backend: Adjust tests to use the Factory to instantiate the backend

This drastically reduces the amount of duplicated test code.

internal/backend/azure/azure_test.go

@@ -12,18 +12,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/azure"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/options"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
 func newAzureTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[azure.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[azure.Config]{
 		// do not use excessive data
 		MinimalData: true,
@@ -40,42 +34,7 @@ func newAzureTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[azure.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: azure.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg azure.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			ctx := context.TODO()
-			be, err := azure.Create(ctx, cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
-			if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if err == nil {
-				return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
-			}
-
-			return be, nil
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg azure.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			ctx := context.TODO()
-			return azure.Open(ctx, cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg azure.Config) error {
-			ctx := context.TODO()
-			be, err := azure.Open(ctx, cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			return be.Delete(context.TODO())
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/b2/b2_test.go

@@ -1,26 +1,18 @@
 package b2_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/b2"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
 func newB2TestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[b2.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[b2.Config]{
 		// do not use excessive data
 		MinimalData: true,
@@ -40,25 +32,7 @@ func newB2TestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[b2.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: b2.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg b2.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return b2.Create(context.Background(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg b2.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return b2.Open(context.Background(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg b2.Config) error {
-			be, err := b2.Open(context.Background(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			return be.Delete(context.TODO())
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/gs/gs_test.go

@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
 package gs_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/gs"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
 func newGSTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[gs.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[gs.Config]{
 		// do not use excessive data
 		MinimalData: true,
@@ -37,39 +28,7 @@ func newGSTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[gs.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: gs.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg gs.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			be, err := gs.Create(context.Background(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
-			if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if err == nil {
-				return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
-			}
-
-			return be, nil
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg gs.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return gs.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg gs.Config) error {
-			be, err := gs.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			return be.Delete(context.TODO())
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/local/local_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/local"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
@@ -16,11 +15,7 @@ func newTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[local.Config] {
 	return &test.Suite[local.Config]{
 		// NewConfig returns a config for a new temporary backend that will be used in tests.
 		NewConfig: func() (*local.Config, error) {
-			dir, err := os.MkdirTemp(rtest.TestTempDir, "restic-test-local-")
+			dir := rtest.TempDir(t)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
 			t.Logf("create new backend at %v", dir)
 
 			cfg := &local.Config{
@@ -30,25 +25,7 @@ func newTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[local.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: local.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg local.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return local.Create(context.TODO(), cfg)
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg local.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return local.Open(context.TODO(), cfg)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg local.Config) error {
-			if !rtest.TestCleanupTempDirs {
-				t.Logf("leaving test backend dir at %v", cfg.Path)
-			}
-
-			rtest.RemoveAll(t, cfg.Path)
-			return nil
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go

@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"hash"
 	"io"
+	"net/http"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/location"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -20,6 +22,24 @@ type memMap map[restic.Handle][]byte
 // make sure that MemoryBackend implements backend.Backend
 var _ restic.Backend = &MemoryBackend{}
 
+// NewFactory creates a persistent mem backend
+func NewFactory() location.Factory {
+	be := New()
+
+	return location.NewHTTPBackendFactory[struct{}, *MemoryBackend](
+		func(s string) (*struct{}, error) {
+			return &struct{}{}, nil
+		},
+		location.NoPassword,
+		func(_ context.Context, _ struct{}, _ http.RoundTripper) (*MemoryBackend, error) {
+			return be, nil
+		},
+		func(_ context.Context, _ struct{}, _ http.RoundTripper) (*MemoryBackend, error) {
+			return be, nil
+		},
+	)
+}
+
 var errNotFound = errors.New("not found")
 
 const connectionCount = 2

internal/backend/mem/mem_backend_test.go

@@ -1,58 +1,20 @@
 package mem_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
-
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/mem"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
 )
 
-type memConfig struct {
+func newTestSuite() *test.Suite[struct{}] {
-	be restic.Backend
+	return &test.Suite[struct{}]{
-}
-
-func newTestSuite() *test.Suite[*memConfig] {
-	return &test.Suite[*memConfig]{
 		// NewConfig returns a config for a new temporary backend that will be used in tests.
-		NewConfig: func() (**memConfig, error) {
+		NewConfig: func() (*struct{}, error) {
-			cfg := &memConfig{}
+			return &struct{}{}, nil
-			return &cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: mem.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg *memConfig) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			if cfg.be != nil {
-				_, err := cfg.be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
-				if err != nil && !cfg.be.IsNotExist(err) {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-
-				if err == nil {
-					return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
-				}
-			}
-
-			cfg.be = mem.New()
-			return cfg.be, nil
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg *memConfig) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			if cfg.be == nil {
-				cfg.be = mem.New()
-			}
-			return cfg.be, nil
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg *memConfig) error {
-			// no cleanup needed
-			return nil
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/rclone/backend_test.go

@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 package rclone_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"os/exec"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/rclone"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
@@ -24,23 +21,15 @@ func newTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[rclone.Config] {
 			return &cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: rclone.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg rclone.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
+	}
-			t.Logf("Create()")
-			be, err := rclone.Create(context.TODO(), cfg, nil)
-			var e *exec.Error
-			if errors.As(err, &e) && e.Err == exec.ErrNotFound {
-				t.Skipf("program %q not found", e.Name)
-				return nil, nil
 }
-			return be, err
-		},
 
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
+func findRclone(t testing.TB) {
-		Open: func(cfg rclone.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
+	// try to find a rclone binary
-			t.Logf("Open()")
+	_, err := exec.LookPath("rclone")
-			return rclone.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, nil)
+	if err != nil {
-		},
+		t.Skip(err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -51,9 +40,11 @@ func TestBackendRclone(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 
+	findRclone(t)
 	newTestSuite(t).RunTests(t)
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBackendREST(t *testing.B) {
+	findRclone(t)
 	newTestSuite(t).RunBenchmarks(t)
 }

internal/backend/rest/rest_test.go

@@ -9,10 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/rest"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
@@ -68,11 +66,6 @@ func runRESTServer(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, dir string) (*url.URL, fun
 }
 
 func newTestSuite(_ context.Context, t testing.TB, url *url.URL, minimalData bool) *test.Suite[rest.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[rest.Config]{
 		MinimalData: minimalData,
 
@@ -83,20 +76,7 @@ func newTestSuite(_ context.Context, t testing.TB, url *url.URL, minimalData boo
 			return &cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: rest.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg rest.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return rest.Create(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg rest.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return rest.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg rest.Config) error {
-			return nil
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/s3/s3_test.go

@@ -4,22 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/s3"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/options"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
@@ -98,84 +94,34 @@ func newRandomCredentials(t testing.TB) (key, secret string) {
 	return key, secret
 }
 
-type MinioTestConfig struct {
+func newMinioTestSuite(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, key string, secret string) *test.Suite[s3.Config] {
-	s3.Config
+	return &test.Suite[s3.Config]{
-
-	tempdir    string
-	stopServer func()
-}
-
-func createS3(t testing.TB, cfg MinioTestConfig, tr http.RoundTripper) (be restic.Backend, err error) {
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		be, err = s3.Create(context.TODO(), cfg.Config, tr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Logf("s3 open: try %d: error %v", i, err)
-			time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		break
-	}
-
-	return be, err
-}
-
-func newMinioTestSuite(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB) *test.Suite[MinioTestConfig] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return &test.Suite[MinioTestConfig]{
 		// NewConfig returns a config for a new temporary backend that will be used in tests.
-		NewConfig: func() (*MinioTestConfig, error) {
+		NewConfig: func() (*s3.Config, error) {
-			cfg := MinioTestConfig{}
+			cfg := s3.NewConfig()
-
+			cfg.Endpoint = "localhost:9000"
-			cfg.tempdir = rtest.TempDir(t)
+			cfg.Bucket = "restictestbucket"
-			key, secret := newRandomCredentials(t)
+			cfg.Prefix = fmt.Sprintf("test-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
-			cfg.stopServer = runMinio(ctx, t, cfg.tempdir, key, secret)
+			cfg.UseHTTP = true
-
+			cfg.KeyID = key
-			cfg.Config = s3.NewConfig()
+			cfg.Secret = options.NewSecretString(secret)
-			cfg.Config.Endpoint = "localhost:9000"
-			cfg.Config.Bucket = "restictestbucket"
-			cfg.Config.Prefix = fmt.Sprintf("test-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
-			cfg.Config.UseHTTP = true
-			cfg.Config.KeyID = key
-			cfg.Config.Secret = options.NewSecretString(secret)
 			return &cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: s3.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg MinioTestConfig) (restic.Backend, error) {
+	}
-			be, err := createS3(t, cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
 }
 
-			_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
+func createMinioTestSuite(t testing.TB) (*test.Suite[s3.Config], func()) {
-			if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-				return nil, err
-			}
 
-			if err == nil {
+	tempdir := rtest.TempDir(t)
-				return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
+	key, secret := newRandomCredentials(t)
-			}
+	cleanup := runMinio(ctx, t, tempdir, key, secret)
 
-			return be, nil
+	return newMinioTestSuite(ctx, t, key, secret), func() {
-		},
+		defer cancel()
-
+		defer cleanup()
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg MinioTestConfig) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return s3.Open(ctx, cfg.Config, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg MinioTestConfig) error {
-			if cfg.stopServer != nil {
-				cfg.stopServer()
-			}
-			return nil
-		},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -193,10 +139,10 @@ func TestBackendMinio(t *testing.T) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	suite, cleanup := createMinioTestSuite(t)
-	defer cancel()
+	defer cleanup()
 
-	newMinioTestSuite(ctx, t).RunTests(t)
+	suite.RunTests(t)
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBackendMinio(t *testing.B) {
@@ -207,18 +153,13 @@ func BenchmarkBackendMinio(t *testing.B) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	suite, cleanup := createMinioTestSuite(t)
-	defer cancel()
+	defer cleanup()
 
-	newMinioTestSuite(ctx, t).RunBenchmarks(t)
+	suite.RunBenchmarks(t)
 }
 
 func newS3TestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[s3.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[s3.Config]{
 		// do not use excessive data
 		MinimalData: true,
@@ -236,39 +177,7 @@ func newS3TestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[s3.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: s3.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg s3.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			be, err := s3.Create(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
-			if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if err == nil {
-				return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
-			}
-
-			return be, nil
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg s3.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return s3.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg s3.Config) error {
-			be, err := s3.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			return be.Delete(context.TODO())
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/sftp/sftp_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package sftp_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sftp"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
@@ -33,11 +31,7 @@ func newTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[sftp.Config] {
 	return &test.Suite[sftp.Config]{
 		// NewConfig returns a config for a new temporary backend that will be used in tests.
 		NewConfig: func() (*sftp.Config, error) {
-			dir, err := os.MkdirTemp(rtest.TestTempDir, "restic-test-sftp-")
+			dir := rtest.TempDir(t)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
 			t.Logf("create new backend at %v", dir)
 
 			cfg := &sftp.Config{
@@ -48,25 +42,7 @@ func newTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[sftp.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: sftp.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg sftp.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return sftp.Create(context.TODO(), cfg)
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg sftp.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return sftp.Open(context.TODO(), cfg)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg sftp.Config) error {
-			if !rtest.TestCleanupTempDirs {
-				t.Logf("leaving test backend dir at %v", cfg.Path)
-			}
-
-			rtest.RemoveAll(t, cfg.Path)
-			return nil
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/swift/swift_test.go

@@ -1,26 +1,18 @@
 package swift_test
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/swift"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/test"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
 
 func newSwiftTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[swift.Config] {
-	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return &test.Suite[swift.Config]{
 		// do not use excessive data
 		MinimalData: true,
@@ -54,39 +46,7 @@ func newSwiftTestSuite(t testing.TB) *test.Suite[swift.Config] {
 			return cfg, nil
 		},
 
-		// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+		Factory: swift.NewFactory(),
-		Create: func(cfg swift.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			be, err := swift.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
-			if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if err == nil {
-				return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
-			}
-
-			return be, nil
-		},
-
-		// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-		Open: func(cfg swift.Config) (restic.Backend, error) {
-			return swift.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-		},
-
-		// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-		Cleanup: func(cfg swift.Config) error {
-			be, err := swift.Open(context.TODO(), cfg, tr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			return be.Delete(context.TODO())
-		},
 	}
 }
 

internal/backend/test/suite.go

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package test
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/location"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
@@ -18,14 +23,8 @@ type Suite[C any] struct {
 	// NewConfig returns a config for a new temporary backend that will be used in tests.
 	NewConfig func() (*C, error)
 
-	// CreateFn is a function that creates a temporary repository for the tests.
+	// Factory contains a factory that can be used to create or open a repository for the tests.
-	Create func(cfg C) (restic.Backend, error)
+	Factory location.Factory
-
-	// OpenFn is a function that opens a previously created temporary repository.
-	Open func(cfg C) (restic.Backend, error)
-
-	// CleanupFn removes data created during the tests.
-	Cleanup func(cfg C) error
 
 	// MinimalData instructs the tests to not use excessive data.
 	MinimalData bool
@@ -60,11 +59,7 @@ func (s *Suite[C]) RunTests(t *testing.T) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if s.Cleanup != nil {
+	s.cleanup(t)
-		if err = s.Cleanup(*s.Config); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
 }
 
 type testFunction struct {
@@ -158,13 +153,34 @@ func (s *Suite[C]) RunBenchmarks(b *testing.B) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err = s.Cleanup(*s.Config); err != nil {
+	s.cleanup(b)
-		b.Fatal(err)
 }
+
+func (s *Suite[C]) createOrError() (restic.Backend, error) {
+	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	be, err := s.Factory.Create(context.TODO(), s.Config, tr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	_, err = be.Stat(context.TODO(), restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
+	if err != nil && !be.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("config already exists")
+	}
+
+	return be, nil
 }
 
 func (s *Suite[C]) create(t testing.TB) restic.Backend {
-	be, err := s.Create(*s.Config)
+	be, err := s.createOrError()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -172,13 +188,26 @@ func (s *Suite[C]) create(t testing.TB) restic.Backend {
 }
 
 func (s *Suite[C]) open(t testing.TB) restic.Backend {
-	be, err := s.Open(*s.Config)
+	tr, err := backend.Transport(backend.TransportOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot create transport for tests: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	be, err := s.Factory.Open(context.TODO(), s.Config, tr, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	return be
 }
 
+func (s *Suite[C]) cleanup(t testing.TB) {
+	be := s.open(t)
+	if err := be.Delete(context.TODO()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s.close(t, be)
+}
+
 func (s *Suite[C]) close(t testing.TB, be restic.Backend) {
 	err := be.Close()
 	if err != nil {

internal/backend/test/tests.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (s *Suite[C]) TestCreateWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	store(t, b, restic.ConfigFile, []byte("test config"))
 
 	// now create the backend again, this must fail
-	_, err = s.Create(*s.Config)
+	_, err = s.createOrError()
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected error not found for creating a backend with an existing config file")
 	}