMap[dbPath]; ok {
		if !b.open {
			err := b.connect()
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}
		return b, nil
	}

	bb, err := newPersistent(dbPath, chunkPath, f)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	boltMap[dbPath] = bb
	return boltMap[dbPath], nil
}

type chunkInfo struct {
	Path   string
	Offset int64
	Size   int64
}

type tempUploadInfo struct {
	DestPath string
	AddedOn  time.Time
	Started  bool
}

// String representation of a tempUploadInfo
func (t *tempUploadInfo) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v - %v (%v)", t.DestPath, t.Started, t.AddedOn)
}

// Persistent is a wrapper of persistent storage for a bolt.DB file
type Persistent struct {
	dbPath       string
	dataPath     string
	open         bool
	db           *bolt.DB
	cleanupMux   sync.Mutex
	tempQueueMux sync.Mutex
	features     *Features
}

// newPersistent builds a new wrapper and connects to the bolt.DB file
func newPersistent(dbPath, chunkPath string, f *Features) (*Persistent, error) {
	b := &Persistent{
		dbPath:   dbPath,
		dataPath: chunkPath,
		features: f,
	}

	err := b.connect()
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(dbPath, "Error opening storage cache. Is there another rclone running on the same remote? %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return b, nil
}

// String will return a human friendly string for this DB (currently the dbPath)
func (b *Persistent) String() string {
	return "<Cache DB> " + b.dbPath
}

// connect creates a connection to the configured file
// refreshDb will delete the file before to create an empty DB if it's set to true
func (b *Persistent) connect() error {
	var err error

	err = os.MkdirAll(b.dataPath, os.ModePerm)
	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to create a data directory %q", b.dataPath)
	}
	b.db, err = bolt.Open(b.dbPath, 0644, &bolt.Options{Timeout: b.features.DbWaitTime})
	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to open a cache connection to %q", b.dbPath)
	}
	if b.features.PurgeDb {
		b.Purge()
	}
	_ = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(RootBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(RootTsBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(DataTsBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))

		return nil
	})

	b.open = true
	return nil
}

// getBucket prepares and cleans a specific path of the form: /var/tmp and will iterate through each path component
// to get to the nested bucket of the final part (in this example: tmp)
func (b *Persistent) getBucket(dir string, createIfMissing bool, tx *bolt.Tx) *bolt.Bucket {
	cleanPath(dir)

	entries := strings.FieldsFunc(dir, func(c rune) bool {
		// cover Windows where rclone still uses '/' as path separator
		// this should be safe as '/' is not a valid Windows character
		return (os.PathSeparator == c || c == rune('/'))
	})
	bucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(RootBucket))

	for _, entry := range entries {
		if createIfMissing {
			bucket, _ = bucket.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(entry))
		} else {
			bucket = bucket.Bucket([]byte(entry))
		}

		if bucket == nil {
			return nil
		}
	}

	return bucket
}

// GetDir will retrieve data of a cached directory
func (b *Persistent) GetDir(remote string) (*Directory, error) {
	cd := &Directory{}

	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(remote, false, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open bucket (%v)", remote)
		}

		data := bucket.Get([]byte("."))
		if data != nil {
			return json.Unmarshal(data, cd)
		}

		return errors.Errorf("%v not found", remote)
	})

	return cd, err
}

// AddDir will update a CachedDirectory metadata and all its entries
func (b *Persistent) AddDir(cachedDir *Directory) error {
	return b.AddBatchDir([]*Directory{cachedDir})
}

// AddBatchDir will update a list of CachedDirectory metadata and all their entries
func (b *Persistent) AddBatchDir(cachedDirs []*Directory) error {
	if len(cachedDirs) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var bucket *bolt.Bucket
		if cachedDirs[0].Dir == "" {
			bucket = tx.Bucket([]byte(RootBucket))
		} else {
			bucket = b.getBucket(cachedDirs[0].Dir, true, tx)
		}
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open bucket (%v)", cachedDirs[0].Dir)
		}

		for _, cachedDir := range cachedDirs {
			var b *bolt.Bucket
			var err error
			if cachedDir.Name == "" {
				b = bucket
			} else {
				b, err = bucket.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(cachedDir.Name))
			}
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			encoded, err := json.Marshal(cachedDir)
			if err != nil {
				return errors.Errorf("couldn't marshal object (%v): %v", cachedDir, err)
			}
			err = b.Put([]byte("."), encoded)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// GetDirEntries will return a CachedDirectory, its list of dir entries and/or an error if it encountered issues
func (b *Persistent) GetDirEntries(cachedDir *Directory) (fs.DirEntries, error) {
	var dirEntries fs.DirEntries

	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(cachedDir.abs(), false, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open bucket (%v)", cachedDir.abs())
		}

		val := bucket.Get([]byte("."))
		if val != nil {
			err := json.Unmarshal(val, cachedDir)
			if err != nil {
				return errors.Errorf("error during unmarshalling obj: %v", err)
			}
		} else {
			return errors.Errorf("missing cached dir: %v", cachedDir)
		}

		c := bucket.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			// ignore metadata key: .
			if bytes.Equal(k, []byte(".")) {
				continue
			}
			entryPath := path.Join(cachedDir.Remote(), string(k))

			if v == nil { // directory
				// we try to find a cached meta for the dir
				currentBucket := c.Bucket().Bucket(k)
				if currentBucket == nil {
					return errors.Errorf("couldn't open bucket (%v)", string(k))
				}

				metaKey := currentBucket.Get([]byte("."))
				d := NewDirectory(cachedDir.CacheFs, entryPath)
				if metaKey != nil { //if we don't find it, we create an empty dir
					err := json.Unmarshal(metaKey, d)
					if err != nil { // if even this fails, we fallback to an empty dir
						fs.Debugf(string(k), "error during unmarshalling obj: %v", err)
					}
				}

				dirEntries = append(dirEntries, d)
			} else { // object
				o := NewObject(cachedDir.CacheFs, entryPath)
				err := json.Unmarshal(v, o)
				if err != nil {
					fs.Debugf(string(k), "error during unmarshalling obj: %v", err)
					continue
				}

				dirEntries = append(dirEntries, o)
			}
		}

		return nil
	})

	return dirEntries, err
}

// RemoveDir will delete a CachedDirectory, all its objects and all the chunks stored for it
func (b *Persistent) RemoveDir(fp string) error {
	var err error
	parentDir, dirName := path.Split(fp)
	if fp == "" {
		err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			err := tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(RootBucket))
			if err != nil {
				fs.Debugf(fp, "couldn't delete from cache: %v", err)
				return err
			}
			_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(RootBucket))
			return nil
		})
	} else {
		err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
			bucket := b.getBucket(cleanPath(parentDir), false, tx)
			if bucket == nil {
				return errors.Errorf("couldn't open bucket (%v)", fp)
			}
			// delete the cached dir
			err := bucket.DeleteBucket([]byte(cleanPath(dirName)))
			if err != nil {
				fs.Debugf(fp, "couldn't delete from cache: %v", err)
			}
			return nil
		})
	}

	// delete chunks on disk
	// safe to ignore as the files might not have been open
	if err == nil {
		_ = os.RemoveAll(path.Join(b.dataPath, fp))
		_ = os.MkdirAll(b.dataPath, os.ModePerm)
	}

	return err
}

// ExpireDir will flush a CachedDirectory and all its objects from the objects
// chunks will remain as they are
func (b *Persistent) ExpireDir(cd *Directory) error {
	t := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-cd.CacheFs.opt.InfoAge))
	cd.CacheTs = &t

	// expire all parents
	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		// expire all the parents
		currentDir := cd.abs()
		for { // until we get to the root
			bucket := b.getBucket(currentDir, false, tx)
			if bucket != nil {
				val := bucket.Get([]byte("."))
				if val != nil {
					cd2 := &Directory{CacheFs: cd.CacheFs}
					err := json.Unmarshal(val, cd2)
					if err == nil {
						fs.Debugf(cd, "cache: expired %v", currentDir)
						cd2.CacheTs = &t
						enc2, _ := json.Marshal(cd2)
						_ = bucket.Put([]byte("."), enc2)
					}
				}
			}
			if currentDir == "" {
				break
			}
			currentDir = cleanPath(path.Dir(currentDir))
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// GetObject will return a CachedObject from its parent directory or an error if it doesn't find it
func (b *Persistent) GetObject(cachedObject *Object) (err error) {
	return b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(cachedObject.Dir, false, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open parent bucket for %v", cachedObject.Dir)
		}
		val := bucket.Get([]byte(cachedObject.Name))
		if val != nil {
			return json.Unmarshal(val, cachedObject)
		}
		return errors.Errorf("couldn't find object (%v)", cachedObject.Name)
	})
}

// AddObject will create a cached object in its parent directory
func (b *Persistent) AddObject(cachedObject *Object) error {
	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(cachedObject.Dir, true, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open parent bucket for %v", cachedObject)
		}
		// cache Object Info
		encoded, err := json.Marshal(cachedObject)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't marshal object (%v) info: %v", cachedObject, err)
		}
		err = bucket.Put([]byte(cachedObject.Name), encoded)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't cache object (%v) info: %v", cachedObject, err)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// RemoveObject will delete a single cached object and all the chunks which belong to it
func (b *Persistent) RemoveObject(fp string) error {
	parentDir, objName := path.Split(fp)
	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(cleanPath(parentDir), false, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open parent bucket for %v", cleanPath(parentDir))
		}
		err := bucket.Delete([]byte(cleanPath(objName)))
		if err != nil {
			fs.Debugf(fp, "couldn't delete obj from storage: %v", err)
		}
		// delete chunks on disk
		// safe to ignore as the file might not have been open
		_ = os.RemoveAll(path.Join(b.dataPath, fp))
		return nil
	})
}

// ExpireObject will flush an Object and all its data if desired
func (b *Persistent) ExpireObject(co *Object, withData bool) error {
	co.CacheTs = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-co.CacheFs.opt.InfoAge))
	err := b.AddObject(co)
	if withData {
		_ = os.RemoveAll(path.Join(b.dataPath, co.abs()))
	}
	return err
}

// HasEntry confirms the existence of a single entry (dir or object)
func (b *Persistent) HasEntry(remote string) bool {
	dir, name := path.Split(remote)
	dir = cleanPath(dir)
	name = cleanPath(name)

	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := b.getBucket(dir, false, tx)
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't open parent bucket for %v", remote)
		}
		if f := bucket.Bucket([]byte(name)); f != nil {
			return nil
		}
		if f := bucket.Get([]byte(name)); f != nil {
			return nil
		}

		return errors.Errorf("couldn't find object (%v)", remote)
	})
	if err == nil {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// HasChunk confirms the existence of a single chunk of an object
func (b *Persistent) HasChunk(cachedObject *Object, offset int64) bool {
	fp := path.Join(b.dataPath, cachedObject.abs(), strconv.FormatInt(offset, 10))
	if _, err := os.Stat(fp); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// GetChunk will retrieve a single chunk which belongs to a cached object or an error if it doesn't find it
func (b *Persistent) GetChunk(cachedObject *Object, offset int64) ([]byte, error) {
	var data []byte

	fp := path.Join(b.dataPath, cachedObject.abs(), strconv.FormatInt(offset, 10))
	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fp)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return data, err
}

// AddChunk adds a new chunk of a cached object
func (b *Persistent) AddChunk(fp string, data []byte, offset int64) error {
	_ = os.MkdirAll(path.Join(b.dataPath, fp), os.ModePerm)

	filePath := path.Join(b.dataPath, fp, strconv.FormatInt(offset, 10))
	err := ioutil.WriteFile(filePath, data, os.ModePerm)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tsBucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(DataTsBucket))
		ts := time.Now()
		found := false

		// delete (older) timestamps for the same object
		c := tsBucket.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var ci chunkInfo
			err = json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			if ci.Path == fp && ci.Offset == offset {
				if tsInCache := time.Unix(0, btoi(k)); tsInCache.After(ts) && !found {
					found = true
					continue
				}
				err := c.Delete()
				if err != nil {
					fs.Debugf(fp, "failed to clean chunk: %v", err)
				}
			}
		}
		// don't overwrite if a newer one is already there
		if found {
			return nil
		}
		enc, err := json.Marshal(chunkInfo{Path: fp, Offset: offset, Size: int64(len(data))})
		if err != nil {
			fs.Debugf(fp, "failed to timestamp chunk: %v", err)
		}
		err = tsBucket.Put(itob(ts.UnixNano()), enc)
		if err != nil {
			fs.Debugf(fp, "failed to timestamp chunk: %v", err)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// CleanChunksByAge will cleanup on a cron basis
func (b *Persistent) CleanChunksByAge(chunkAge time.Duration) {
	// NOOP
}

// CleanChunksByNeed is a noop for this implementation
func (b *Persistent) CleanChunksByNeed(offset int64) {
	// noop: we want to clean a Bolt DB by time only
}

// CleanChunksBySize will cleanup chunks after the total size passes a certain point
func (b *Persistent) CleanChunksBySize(maxSize int64) {
	b.cleanupMux.Lock()
	defer b.cleanupMux.Unlock()
	var cntChunks int
	var roughlyCleaned fs.SizeSuffix

	err := b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		dataTsBucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(DataTsBucket))
		if dataTsBucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("Couldn't open (%v) bucket", DataTsBucket)
		}
		// iterate through ts
		c := dataTsBucket.Cursor()
		totalSize := int64(0)
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var ci chunkInfo
			err := json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}

			totalSize += ci.Size
		}

		if totalSize > maxSize {
			needToClean := totalSize - maxSize
			roughlyCleaned = fs.SizeSuffix(needToClean)
			for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
				var ci chunkInfo
				err := json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
				if err != nil {
					continue
				}
				// delete this ts entry
				err = c.Delete()
				if err != nil {
					fs.Errorf(ci.Path, "failed deleting chunk ts during cleanup (%v): %v", ci.Offset, err)
					continue
				}
				err = os.Remove(path.Join(b.dataPath, ci.Path, strconv.FormatInt(ci.Offset, 10)))
				if err == nil {
					cntChunks++
					needToClean -= ci.Size
					if needToClean <= 0 {
						break
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if cntChunks > 0 {
			fs.Infof("cache-cleanup", "chunks %v, est. size: %v", cntChunks, roughlyCleaned.String())

		}
		return nil
	})

	if err != nil {
		if err == bolt.ErrDatabaseNotOpen {
			// we're likely a late janitor and we need to end quietly as there's no guarantee of what exists anymore
			return
		}
		fs.Errorf("cache", "cleanup failed: %v", err)
	}
}

// Stats returns a go map with the stats key values
func (b *Persistent) Stats() (map[string]map[string]interface{}, error) {
	r := make(map[string]map[string]interface{})
	r["data"] = make(map[string]interface{})
	r["data"]["oldest-ts"] = time.Now()
	r["data"]["oldest-file"] = ""
	r["data"]["newest-ts"] = time.Now()
	r["data"]["newest-file"] = ""
	r["data"]["total-chunks"] = 0
	r["data"]["total-size"] = int64(0)
	r["files"] = make(map[string]interface{})
	r["files"]["oldest-ts"] = time.Now()
	r["files"]["oldest-name"] = ""
	r["files"]["newest-ts"] = time.Now()
	r["files"]["newest-name"] = ""
	r["files"]["total-files"] = 0

	_ = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		dataTsBucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(DataTsBucket))
		rootTsBucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(RootTsBucket))

		var totalDirs int
		var totalFiles int
		_ = b.iterateBuckets(tx.Bucket([]byte(RootBucket)), func(name string) {
			totalDirs++
		}, func(key string, val []byte) {
			totalFiles++
		})
		r["files"]["total-dir"] = totalDirs
		r["files"]["total-files"] = totalFiles

		c := dataTsBucket.Cursor()

		totalChunks := 0
		totalSize := int64(0)
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var ci chunkInfo
			err := json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			totalChunks++
			totalSize += ci.Size
		}
		r["data"]["total-chunks"] = totalChunks
		r["data"]["total-size"] = totalSize

		if k, v := c.First(); k != nil {
			var ci chunkInfo
			_ = json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			r["data"]["oldest-ts"] = time.Unix(0, btoi(k))
			r["data"]["oldest-file"] = ci.Path
		}
		if k, v := c.Last(); k != nil {
			var ci chunkInfo
			_ = json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			r["data"]["newest-ts"] = time.Unix(0, btoi(k))
			r["data"]["newest-file"] = ci.Path
		}

		c = rootTsBucket.Cursor()
		if k, v := c.First(); k != nil {
			// split to get (abs path - offset)
			r["files"]["oldest-ts"] = time.Unix(0, btoi(k))
			r["files"]["oldest-name"] = string(v)
		}
		if k, v := c.Last(); k != nil {
			r["files"]["newest-ts"] = time.Unix(0, btoi(k))
			r["files"]["newest-name"] = string(v)
		}

		return nil
	})

	return r, nil
}

// Purge will flush the entire cache
func (b *Persistent) Purge() {
	b.cleanupMux.Lock()
	defer b.cleanupMux.Unlock()

	_ = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_ = tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(RootBucket))
		_ = tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(RootTsBucket))
		_ = tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(DataTsBucket))

		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(RootBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(RootTsBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(DataTsBucket))

		return nil
	})

	err := os.RemoveAll(b.dataPath)
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(b, "issue removing data folder: %v", err)
	}
	err = os.MkdirAll(b.dataPath, os.ModePerm)
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(b, "issue removing data folder: %v", err)
	}
}

// GetChunkTs retrieves the current timestamp of this chunk
func (b *Persistent) GetChunkTs(path string, offset int64) (time.Time, error) {
	var t time.Time

	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		tsBucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(DataTsBucket))
		c := tsBucket.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var ci chunkInfo
			err := json.Unmarshal(v, &ci)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			if ci.Path == path && ci.Offset == offset {
				t = time.Unix(0, btoi(k))
				return nil
			}
		}
		return errors.Errorf("not found %v-%v", path, offset)
	})

	return t, err
}

func (b *Persistent) iterateBuckets(buk *bolt.Bucket, bucketFn func(name string), kvFn func(key string, val []byte)) error {
	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		var c *bolt.Cursor
		if buk == nil {
			c = tx.Cursor()
		} else {
			c = buk.Cursor()
		}
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			if v == nil {
				var buk2 *bolt.Bucket
				if buk == nil {
					buk2 = tx.Bucket(k)
				} else {
					buk2 = buk.Bucket(k)
				}

				bucketFn(string(k))
				_ = b.iterateBuckets(buk2, bucketFn, kvFn)
			} else {
				kvFn(string(k), v)
			}
		}
		return nil
	})

	return err
}

func (b *Persistent) dumpRoot() string {
	var itBuckets func(buk *bolt.Bucket) map[string]interface{}

	itBuckets = func(buk *bolt.Bucket) map[string]interface{} {
		m := make(map[string]interface{})
		c := buk.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			if v == nil {
				buk2 := buk.Bucket(k)
				m[string(k)] = itBuckets(buk2)
			} else {
				m[string(k)] = "-"
			}
		}
		return m
	}
	var mm map[string]interface{}
	_ = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		mm = itBuckets(tx.Bucket([]byte(RootBucket)))
		return nil
	})
	raw, _ := json.MarshalIndent(mm, "", "  ")
	return string(raw)
}

// addPendingUpload adds a new file to the pending queue of uploads
func (b *Persistent) addPendingUpload(destPath string, started bool) error {
	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}
		tempObj := &tempUploadInfo{
			DestPath: destPath,
			AddedOn:  time.Now(),
			Started:  started,
		}

		// cache Object Info
		encoded, err := json.Marshal(tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't marshal object (%v) info: %v", destPath, err)
		}
		err = bucket.Put([]byte(destPath), encoded)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't cache object (%v) info: %v", destPath, err)
		}

		return nil
	})
}

// getPendingUpload returns the next file from the pending queue of uploads
func (b *Persistent) getPendingUpload(inRoot string, waitTime time.Duration) (destPath string, err error) {
	b.tempQueueMux.Lock()
	defer b.tempQueueMux.Unlock()

	err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}

		c := bucket.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.Seek([]byte(inRoot)); k != nil && bytes.HasPrefix(k, []byte(inRoot)); k, v = c.Next() {
			//for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var tempObj = &tempUploadInfo{}
			err = json.Unmarshal(v, tempObj)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(b, "failed to read pending upload: %v", err)
				continue
			}
			// skip over started uploads
			if tempObj.Started || time.Now().Before(tempObj.AddedOn.Add(waitTime)) {
				continue
			}

			tempObj.Started = true
			v2, err := json.Marshal(tempObj)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(b, "failed to update pending upload: %v", err)
				continue
			}
			err = bucket.Put(k, v2)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(b, "failed to update pending upload: %v", err)
				continue
			}

			destPath = tempObj.DestPath
			return nil
		}

		return errors.Errorf("no pending upload found")
	})

	return destPath, err
}

// SearchPendingUpload returns the file info from the pending queue of uploads
func (b *Persistent) SearchPendingUpload(remote string) (started bool, err error) {
	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(tempBucket))
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}

		var tempObj = &tempUploadInfo{}
		v := bucket.Get([]byte(remote))
		err = json.Unmarshal(v, tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload (%v) not found %v", remote, err)
		}

		started = tempObj.Started
		return nil
	})

	return started, err
}

// searchPendingUploadFromDir files currently pending upload from a single dir
func (b *Persistent) searchPendingUploadFromDir(dir string) (remotes []string, err error) {
	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket := tx.Bucket([]byte(tempBucket))
		if bucket == nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}

		c := bucket.Cursor()
		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
			var tempObj = &tempUploadInfo{}
			err = json.Unmarshal(v, tempObj)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(b, "failed to read pending upload: %v", err)
				continue
			}
			parentDir := cleanPath(path.Dir(tempObj.DestPath))
			if dir == parentDir {
				remotes = append(remotes, tempObj.DestPath)
			}
		}

		return nil
	})

	return remotes, err
}

func (b *Persistent) rollbackPendingUpload(remote string) error {
	b.tempQueueMux.Lock()
	defer b.tempQueueMux.Unlock()

	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}
		var tempObj = &tempUploadInfo{}
		v := bucket.Get([]byte(remote))
		err = json.Unmarshal(v, tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload (%v) not found %v", remote, err)
		}
		tempObj.Started = false
		v2, err := json.Marshal(tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload not updated %v", err)
		}
		err = bucket.Put([]byte(tempObj.DestPath), v2)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload not updated %v", err)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

func (b *Persistent) removePendingUpload(remote string) error {
	b.tempQueueMux.Lock()
	defer b.tempQueueMux.Unlock()

	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}
		return bucket.Delete([]byte(remote))
	})
}

// updatePendingUpload allows to update an existing item in the queue while checking if it's not started in the same
// transaction. If it is started, it will not allow the update
func (b *Persistent) updatePendingUpload(remote string, fn func(item *tempUploadInfo) error) error {
	b.tempQueueMux.Lock()
	defer b.tempQueueMux.Unlock()

	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("couldn't bucket for %v", tempBucket)
		}

		var tempObj = &tempUploadInfo{}
		v := bucket.Get([]byte(remote))
		err = json.Unmarshal(v, tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload (%v) not found %v", remote, err)
		}
		if tempObj.Started {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload already started %v", remote)
		}
		err = fn(tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if remote != tempObj.DestPath {
			err := bucket.Delete([]byte(remote))
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			// if this is removed then the entry can be removed too
			if tempObj.DestPath == "" {
				return nil
			}
		}
		v2, err := json.Marshal(tempObj)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload not updated %v", err)
		}
		err = bucket.Put([]byte(tempObj.DestPath), v2)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Errorf("pending upload not updated %v", err)
		}

		return nil
	})
}

// SetPendingUploadToStarted is a way to mark an entry as started (even if it's not already)
// TO BE USED IN TESTING ONLY
func (b *Persistent) SetPendingUploadToStarted(remote string) error {
	return b.updatePendingUpload(remote, func(item *tempUploadInfo) error {
		item.Started = true
		return nil
	})
}

// ReconcileTempUploads will recursively look for all the files in the temp directory and add them to the queue
func (b *Persistent) ReconcileTempUploads(cacheFs *Fs) error {
	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_ = tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(tempBucket))
		bucket, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		var queuedEntries []fs.Object
		err = walk.Walk(cacheFs.tempFs, "", true, -1, func(path string, entries fs.DirEntries, err error) error {
			for _, o := range entries {
				if oo, ok := o.(fs.Object); ok {
					queuedEntries = append(queuedEntries, oo)
				}
			}
			return nil
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		fs.Debugf(cacheFs, "reconciling temporary uploads")
		for _, queuedEntry := range queuedEntries {
			destPath := path.Join(cacheFs.Root(), queuedEntry.Remote())
			tempObj := &tempUploadInfo{
				DestPath: destPath,
				AddedOn:  time.Now(),
				Started:  false,
			}

			// cache Object Info
			encoded, err := json.Marshal(tempObj)
			if err != nil {
				return errors.Errorf("couldn't marshal object (%v) info: %v", queuedEntry, err)
			}
			err = bucket.Put([]byte(destPath), encoded)
			if err != nil {
				return errors.Errorf("couldn't cache object (%v) info: %v", destPath, err)
			}
			fs.Debugf(cacheFs, "reconciled temporary upload: %v", destPath)
		}

		return nil
	})
}

// PurgeTempUploads will remove all the pending uploads from the queue
// TO BE USED IN TESTING ONLY
func (b *Persistent) PurgeTempUploads() {
	b.tempQueueMux.Lock()
	defer b.tempQueueMux.Unlock()

	_ = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
		_ = tx.DeleteBucket([]byte(tempBucket))
		_, _ = tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(tempBucket))
		return nil
	})
}

// Close should be called when the program ends gracefully
func (b *Persistent) Close() {
	b.cleanupMux.Lock()
	defer b.cleanupMux.Unlock()

	err := b.db.Close()
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(b, "closing handle: %v", err)
	}
	b.open = false
}

// itob returns an 8-byte big endian representation of v.
func itob(v int64) []byte {
	b := make([]byte, 8)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, uint64(v))
	return b
}

func btoi(d []byte) int64 {
	return int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(d))
}