Merge pull request #2672 from nspcc-dev/private-key-cleanup

Private key cleanup

cli/cmdargs/parser.go

@@ -199,10 +199,7 @@ func ParseParams(args []string, calledFromMain bool) (int, []smartcontract.Param
 // accounts from the provided wallet.
 func GetSignersAccounts(senderAcc *wallet.Account, wall *wallet.Wallet, signers []transaction.Signer, accScope transaction.WitnessScope) ([]actor.SignerAccount, error) {
 	signersAccounts := make([]actor.SignerAccount, 0, len(signers)+1)
-	sender, err := address.StringToUint160(senderAcc.Address)
+	sender := senderAcc.ScriptHash()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
 	signersAccounts = append(signersAccounts, actor.SignerAccount{
 		Signer: transaction.Signer{
 			Account: sender,

cli/contract_test.go

@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ func TestComlileAndInvokeFunction(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			pk, err := keys.NewPrivateKey()
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			err = acc.ConvertMultisig(2, keys.PublicKeys{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), pk.PublicKey()})
+			err = acc.ConvertMultisig(2, keys.PublicKeys{acc.PublicKey(), pk.PublicKey()})
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			t.Run("cosigner is multisig account", func(t *testing.T) {

cli/nep17_test.go

@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ func TestNEP17Transfer(t *testing.T) {
 	e.checkNextLine(t, `^Total fee:\s*(\d|\.)+`)
 	e.checkTxPersisted(t)
 
-	sh, err := address.StringToUint160(w.Accounts[0].Address)
+	sh := w.Accounts[0].ScriptHash()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
 	b, _ := e.Chain.GetGoverningTokenBalance(sh)
 	require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(1), b)
 
@@ -172,8 +171,6 @@ func TestNEP17Transfer(t *testing.T) {
 		e.Run(t, append(args, "--force")...)
 		e.checkTxPersisted(t)
 
-		sh, err := address.StringToUint160(w.Accounts[0].Address)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
 		b, _ := e.Chain.GetGoverningTokenBalance(sh)
 		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(2), b)
 	})
@@ -198,8 +195,6 @@ func TestNEP17Transfer(t *testing.T) {
 		e.Run(t, args...)
 		e.checkTxPersisted(t)
 
-		sh, err := address.StringToUint160(w.Accounts[0].Address)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
 		b, _ := e.Chain.GetGoverningTokenBalance(sh)
 		require.Equal(t, big.NewInt(3), b)
 

cli/paramcontext/context.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/config/netmode"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/context"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/wallet"
 )
@@ -18,14 +17,8 @@ import (
 func InitAndSave(net netmode.Magic, tx *transaction.Transaction, acc *wallet.Account, filename string) error {
 	scCtx := context.NewParameterContext("Neo.Network.P2P.Payloads.Transaction", net, tx)
 	if acc != nil && acc.CanSign() {
-		priv := acc.PrivateKey()
+		sign := acc.SignHashable(net, tx)
-		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		if err := scCtx.AddSignature(acc.ScriptHash(), acc.Contract, acc.PublicKey(), sign); err != nil {
-		sign := priv.SignHashable(uint32(net), tx)
-		h, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid address: %s", acc.Address)
-		}
-		if err := scCtx.AddSignature(h, acc.Contract, pub, sign); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("can't add signature: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

cli/smartcontract/manifest.go

@@ -37,15 +37,16 @@ func manifestAddGroup(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 	h := state.CreateContractHash(sender, nf.Checksum, m.Name)
 
-	gAcc, _, err := getAccFromContext(ctx)
+	gAcc, w, err := getAccFromContext(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(fmt.Errorf("can't get account to sign group with: %w", err), 1)
 	}
+	defer w.Close()
 
 	var found bool
 
 	sig := gAcc.PrivateKey().Sign(h.BytesBE())
-	pub := gAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+	pub := gAcc.PublicKey()
 	for i := range m.Groups {
 		if m.Groups[i].PublicKey.Equal(pub) {
 			m.Groups[i].Signature = sig

cli/smartcontract/smart_contract.go

@@ -650,6 +650,7 @@ func invokeInternal(ctx *cli.Context, signAndPush bool) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 		}
+		defer w.Close()
 	}
 
 	_, err = invokeWithArgs(ctx, acc, w, script, operation, params, cosigners)
@@ -892,7 +893,7 @@ func getUnlockedAccount(wall *wallet.Wallet, addr util.Uint160, pass *string) (*
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("wallet contains no account for '%s'", address.Uint160ToString(addr))
 	}
 
-	if acc.PrivateKey() != nil {
+	if acc.CanSign() {
 		return acc, nil
 	}
 
@@ -949,6 +950,7 @@ func contractDeploy(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(fmt.Errorf("can't get sender address: %w", err), 1)
 	}
+	defer w.Close()
 
 	cosigners, sgnErr := cmdargs.GetSignersFromContext(ctx, signOffset)
 	if sgnErr != nil {

cli/wallet/multisig.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ func signStoredTransaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	pc, err := paramcontext.Read(ctx.String("in"))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -58,9 +59,8 @@ func signStoredTransaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	if acc.CanSign() {
-		priv := acc.PrivateKey()
+		sign := acc.SignHashable(pc.Network, pc.Verifiable)
-		sign := priv.SignHashable(uint32(pc.Network), pc.Verifiable)
+		if err := pc.AddSignature(ch, acc.Contract, acc.PublicKey(), sign); err != nil {
-		if err := pc.AddSignature(ch, acc.Contract, priv.PublicKey(), sign); err != nil {
 			return cli.NewExitError(fmt.Errorf("can't add signature: %w", err), 1)
 		}
 	} else if rpcNode == "" {

cli/wallet/nep17.go

@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ func getNEPBalance(ctx *cli.Context, standard string, accHandler func(*cli.Conte
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(fmt.Errorf("bad wallet: %w", err), 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	addrFlag := ctx.Generic("address").(*flags.Address)
 	if addrFlag.IsSet {
@@ -286,17 +287,12 @@ func getNEPBalance(ctx *cli.Context, standard string, accHandler func(*cli.Conte
 		}
 	}
 	for k, acc := range accounts {
-		addrHash, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
-		if err != nil {
-			return cli.NewExitError(fmt.Errorf("invalid account address: %w", err), 1)
-		}
-
 		if k != 0 {
 			fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer)
 		}
 		fmt.Fprintf(ctx.App.Writer, "Account %s\n", acc.Address)
 
-		err = accHandler(ctx, c, addrHash, name, token, tokenID)
+		err = accHandler(ctx, c, acc.ScriptHash(), name, token, tokenID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 		}
@@ -392,6 +388,7 @@ func importNEPToken(ctx *cli.Context, standard string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	tokenHashFlag := ctx.Generic("token").(*flags.Address)
 	if !tokenHashFlag.IsSet {
@@ -460,6 +457,7 @@ func printNEPInfo(ctx *cli.Context, standard string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	if name := ctx.String("token"); name != "" {
 		token, err := getMatchingToken(ctx, wall, name, standard)
@@ -495,6 +493,7 @@ func removeNEPToken(ctx *cli.Context, standard string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	token, err := getMatchingToken(ctx, wall, ctx.String("token"), standard)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -518,6 +517,7 @@ func multiTransferNEP17(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	fromFlag := ctx.Generic("from").(*flags.Address)
 	from, err := getDefaultAddress(fromFlag, wall)
@@ -613,6 +613,7 @@ func transferNEP(ctx *cli.Context, standard string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	fromFlag := ctx.Generic("from").(*flags.Address)
 	from, err := getDefaultAddress(fromFlag, wall)

cli/wallet/validator.go

@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ func newValidatorCommands() []cli.Command {
 
 func handleRegister(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	return handleNeoAction(ctx, func(contract *neo.Contract, _ util.Uint160, acc *wallet.Account) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
-		return contract.RegisterCandidateUnsigned(acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey())
+		return contract.RegisterCandidateUnsigned(acc.PublicKey())
 	})
 }
 
 func handleUnregister(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	return handleNeoAction(ctx, func(contract *neo.Contract, _ util.Uint160, acc *wallet.Account) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
-		return contract.UnregisterCandidateUnsigned(acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey())
+		return contract.UnregisterCandidateUnsigned(acc.PublicKey())
 	})
 }
 
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ func handleNeoAction(ctx *cli.Context, mkTx func(*neo.Contract, util.Uint160, *w
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	addrFlag := ctx.Generic("address").(*flags.Address)
 	if !addrFlag.IsSet {

cli/wallet/wallet.go

@@ -173,7 +173,12 @@ func NewCommands() []cli.Command {
 				Name:      "dump",
 				Usage:     "check and dump an existing NEO wallet",
 				UsageText: "neo-go wallet dump -w wallet [--wallet-config path] [-d]",
-				Action:    dumpWallet,
+				Description: `Prints the given wallet (via -w option or via wallet configuration file) in JSON
+   format to the standard output. If -d is given, private keys are unencrypted and
+   displayed in clear text on the console! Be very careful with this option and
+   don't use it unless you know what you're doing.
+`,
+				Action: dumpWallet,
 				Flags: []cli.Flag{
 					walletPathFlag,
 					walletConfigFlag,
@@ -198,7 +203,13 @@ func NewCommands() []cli.Command {
 				Name:      "export",
 				Usage:     "export keys for address",
 				UsageText: "export -w wallet [--wallet-config path] [--decrypt] [<address>]",
-				Action:    exportKeys,
+				Description: `Prints the key for the given account to the standard output. It uses NEP-2
+   encrypted format by default (the way NEP-6 wallets store it) or WIF format if
+   -d option is given. In the latter case the key can be displayed in clear text
+   on the console, so be extremely careful with this option and don't use unless
+   you really need it and know what you're doing.
+`,
+				Action: exportKeys,
 				Flags: []cli.Flag{
 					walletPathFlag,
 					walletConfigFlag,
@@ -336,6 +347,7 @@ func claimGas(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	addrFlag := ctx.Generic("address").(*flags.Address)
 	if !addrFlag.IsSet {
@@ -377,6 +389,7 @@ func changePassword(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 	if len(wall.Accounts) == 0 {
 		return cli.NewExitError("wallet has no accounts", 1)
 	}
@@ -472,6 +485,7 @@ func addAccount(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	if err := createAccount(wall, pass); err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
@@ -485,6 +499,7 @@ func exportKeys(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	var addr string
 
@@ -546,6 +561,7 @@ func importMultisig(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	m := ctx.Int("min")
 	if ctx.NArg() < m {
@@ -589,6 +605,7 @@ func importDeployed(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	rawHash := ctx.Generic("contract").(*flags.Address)
 	if !rawHash.IsSet {
@@ -645,6 +662,7 @@ func importWallet(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	acc, err := newAccountFromWIF(ctx.App.Writer, ctx.String("wif"), wall.Scrypt)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -677,6 +695,7 @@ func removeAccount(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 
 	addr := ctx.Generic("address").(*flags.Address)
 	if !addr.IsSet {
@@ -723,6 +742,7 @@ func dumpWallet(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 	if ctx.Bool("decrypt") {
 		if pass == nil {
 			password, err := input.ReadPassword(EnterPasswordPrompt)
@@ -751,6 +771,7 @@ func dumpKeys(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 	accounts := wall.Accounts
 
 	addrFlag := ctx.Generic("address").(*flags.Address)
@@ -801,6 +822,7 @@ func stripKeys(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 	}
+	defer wall.Close()
 	if !ctx.Bool("force") {
 		fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, "All private keys for all accounts will be removed from the wallet. This action is irreversible.")
 		if ok := askForConsent(ctx.App.Writer); !ok {
@@ -850,6 +872,7 @@ func createWallet(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		if err := createAccount(wall, pass); err != nil {
 			return cli.NewExitError(err, 1)
 		}
+		defer wall.Close()
 	}
 
 	fmtPrintWallet(ctx.App.Writer, wall)

go.mod

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.0
 	github.com/kballard/go-shellquote v0.0.0-20180428030007-95032a82bc51
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0
-	github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220629112714-fd49ca59d354
+	github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220902113116-58a5e763e647
 	github.com/nspcc-dev/go-ordered-json v0.0.0-20220111165707-25110be27d22
 	github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop v0.0.0-20220809123759-3094d3e0c14b
 	github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-sdk-go v0.0.0-20220113123743-7f3162110659
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/nspcc-dev/hrw v1.0.9 // indirect
 	github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-api-go/v2 v2.11.1 // indirect
-	github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.37.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20191209120240-0d6b7568d9ae/go.mod h1:3FjXOoHmA
 github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20200117124306-478e5cfbf03a/go.mod h1:/YFK+XOxxg0Bfm6P92lY5eDSLYfp06XOdL8KAVgXjVk=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20200219114139-199d286ed6c1/go.mod h1:O0qtn62prQSqizzoagHmuuKoz8QMkU3SzBoKdEvm3aQ=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20210721160347-1b03241391ac/go.mod h1:U8MSnEShH+o5hexfWJdze6uMFJteP0ko7J2frO7Yu1Y=
-github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220629112714-fd49ca59d354 h1:/NYQJ9dmeOajNuS0b8x8SMt0b4mEYwUWOpMXuLQ1qwM=
+github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220902113116-58a5e763e647 h1:handGBjqVzRx7HD6152zsP8ZRxw083zCMbN0IlUaPQk=
-github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220629112714-fd49ca59d354/go.mod h1:U8MSnEShH+o5hexfWJdze6uMFJteP0ko7J2frO7Yu1Y=
+github.com/nspcc-dev/dbft v0.0.0-20220902113116-58a5e763e647/go.mod h1:g9xisXmX9NP9MjioaTe862n9SlZTrP+6PVUWLBYOr98=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/go-ordered-json v0.0.0-20210915112629-e1b6cce73d02/go.mod h1:79bEUDEviBHJMFV6Iq6in57FEOCMcRhfQnfaf0ETA5U=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/go-ordered-json v0.0.0-20220111165707-25110be27d22 h1:n4ZaFCKt1pQJd7PXoMJabZWK9ejjbLOVrkl/lOUmshg=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/go-ordered-json v0.0.0-20220111165707-25110be27d22/go.mod h1:79bEUDEviBHJMFV6Iq6in57FEOCMcRhfQnfaf0ETA5U=
@@ -267,8 +267,9 @@ github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-api-go/v2 v2.11.1 h1:SVqc523pZsSaS9vnPS1mm3VV6b6xY0gv
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-api-go/v2 v2.11.1/go.mod h1:oS8dycEh8PPf2Jjp6+8dlwWyEv2Dy77h/XhhcdxYEFs=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.2.0/go.mod h1:F/96fUzPM3wR+UGsPi3faVNmFlA9KAEAUQR7dMxZmNA=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.2.3/go.mod h1:8w16GEJbH6791ktVqHN9YRNH3s9BEEKYxGhlFnp0cDw=
-github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.3.0 h1:zlr3pgoxuzrmGCxc5W8dGVfA9Rro8diFvVnBg0L4ifM=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8w16GEJbH6791ktVqHN9YRNH3s9BEEKYxGhlFnp0cDw=
+github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.4.0 h1:5LlrUAM5O0k1+sH/sktBtrgfWtq1pgpDs09fZo+KYi4=
+github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-crypto v0.4.0/go.mod h1:6XJ8kbXgOfevbI2WMruOtI+qUJXNwSGM/E9eClXxPHs=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-sdk-go v0.0.0-20211201182451-a5b61c4f6477/go.mod h1:dfMtQWmBHYpl9Dez23TGtIUKiFvCIxUZq/CkSIhEpz4=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-sdk-go v0.0.0-20220113123743-7f3162110659 h1:rpMCoRa7expLc9gMiOP724gz6YSykZzmMALR/CmiwnU=
 github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-sdk-go v0.0.0-20220113123743-7f3162110659/go.mod h1:/jay1lr3w7NQd/VDBkEhkJmDmyPNsu4W+QV2obsUV40=

internal/basicchain/basic.go

@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ func Init(t *testing.T, rootpath string, e *neotest.Executor) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, ntr.Accounts[0].Decrypt("one", ntr.Scrypt))
 	designateSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
-		int64(noderoles.P2PNotary), []interface{}{ntr.Accounts[0].PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()})
+		int64(noderoles.P2PNotary), []interface{}{ntr.Accounts[0].PublicKey().Bytes()})
-	t.Logf("Designated Notary node: %s", hex.EncodeToString(ntr.Accounts[0].PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()))
+	t.Logf("Designated Notary node: %s", hex.EncodeToString(ntr.Accounts[0].PublicKey().Bytes()))
 
 	// Block #10: push verification contract with arguments into the chain.
 	verifyPath = filepath.Join(testDataPrefix, "verify_args", "verification_with_args_contract.go")

internal/contracts/contracts_test.go

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func generateManagementHelperContracts(t *testing.T, saveState bool) {
 	stdHash := e.NativeHash(t, nativenames.StdLib)
 	neoHash := e.NativeHash(t, nativenames.Neo)
 	singleChainValidatorAcc := e.Validator.(neotest.MultiSigner).Single(2).Account() // priv0
-	require.NoError(t, singleChainValidatorAcc.ConvertMultisig(1, keys.PublicKeys{singleChainValidatorAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}))
+	require.NoError(t, singleChainValidatorAcc.ConvertMultisig(1, keys.PublicKeys{singleChainValidatorAcc.PublicKey()}))
 	singleChainValidatorHash := singleChainValidatorAcc.Contract.ScriptHash()
 
 	w := io.NewBufBinWriter()

pkg/consensus/consensus.go

@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@ func (s *service) Shutdown() {
 		s.log.Info("stopping consensus service")
 		close(s.quit)
 		<-s.finished
+		s.wallet.Close()
 	}
 }
 
@@ -377,17 +378,15 @@ func (s *service) getKeyPair(pubs []crypto.PublicKey) (int, crypto.PrivateKey, c
 			continue
 		}
 
-		key := acc.PrivateKey()
+		if !acc.CanSign() {
-		if acc.PrivateKey() == nil {
 			err := acc.Decrypt(s.Config.Wallet.Password, s.wallet.Scrypt)
 			if err != nil {
 				s.log.Fatal("can't unlock account", zap.String("address", address.Uint160ToString(sh)))
 				break
 			}
-			key = acc.PrivateKey()
 		}
 
-		return i, &privateKey{PrivateKey: key}, &publicKey{PublicKey: key.PublicKey()}
+		return i, &privateKey{PrivateKey: acc.PrivateKey()}, &publicKey{PublicKey: acc.PublicKey()}
 	}
 
 	return -1, nil, nil

pkg/consensus/consensus_test.go

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func initServiceNextConsensus(t *testing.T, newAcc *wallet.Account, offset uint3
 func TestService_NextConsensus(t *testing.T) {
 	newAcc, err := wallet.NewAccount()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	script, err := smartcontract.CreateMajorityMultiSigRedeemScript(keys.PublicKeys{newAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	script, err := smartcontract.CreateMajorityMultiSigRedeemScript(keys.PublicKeys{newAcc.PublicKey()})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	checkNextConsensus := func(t *testing.T, bc *core.Blockchain, height uint32, h util.Uint160) {

pkg/consensus/crypto.go

@@ -13,17 +13,6 @@ type privateKey struct {
 	*keys.PrivateKey
 }
 
-// MarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryMarshaler interface.
-func (p privateKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
-	return p.PrivateKey.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// UnmarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler interface.
-func (p *privateKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	p.PrivateKey, err = keys.NewPrivateKeyFromBytes(data)
-	return
-}
-
 // Sign implements the dbft's crypto.PrivateKey interface.
 func (p *privateKey) Sign(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return p.PrivateKey.Sign(data), nil

pkg/consensus/crypto_test.go

@@ -12,19 +12,12 @@ func TestCrypt(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	priv := privateKey{key}
-	data, err := priv.MarshalBinary()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	key1, err := keys.NewPrivateKey()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	priv1 := privateKey{key1}
-	require.NotEqual(t, priv, priv1)
-	require.NoError(t, priv1.UnmarshalBinary(data))
-	require.Equal(t, priv, priv1)
-
 	pub := publicKey{key.PublicKey()}
-	data, err = pub.MarshalBinary()
+	data, err := pub.MarshalBinary()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	pub1 := publicKey{key1.PublicKey()}

pkg/core/blockchain_neotest_test.go

@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ func TestBlockchain_VerifyTx(t *testing.T) {
 	notaryServiceFeePerKey := bc.GetNotaryServiceFeePerKey()
 
 	oracleAcc := accs[2]
-	oraclePubs := keys.PublicKeys{oracleAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
+	oraclePubs := keys.PublicKeys{oracleAcc.PublicKey()}
 	require.NoError(t, oracleAcc.ConvertMultisig(1, oraclePubs))
 
 	neoHash := e.NativeHash(t, nativenames.Neo)
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ func TestBlockchain_VerifyTx(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 		t.Run("CalculateNetworkFee, multisignature script", func(t *testing.T) {
 			multisigAcc := accs[4]
-			pKeys := keys.PublicKeys{multisigAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
+			pKeys := keys.PublicKeys{multisigAcc.PublicKey()}
 			require.NoError(t, multisigAcc.ConvertMultisig(1, pKeys))
 			multisigHash := hash.Hash160(multisigAcc.Contract.Script)
 			tx := newTestTx(t, multisigHash, testScript)
@@ -1594,7 +1594,7 @@ func TestBlockchain_VerifyTx(t *testing.T) {
 			notary, err := wallet.NewAccount()
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			designateSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
-				int64(noderoles.P2PNotary), []interface{}{notary.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()})
+				int64(noderoles.P2PNotary), []interface{}{notary.PublicKey().Bytes()})
 			txSetNotary := transaction.New([]byte{byte(opcode.RET)}, 0)
 			txSetNotary.Signers = []transaction.Signer{
 				{

pkg/core/native/native_test/neo_test.go

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func TestNEO_CandidateEvents(t *testing.T) {
 	singleSigner := c.Signers[0].(neotest.MultiSigner).Single(0)
 	cc := c.WithSigners(c.Signers[0], singleSigner)
 	e := c.Executor
-	pkb := singleSigner.Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()
+	pkb := singleSigner.Account().PublicKey().Bytes()
 
 	// Register 1 -> event
 	tx := cc.Invoke(t, true, "registerCandidate", pkb)
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ func TestNEO_Vote(t *testing.T) {
 		transferTx = neoValidatorsInvoker.PrepareInvoke(t, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), referenceAccounts[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), int64(committeeSize+1-i)*1000000, nil)
 		txes = append(txes, transferTx)
 		if i > 0 {
-			registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+			registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 			txes = append(txes, registerTx)
-			voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+			voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 			txes = append(txes, voteTx)
 		}
 	}
-	txes = append(txes, policyInvoker.PrepareInvoke(t, "blockAccount", candidates[len(candidates)-1].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetScriptHash()))
+	txes = append(txes, policyInvoker.PrepareInvoke(t, "blockAccount", candidates[len(candidates)-1].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().ScriptHash()))
 	neoValidatorsInvoker.AddNewBlock(t, txes...)
 	for _, tx := range txes {
 		e.CheckHalt(t, tx.Hash(), stackitem.Make(true)) // luckily, both `transfer`, `registerCandidate` and `vote` return boolean values
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ func TestNEO_Vote(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Register and give some value to the last validator.
 	txes = txes[:0]
-	registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[0]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+	registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[0]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 	txes = append(txes, registerTx)
-	voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[0]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+	voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[0]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 	txes = append(txes, voteTx)
 	neoValidatorsInvoker.AddNewBlock(t, txes...)
 	for _, tx := range txes {
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func TestNEO_Vote(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	sortedCandidates := make(keys.PublicKeys, validatorsCount)
 	for i := range candidates[:validatorsCount] {
-		sortedCandidates[i] = candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		sortedCandidates[i] = candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey()
 	}
 	sort.Sort(sortedCandidates)
 	require.EqualValues(t, sortedCandidates, keys.PublicKeys(pubs))
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ func TestNEO_Vote(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	neoCommitteeInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[0]).Invoke(t, true, "unregisterCandidate", candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+	neoCommitteeInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[0]).Invoke(t, true, "unregisterCandidate", candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
-	neoCommitteeInvoker.WithSigners(voters[0]).Invoke(t, false, "vote", voters[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+	neoCommitteeInvoker.WithSigners(voters[0]).Invoke(t, false, "vote", voters[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[0].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 
 	advanceChain(t)
 
@@ -564,9 +564,9 @@ func TestNEO_GetCandidates(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < candidatesCount; i++ {
 		transferTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.PrepareInvoke(t, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), voters[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), int64(candidatesCount+1-i)*1000000, nil)
 		txes = append(txes, transferTx)
-		registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+		registerTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(candidates[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "registerCandidate", candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 		txes = append(txes, registerTx)
-		voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())
+		voteTx := neoValidatorsInvoker.WithSigners(voters[i]).PrepareInvoke(t, "vote", voters[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(), candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes())
 		txes = append(txes, voteTx)
 	}
 
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ func TestNEO_GetCandidates(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	expected := make([]stackitem.Item, candidatesCount)
 	for i := range expected {
-		pub := candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()
+		pub := candidates[i].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes()
 		v := stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(int64(candidatesCount-i+1) * 1000000))
 		expected[i] = stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{
 			stackitem.NewByteArray(pub),
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ func TestNEO_GetCandidates(t *testing.T) {
 	checkGetAllCandidates(t, expected)
 
 	// Block candidate and check it won't be returned from getCandidates and getAllCandidates.
-	unlucky := candidates[len(candidates)-1].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+	unlucky := candidates[len(candidates)-1].(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey()
 	policyInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "blockAccount", unlucky.GetScriptHash())
 	for i := range expected {
 		if bytes.Equal(expected[i].Value().([]stackitem.Item)[0].Value().([]byte), unlucky.Bytes()) {

pkg/core/native/native_test/oracle_test.go

@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ func TestOracle_Request(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Designate single Oracle node.
 	oracleNode := e.NewAccount(t)
-	designationCommitteeInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole", int(noderoles.Oracle), []interface{}{oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()})
+	designationCommitteeInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole", int(noderoles.Oracle), []interface{}{oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey().Bytes()})
-	err = oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().ConvertMultisig(1, []*keys.PublicKey{oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	err = oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().ConvertMultisig(1, []*keys.PublicKey{oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account().PublicKey()})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	oracleNodeMulti := neotest.NewMultiSigner(oracleNode.(neotest.SingleSigner).Account())
 	gasCommitteeInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", gasCommitteeInvoker.CommitteeHash, oracleNodeMulti.ScriptHash(), 100_0000_0000, nil)

pkg/crypto/keys/nep2.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/base58"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util/slice"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/scrypt"
 	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
 )
@@ -52,10 +53,15 @@ func NEP2Encrypt(priv *PrivateKey, passphrase string, params ScryptParams) (s st
 	if err != nil {
 		return s, err
 	}
+	defer slice.Clean(derivedKey)
 
 	derivedKey1 := derivedKey[:32]
 	derivedKey2 := derivedKey[32:]
-	xr := xor(priv.Bytes(), derivedKey1)
+
+	privBytes := priv.Bytes()
+	defer slice.Clean(privBytes)
+	xr := xor(privBytes, derivedKey1)
+	defer slice.Clean(xr)
 
 	encrypted, err := aesEncrypt(xr, derivedKey2)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -93,6 +99,7 @@ func NEP2Decrypt(key, passphrase string, params ScryptParams) (*PrivateKey, erro
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer slice.Clean(derivedKey)
 
 	derivedKey1 := derivedKey[:32]
 	derivedKey2 := derivedKey[32:]
@@ -102,8 +109,10 @@ func NEP2Decrypt(key, passphrase string, params ScryptParams) (*PrivateKey, erro
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer slice.Clean(decrypted)
 
 	privBytes := xor(decrypted, derivedKey1)
+	defer slice.Clean(privBytes)
 
 	// Rebuild the private key.
 	privKey, err := NewPrivateKeyFromBytes(privBytes)

pkg/crypto/keys/private_key.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util/slice"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/rfc6979"
 )
 
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ func NewPrivateKeyFromHex(str string) (*PrivateKey, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer slice.Clean(b)
 	return NewPrivateKeyFromBytes(b)
 }
 
@@ -108,7 +110,9 @@ func NewPrivateKeyFromWIF(wif string) (*PrivateKey, error) {
 // Good documentation about this process can be found here:
 // https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format
 func (p *PrivateKey) WIF() string {
-	w, err := WIFEncode(p.Bytes(), WIFVersion, true)
+	pb := p.Bytes()
+	defer slice.Clean(pb)
+	w, err := WIFEncode(pb, WIFVersion, true)
 	// The only way WIFEncode() can fail is if we're to give it a key of
 	// wrong size, but we have a proper key here, aren't we?
 	if err != nil {
@@ -117,6 +121,15 @@ func (p *PrivateKey) WIF() string {
 	return w
 }
 
+// Destroy wipes the contents of the private key from memory. Any operations
+// with the key after call to Destroy have undefined behavior.
+func (p *PrivateKey) Destroy() {
+	bits := p.D.Bits()
+	for i := range bits {
+		bits[i] = 0
+	}
+}
+
 // Address derives the public NEO address that is coupled with the private key, and
 // returns it as a string.
 func (p *PrivateKey) Address() string {

pkg/crypto/keys/private_key_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package keys
 
 import (
 	"encoding/hex"
+	"math/big"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -27,6 +28,9 @@ func TestPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, testCase.Wif, wif)
 		pubKey := privKey.PublicKey()
 		assert.Equal(t, hex.EncodeToString(pubKey.Bytes()), testCase.PublicKey)
+		oldD := new(big.Int).Set(privKey.D)
+		privKey.Destroy()
+		assert.NotEqual(t, oldD, privKey.D)
 	}
 }
 

pkg/crypto/keys/wif.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/base58"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util/slice"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -53,40 +54,36 @@ func WIFDecode(wif string, version byte) (*WIF, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer slice.Clean(b)
 
 	if version == 0x00 {
 		version = WIFVersion
 	}
+	w := &WIF{
+		Version: version,
+		S:       wif,
+	}
+	switch len(b) {
+	case 33: // OK, uncompressed public key.
+	case 34: // OK, compressed public key.
+		// Check the compression flag.
+		if b[33] != 0x01 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid compression flag %d expecting %d", b[33], 0x01)
+		}
+		w.Compressed = true
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid WIF length %d, expecting 33 or 34", len(b))
+	}
+
 	if b[0] != version {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid WIF version got %d, expected %d", b[0], version)
 	}
 
 	// Derive the PrivateKey.
-	privKey, err := NewPrivateKeyFromBytes(b[1:33])
+	w.PrivateKey, err = NewPrivateKeyFromBytes(b[1:33])
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	w := &WIF{
-		Version:    version,
-		PrivateKey: privKey,
-		S:          wif,
-	}
 
-	// This is an uncompressed WIF.
-	if len(b) == 33 {
-		w.Compressed = false
-		return w, nil
-	}
-
-	if len(b) != 34 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid WIF length: %d expecting 34", len(b))
-	}
-
-	// Check the compression flag.
-	if b[33] != 0x01 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid compression flag %d expecting %d", b[34], 0x01)
-	}
-
-	w.Compressed = true
 	return w, nil
 }

pkg/crypto/keys/wif_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/base58"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -65,3 +66,35 @@ func TestWIFEncodeDecode(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := WIFEncode(wifInv, 0, true)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
+
+func TestBadWIFDecode(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := WIFDecode("garbage", 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	s := base58.CheckEncode([]byte{})
+	_, err = WIFDecode(s, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	uncompr := make([]byte, 33)
+	compr := make([]byte, 34)
+
+	s = base58.CheckEncode(compr)
+	_, err = WIFDecode(s, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	s = base58.CheckEncode(uncompr)
+	_, err = WIFDecode(s, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	compr[33] = 1
+	compr[0] = WIFVersion
+	uncompr[0] = WIFVersion
+
+	s = base58.CheckEncode(compr)
+	_, err = WIFDecode(s, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	s = base58.CheckEncode(uncompr)
+	_, err = WIFDecode(s, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}

pkg/neotest/chain/chain.go

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ var (
 
 func init() {
 	committeeAcc, _ = wallet.NewAccountFromWIF(singleValidatorWIF)
-	pubs := keys.PublicKeys{committeeAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
+	pubs := keys.PublicKeys{committeeAcc.PublicKey()}
 	err := committeeAcc.ConvertMultisig(1, pubs)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func init() {
 	pubs = make(keys.PublicKeys, len(accs))
 	for i := range committeeWIFs {
 		accs[i], _ = wallet.NewAccountFromWIF(committeeWIFs[i])
-		pubs[i] = accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		pubs[i] = accs[i].PublicKey()
 	}
 
 	// Config entry must contain validators first in a specific order.
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ func init() {
 	sort.Sort(pubs[:4])
 
 	sort.Slice(accs[:4], func(i, j int) bool {
-		p1 := accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p1 := accs[i].PublicKey()
-		p2 := accs[j].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p2 := accs[j].PublicKey()
 		return p1.Cmp(p2) == -1
 	})
 	for i := range multiValidatorAcc {
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ func init() {
 	sort.Sort(pubs)
 
 	sort.Slice(accs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		p1 := accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p1 := accs[i].PublicKey()
-		p2 := accs[j].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p2 := accs[j].PublicKey()
 		return p1.Cmp(p2) == -1
 	})
 	for i := range multiCommitteeAcc {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func NewSingleWithCustomConfigAndStore(t testing.TB, f func(cfg *config.Protocol
 		Magic:              netmode.UnitTestNet,
 		MaxTraceableBlocks: MaxTraceableBlocks,
 		SecondsPerBlock:    SecondsPerBlock,
-		StandbyCommittee:   []string{hex.EncodeToString(committeeAcc.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes())},
+		StandbyCommittee:   []string{hex.EncodeToString(committeeAcc.PublicKey().Bytes())},
 		ValidatorsCount:    1,
 		VerifyBlocks:       true,
 		VerifyTransactions: true,

pkg/neotest/signer.go

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func (s *signer) ScriptHash() util.Uint160 {
 // SignHashable implements Signer interface.
 func (s *signer) SignHashable(magic uint32, item hash.Hashable) []byte {
 	return append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64},
-		(*wallet.Account)(s).PrivateKey().SignHashable(magic, item)...)
+		(*wallet.Account)(s).SignHashable(netmode.Magic(magic), item)...)
 }
 
 // SignTx implements Signer interface.
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ func NewMultiSigner(accs ...*wallet.Account) MultiSigner {
 			"but only %d accounts were provided", m, len(accs)))
 	}
 	sort.Slice(accs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		p1 := accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p1 := accs[i].PublicKey()
-		p2 := accs[j].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		p2 := accs[j].PublicKey()
 		return p1.Cmp(p2) == -1
 	})
 	for _, acc := range accs {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func (m multiSigner) Script() []byte {
 func (m multiSigner) SignHashable(magic uint32, item hash.Hashable) []byte {
 	var script []byte
 	for i := 0; i < m.m; i++ {
-		sign := m.accounts[i].PrivateKey().SignHashable(magic, item)
+		sign := m.accounts[i].SignHashable(netmode.Magic(magic), item)
 		script = append(script, byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64)
 		script = append(script, sign...)
 	}

pkg/neotest/signer_test.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestMultiSigner(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		accs[i] = a
-		pubs[i] = a.PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		pubs[i] = a.PublicKey()
 	}
 
 	sort.Sort(pubs)
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ func TestMultiSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewMultiSigner(accs...)
 	for i := range pubs {
 		for j := range accs {
-			if pub := accs[j].PrivateKey().PublicKey(); pub.Equal(pubs[i]) {
+			if pub := accs[j].PublicKey(); pub.Equal(pubs[i]) {
-				require.Equal(t, pub, s.Single(i).Account().PrivateKey().PublicKey())
+				require.Equal(t, pub, s.Single(i).Account().PublicKey())
 			}
 		}
 	}

pkg/rpcclient/actor/actor_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/config/netmode"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/neorpc/result"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
@@ -276,8 +275,5 @@ func TestSender(t *testing.T) {
 	client, acc := testRPCAndAccount(t)
 	a, err := NewSimple(client, acc)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-
+	require.Equal(t, acc.ScriptHash(), a.Sender())
-	addr, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, addr, a.Sender())
 }

pkg/rpcclient/nep11.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/neorpc/result"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpcclient/unwrap"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
@@ -88,13 +87,9 @@ func (c *Client) CreateNEP11TransferTx(acc *wallet.Account, tokenHash util.Uint1
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create NEP-11 transfer script: %w", err)
 	}
-	from, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad account address: %w", err)
-	}
 	return c.CreateTxFromScript(script, acc, -1, gas, append([]SignerAccount{{
 		Signer: transaction.Signer{
-			Account: from,
+			Account: acc.ScriptHash(),
 			Scopes:  transaction.CalledByEntry,
 		},
 		Account: acc,
@@ -148,11 +143,7 @@ func (c *Client) NEP11NDOwnerOf(tokenHash util.Uint160, tokenID []byte) (util.Ui
 // versions.
 func (c *Client) TransferNEP11D(acc *wallet.Account, to util.Uint160,
 	tokenHash util.Uint160, amount int64, tokenID []byte, data interface{}, gas int64, cosigners []SignerAccount) (util.Uint256, error) {
-	from, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
+	tx, err := c.CreateNEP11TransferTx(acc, tokenHash, gas, cosigners, acc.ScriptHash(), to, amount, tokenID, data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return util.Uint256{}, fmt.Errorf("bad account address: %w", err)
-	}
-	tx, err := c.CreateNEP11TransferTx(acc, tokenHash, gas, cosigners, from, to, amount, tokenID, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return util.Uint256{}, err
 	}

pkg/rpcclient/nep17.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/manifest"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
@@ -96,10 +95,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateNEP17TransferTx(acc *wallet.Account, to util.Uint160,
 // be removed in future versions.
 func (c *Client) CreateNEP17MultiTransferTx(acc *wallet.Account, gas int64,
 	recipients []TransferTarget, cosigners []SignerAccount) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
-	from, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
+	from := acc.ScriptHash()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad account address: %w", err)
-	}
 	b := smartcontract.NewBuilder()
 	for i := range recipients {
 		b.InvokeWithAssert(recipients[i].Token, "transfer",

pkg/rpcclient/notary/actor.go

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ func (a *Actor) SendRequestExactly(mainTx *transaction.Transaction, fbTx *transa
 		FallbackTransaction: fbTx,
 	}
 	req.Witness = transaction.Witness{
-		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, a.sender.PrivateKey().SignHashable(uint32(a.GetNetwork()), req)...),
+		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, a.sender.SignHashable(a.GetNetwork(), req)...),
 		VerificationScript: a.sender.GetVerificationScript(),
 	}
 	actualHash, err := a.rpc.SubmitP2PNotaryRequest(req)

pkg/rpcclient/rpc.go

@@ -827,10 +827,7 @@ func getSigners(sender *wallet.Account, cosigners []SignerAccount) ([]transactio
 		signers  []transaction.Signer
 		accounts []*wallet.Account
 	)
-	from, err := address.StringToUint160(sender.Address)
+	from := sender.ScriptHash()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("bad sender account address: %v", err)
-	}
 	s := transaction.Signer{
 		Account: from,
 		Scopes:  transaction.None,
@@ -875,10 +872,7 @@ func (c *Client) SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest(mainTx *transaction.Transaction, fa
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get native Notary hash: %w", err)
 	}
-	from, err := address.StringToUint160(acc.Address)
+	from := acc.ScriptHash()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad account address: %v", err)
-	}
 	signers := []transaction.Signer{{Account: notaryHash}, {Account: from}}
 	if fallbackSysFee < 0 {
 		result, err := c.InvokeScript(fallbackScript, signers)
@@ -944,7 +938,7 @@ func (c *Client) SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest(mainTx *transaction.Transaction, fa
 		FallbackTransaction: fallbackTx,
 	}
 	req.Witness = transaction.Witness{
-		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, acc.PrivateKey().SignHashable(uint32(m), req)...),
+		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, acc.SignHashable(m, req)...),
 		VerificationScript: acc.GetVerificationScript(),
 	}
 	actualHash, err := c.SubmitP2PNotaryRequest(req)

pkg/services/notary/core_test.go

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 		mp1.StopSubscriptions()
 	})
 
-	notaryNodes := []interface{}{acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes(), acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()}
+	notaryNodes := []interface{}{acc1.PublicKey().Bytes(), acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()}
 	designationSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
 		int64(noderoles.P2PNotary), notaryNodes)
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 				Scopes:  transaction.None,
 			},
 			{
-				Account: requester.PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetScriptHash(),
+				Account: requester.ScriptHash(),
 				Scopes:  transaction.None,
 			},
 		}
@@ -222,12 +222,12 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 			var script []byte
 			switch requesters[i].typ {
 			case notary.Signature:
-				script = requesters[i].accounts[0].PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetVerificationScript()
+				script = requesters[i].accounts[0].PublicKey().GetVerificationScript()
 				nKeys++
 			case notary.MultiSignature:
 				pubs := make(keys.PublicKeys, len(requesters[i].accounts))
 				for j, r := range requesters[i].accounts {
-					pubs[j] = r.PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+					pubs[j] = r.PublicKey()
 				}
 				script, err = smartcontract.CreateMultiSigRedeemScript(requesters[i].m, pubs)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 	r, _ := checkCompleteStandardRequest(t, 1, false)
 	checkFallbackTxs(t, r, false)
 	// set account back for the next tests
-	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PublicKey()})
 
 	// OnNewRequest: signature request
 	for _, i := range []int{1, 2, 3, 10} {
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 	checkMainTx(t, requesters, r, 1, false)
 	checkFallbackTxs(t, r, false)
 	// set account back for the next tests
-	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PublicKey()})
 
 	// PostPersist: complete main transaction, signature request
 	setFinalizeWithError(true)
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 	checkMainTx(t, requesters, requests, len(requests), false)
 	checkFallbackTxs(t, requests, false)
 	// set account back for the next tests
-	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	ntr1.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PublicKey()})
 
 	// OnRequestRemoval: signature request, remove one fallback
 	// check OnNewRequest with finalization error
@@ -721,9 +721,9 @@ func TestNotary(t *testing.T) {
 	requester1, _ := wallet.NewAccount()
 	requester2, _ := wallet.NewAccount()
 	amount := int64(100_0000_0000)
-	gasValidatorInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), bc.GetNotaryContractScriptHash(), amount, []interface{}{requester1.PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetScriptHash(), int64(bc.BlockHeight() + 50)})
+	gasValidatorInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), bc.GetNotaryContractScriptHash(), amount, []interface{}{requester1.ScriptHash(), int64(bc.BlockHeight() + 50)})
 	e.CheckGASBalance(t, notaryHash, big.NewInt(amount))
-	gasValidatorInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), bc.GetNotaryContractScriptHash(), amount, []interface{}{requester2.PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetScriptHash(), int64(bc.BlockHeight() + 50)})
+	gasValidatorInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", e.Validator.ScriptHash(), bc.GetNotaryContractScriptHash(), amount, []interface{}{requester2.ScriptHash(), int64(bc.BlockHeight() + 50)})
 	e.CheckGASBalance(t, notaryHash, big.NewInt(2*amount))
 
 	// create request for 2 standard signatures => main tx should be completed after the second request is added to the pool

pkg/services/notary/node.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func (n *Notary) UpdateNotaryNodes(notaryNodes keys.PublicKeys) {
 
 	if n.currAccount != nil {
 		for _, node := range notaryNodes {
-			if node.Equal(n.currAccount.PrivateKey().PublicKey()) {
+			if node.Equal(n.currAccount.PublicKey()) {
 				return
 			}
 		}
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (n *Notary) UpdateNotaryNodes(notaryNodes keys.PublicKeys) {
 	for _, node := range notaryNodes {
 		acc = n.wallet.GetAccount(node.GetScriptHash())
 		if acc != nil {
-			if acc.PrivateKey() != nil {
+			if acc.CanSign() {
 				break
 			}
 			err := acc.Decrypt(n.Config.MainCfg.UnlockWallet.Password, n.wallet.Scrypt)

pkg/services/notary/node_test.go

@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ func TestUpdateNotaryNodes(t *testing.T) {
 	// currAcc is nil before UpdateNotaryNodes call
 	require.Nil(t, ntr.currAccount)
 	// set account for the first time
-	ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PublicKey()})
 	require.Equal(t, acc, ntr.currAccount)
 
 	t.Run("account is already set", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), randomKey.PublicKey()})
+		ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PublicKey(), randomKey.PublicKey()})
 		require.Equal(t, acc, ntr.currAccount)
 	})
 
@@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ func TestUpdateNotaryNodes(t *testing.T) {
 			w, err := wallet.NewWalletFromFile("./testdata/notary1.json")
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NoError(t, w.Accounts[1].Decrypt("one", w.Scrypt))
-			ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{w.Accounts[1].PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+			ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{w.Accounts[1].PublicKey()})
 			require.Equal(t, w.Accounts[1], ntr.currAccount)
 		})
 		t.Run("bad config password", func(t *testing.T) {
 			w, err := wallet.NewWalletFromFile("./testdata/notary1.json")
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NoError(t, w.Accounts[2].Decrypt("four", w.Scrypt))
-			ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{w.Accounts[2].PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+			ntr.UpdateNotaryNodes(keys.PublicKeys{w.Accounts[2].PublicKey()})
 			require.Nil(t, ntr.currAccount)
 		})
 	})

pkg/services/notary/notary.go

@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ func (n *Notary) Shutdown() {
 	n.Config.Log.Info("stopping notary service")
 	close(n.stopCh)
 	<-n.done
+	n.wallet.Close()
 }
 
 // OnNewRequest is a callback method which is called after a new notary request is added to the notary request pool.
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ func (n *Notary) PostPersist() {
 // finalize adds missing Notary witnesses to the transaction (main or fallback) and pushes it to the network.
 func (n *Notary) finalize(acc *wallet.Account, tx *transaction.Transaction, h util.Uint256) error {
 	notaryWitness := transaction.Witness{
-		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, acc.PrivateKey().SignHashable(uint32(n.Network), tx)...),
+		InvocationScript:   append([]byte{byte(opcode.PUSHDATA1), 64}, acc.SignHashable(n.Network, tx)...),
 		VerificationScript: []byte{},
 	}
 	for i, signer := range tx.Signers {

pkg/services/oracle/nodes.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func (o *Oracle) UpdateOracleNodes(oracleNodes keys.PublicKeys) {
 	for i := range oracleNodes {
 		acc = o.wallet.GetAccount(oracleNodes[i].GetScriptHash())
 		if acc != nil {
-			if acc.PrivateKey() != nil {
+			if acc.CanSign() {
 				break
 			}
 			err := acc.Decrypt(o.MainCfg.UnlockWallet.Password, o.wallet.Scrypt)

pkg/services/oracle/oracle.go

@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ func (o *Oracle) Shutdown() {
 	close(o.close)
 	o.ResponseHandler.Shutdown()
 	<-o.done
+	o.wallet.Close()
 }
 
 // Start runs the oracle service in a separate goroutine.

pkg/services/oracle/oracle_test.go

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func TestCreateResponseTx(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	cInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "requestURL", req.URL, *req.Filter, req.CallbackMethod, req.UserData, int64(req.GasForResponse))
 	bc.SetOracle(orc)
-	orc.UpdateOracleNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey()})
+	orc.UpdateOracleNodes(keys.PublicKeys{acc.PublicKey()})
 	tx, err = orc.CreateResponseTx(int64(req.GasForResponse), 1, resp)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 166, tx.Size())
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func TestOracle(t *testing.T) {
 
 	acc1, orc1, m1, ch1 := getTestOracle(t, bc, "./testdata/oracle1.json", "one")
 	acc2, orc2, m2, ch2 := getTestOracle(t, bc, "./testdata/oracle2.json", "two")
-	oracleNodes := keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
+	oracleNodes := keys.PublicKeys{acc1.PublicKey(), acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
 	// Must be set in native contract for tx verification.
 	designationSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
 		int64(roles.Oracle), []interface{}{oracleNodes[0].Bytes(), oracleNodes[1].Bytes()})
@@ -249,10 +249,10 @@ func TestOracle(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Empty(t, ch2)
 
 		t.Run("InvalidSignature", func(t *testing.T) {
-			orc1.AddResponse(acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), m2[0].resp.ID, []byte{1, 2, 3})
+			orc1.AddResponse(acc2.PublicKey(), m2[0].resp.ID, []byte{1, 2, 3})
 			require.Empty(t, ch1)
 		})
-		orc1.AddResponse(acc2.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), m2[0].resp.ID, m2[0].txSig)
+		orc1.AddResponse(acc2.PublicKey(), m2[0].resp.ID, m2[0].txSig)
 		checkEmitTx(t, ch1)
 
 		t.Run("FirstOtherThenMe", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func TestOracle(t *testing.T) {
 				Result: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
 			}
 			req := checkResp(t, reqID, resp)
-			orc2.AddResponse(acc1.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), reqID, m1[reqID].txSig)
+			orc2.AddResponse(acc1.PublicKey(), reqID, m1[reqID].txSig)
 			require.Empty(t, ch2)
 
 			reqs := map[uint64]*state.OracleRequest{reqID: req}
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func TestOracleFull(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	designationSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
-		int64(roles.Oracle), []interface{}{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()})
+		int64(roles.Oracle), []interface{}{acc.PublicKey().Bytes()})
 
 	cs := contracts.GetOracleContractState(t, pathToInternalContracts, validator.ScriptHash(), 0)
 	e.DeployContract(t, &neotest.Contract{
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func TestNotYetRunningOracle(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(bc.Close)
 
 	designationSuperInvoker.Invoke(t, stackitem.Null{}, "designateAsRole",
-		int64(roles.Oracle), []interface{}{acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey().Bytes()})
+		int64(roles.Oracle), []interface{}{acc.PublicKey().Bytes()})
 
 	var req state.OracleRequest
 	var reqs = make(map[uint64]*state.OracleRequest)

pkg/services/rpcsrv/client_test.go

@@ -1033,11 +1033,6 @@ func TestSignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	require.NoError(t, c.Init())
-	t.Run("bad account address", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, err := c.SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest(nil, nil, 0, 0, 0, &wallet.Account{Address: "not-an-addr"}) //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: c.SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest is deprecated
-		require.NotNil(t, err)
-	})
-
 	t.Run("bad fallback script", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := c.SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest(nil, []byte{byte(opcode.ASSERT)}, -1, 0, 0, acc) //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: c.SignAndPushP2PNotaryRequest is deprecated
 		require.NotNil(t, err)

pkg/services/stateroot/network.go

@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ func (s *service) trySendRoot(ir *incompleteRoot, acc *wallet.Account) {
 }
 
 func (s *service) sendValidatedRoot(r *state.MPTRoot, acc *wallet.Account) {
-	priv := acc.PrivateKey()
 	w := io.NewBufBinWriter()
 	m := NewMessage(RootT, r)
 	m.EncodeBinary(w.BinWriter)
@@ -98,13 +97,13 @@ func (s *service) sendValidatedRoot(r *state.MPTRoot, acc *wallet.Account) {
 		Category:        Category,
 		ValidBlockStart: r.Index,
 		ValidBlockEnd:   r.Index + rootValidEndInc,
-		Sender:          priv.GetScriptHash(),
+		Sender:          acc.ScriptHash(),
 		Data:            w.Bytes(),
 		Witness: transaction.Witness{
 			VerificationScript: acc.GetVerificationScript(),
 		},
 	}
-	sig := priv.SignHashable(uint32(s.Network), ep)
+	sig := acc.SignHashable(s.Network, ep)
 	buf := io.NewBufBinWriter()
 	emit.Bytes(buf.BinWriter, sig)
 	ep.Witness.InvocationScript = buf.Bytes()

pkg/services/stateroot/service_test.go

@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ func newMajorityMultisigWithGAS(t *testing.T, n int) (util.Uint160, keys.PublicK
 		accs[i] = acc
 	}
 	sort.Slice(accs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		pi := accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		pi := accs[i].PublicKey()
-		pj := accs[j].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		pj := accs[j].PublicKey()
 		return pi.Cmp(pj) == -1
 	})
 	pubs := make(keys.PublicKeys, n)
 	for i := range pubs {
-		pubs[i] = accs[i].PrivateKey().PublicKey()
+		pubs[i] = accs[i].PublicKey()
 	}
 	script, err := smartcontract.CreateMajorityMultiSigRedeemScript(pubs)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func TestStateRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("invalid signer", func(t *testing.T) {
 		accInv, err := wallet.NewAccount()
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		pubs := keys.PublicKeys{accInv.PrivateKey().PublicKey()}
+		pubs := keys.PublicKeys{accInv.PublicKey()}
 		require.NoError(t, accInv.ConvertMultisig(1, pubs))
 		gasValidatorInvoker.Invoke(t, true, "transfer", validator.ScriptHash(), accInv.Contract.ScriptHash(), 1_0000_0000, nil)
 		r, err := bc.GetStateModule().GetStateRoot(1)

pkg/services/stateroot/validators.go

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ func (s *service) Shutdown() {
 	s.log.Info("stopping state validation service")
 	close(s.stopCh)
 	<-s.done
+	s.wallet.Close()
 }
 
 func (s *service) signAndSend(r *state.MPTRoot) error {
@@ -86,12 +87,12 @@ func (s *service) signAndSend(r *state.MPTRoot) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	sig := acc.PrivateKey().SignHashable(uint32(s.Network), r)
+	sig := acc.SignHashable(s.Network, r)
 	incRoot := s.getIncompleteRoot(r.Index, myIndex)
 	incRoot.Lock()
 	defer incRoot.Unlock()
 	incRoot.root = r
-	incRoot.addSignature(acc.PrivateKey().PublicKey(), sig)
+	incRoot.addSignature(acc.PublicKey(), sig)
 	incRoot.reverify(s.Network)
 	s.trySendRoot(incRoot, acc)
 
@@ -110,13 +111,13 @@ func (s *service) signAndSend(r *state.MPTRoot) error {
 		Category:        Category,
 		ValidBlockStart: r.Index,
 		ValidBlockEnd:   r.Index + voteValidEndInc,
-		Sender:          acc.PrivateKey().GetScriptHash(),
+		Sender:          acc.ScriptHash(),
 		Data:            w.Bytes(),
 		Witness: transaction.Witness{
 			VerificationScript: acc.GetVerificationScript(),
 		},
 	}
-	sig = acc.PrivateKey().SignHashable(uint32(s.Network), e)
+	sig = acc.SignHashable(s.Network, e)
 	buf := io.NewBufBinWriter()
 	emit.Bytes(buf.BinWriter, sig)
 	e.Witness.InvocationScript = buf.Bytes()

pkg/smartcontract/doc_test.go

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ func ExampleBuilder() {
 	b.Reset() // Copy the old script above if you need it!
 
 	w, _ := wallet.NewWalletFromFile("somewhere")
+	defer w.Close()
 	// Assuming there is one Account inside
 	a, _ := actor.NewSimple(c, w.Accounts[0])
 	from := w.Accounts[0].Contract.ScriptHash() // Assuming Contract is present.

pkg/util/slice/array.go

@@ -28,3 +28,10 @@ func Copy(b []byte) []byte {
 	copy(d, b)
 	return d
 }
+
+// Clean wipes the data in b by filling it with zeros.
+func Clean(b []byte) {
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = 0
+	}
+}

pkg/util/slice/array_test.go

@@ -49,3 +49,11 @@ func TestCopyReverse(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestClean(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range testCases[1:] { // Empty one will be equal.
+		cp := Copy(tc.arr)
+		Clean(cp)
+		require.NotEqual(t, tc.arr, cp)
+	}
+}

pkg/wallet/account.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package wallet
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
@@ -21,11 +20,8 @@ type Account struct {
 	// NEO private key.
 	privateKey *keys.PrivateKey
 
-	// NEO public key.
+	// Script hash corresponding to the Address.
-	publicKey []byte
+	scriptHash util.Uint160
-
-	// Account import file.
-	wif string
 
 	// NEO public address.
 	Address string `json:"address"`
@@ -87,8 +83,6 @@ func (a *Account) SignTx(net netmode.Magic, t *transaction.Transaction) error {
 	var (
 		haveAcc bool
 		pos     int
-		accHash util.Uint160
-		err     error
 	)
 	if a.Locked {
 		return errors.New("account is locked")
@@ -96,12 +90,8 @@ func (a *Account) SignTx(net netmode.Magic, t *transaction.Transaction) error {
 	if a.Contract == nil {
 		return errors.New("account has no contract")
 	}
-	accHash, err = address.StringToUint160(a.Address)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	for i := range t.Signers {
-		if t.Signers[i].Account.Equals(accHash) {
+		if t.Signers[i].Account.Equals(a.ScriptHash()) {
 			haveAcc = true
 			pos = i
 			break
@@ -136,6 +126,15 @@ func (a *Account) SignTx(net netmode.Magic, t *transaction.Transaction) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// SignHashable signs the given Hashable item and returns the signature. If this
+// account can't sign (CanSign() returns false) nil is returned.
+func (a *Account) SignHashable(net netmode.Magic, item hash.Hashable) []byte {
+	if !a.CanSign() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return a.privateKey.SignHashable(uint32(net), item)
+}
+
 // CanSign returns true when account is not locked and has a decrypted private
 // key inside, so it's ready to create real signatures.
 func (a *Account) CanSign() bool {
@@ -147,11 +146,13 @@ func (a *Account) GetVerificationScript() []byte {
 	if a.Contract != nil {
 		return a.Contract.Script
 	}
-	return a.PrivateKey().PublicKey().GetVerificationScript()
+	return a.privateKey.PublicKey().GetVerificationScript()
 }
 
 // Decrypt decrypts the EncryptedWIF with the given passphrase returning error
-// if anything goes wrong.
+// if anything goes wrong. After the decryption Account can be used to sign
+// things unless it's locked. Don't decrypt the key unless you want to sign
+// something and don't forget to call Close after use for maximum safety.
 func (a *Account) Decrypt(passphrase string, scrypt keys.ScryptParams) error {
 	var err error
 
@@ -163,9 +164,6 @@ func (a *Account) Decrypt(passphrase string, scrypt keys.ScryptParams) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	a.publicKey = a.privateKey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-	a.wif = a.privateKey.WIF()
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -180,11 +178,45 @@ func (a *Account) Encrypt(passphrase string, scrypt keys.ScryptParams) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// PrivateKey returns private key corresponding to the account.
+// PrivateKey returns private key corresponding to the account if it's unlocked.
+// Please be very careful when using it, do not copy its contents and do not
+// keep a pointer to it unless you absolutely need to. Most of the time you can
+// use other methods (PublicKey, ScriptHash, SignHashable) depending on your
+// needs and it'll be safer this way.
 func (a *Account) PrivateKey() *keys.PrivateKey {
 	return a.privateKey
 }
 
+// PublicKey returns the public key associated with the private key corresponding to
+// the account. It can return nil if account is locked (use CanSign to check).
+func (a *Account) PublicKey() *keys.PublicKey {
+	if !a.CanSign() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return a.privateKey.PublicKey()
+}
+
+// ScriptHash returns the script hash (account) that the Account.Address is
+// derived from. It never returns an error, so if this Account has an invalid
+// Address you'll just get a zero script hash.
+func (a *Account) ScriptHash() util.Uint160 {
+	if a.scriptHash.Equals(util.Uint160{}) {
+		a.scriptHash, _ = address.StringToUint160(a.Address)
+	}
+	return a.scriptHash
+}
+
+// Close cleans up the private key used by Account and disassociates it from
+// Account. The Account can no longer sign anything after this call, but Decrypt
+// can make it usable again.
+func (a *Account) Close() {
+	if a.privateKey == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	a.privateKey.Destroy()
+	a.privateKey = nil
+}
+
 // NewAccountFromWIF creates a new Account from the given WIF.
 func NewAccountFromWIF(wif string) (*Account, error) {
 	privKey, err := keys.NewPrivateKeyFromWIF(wif)
@@ -209,9 +241,16 @@ func NewAccountFromEncryptedWIF(wif string, pass string, scrypt keys.ScryptParam
 
 // ConvertMultisig sets a's contract to multisig contract with m sufficient signatures.
 func (a *Account) ConvertMultisig(m int, pubs []*keys.PublicKey) error {
+	if a.Locked {
+		return errors.New("account is locked")
+	}
+	if a.privateKey == nil {
+		return errors.New("account key is not available (need to decrypt?)")
+	}
 	var found bool
+	accKey := a.privateKey.PublicKey()
 	for i := range pubs {
-		if bytes.Equal(a.publicKey, pubs[i].Bytes()) {
+		if accKey.Equal(pubs[i]) {
 			found = true
 			break
 		}
@@ -226,7 +265,8 @@ func (a *Account) ConvertMultisig(m int, pubs []*keys.PublicKey) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	a.Address = address.Uint160ToString(hash.Hash160(script))
+	a.scriptHash = hash.Hash160(script)
+	a.Address = address.Uint160ToString(a.scriptHash)
 	a.Contract = &Contract{
 		Script:     script,
 		Parameters: getContractParams(m),
@@ -238,14 +278,11 @@ func (a *Account) ConvertMultisig(m int, pubs []*keys.PublicKey) error {
 // NewAccountFromPrivateKey creates a wallet from the given PrivateKey.
 func NewAccountFromPrivateKey(p *keys.PrivateKey) *Account {
 	pubKey := p.PublicKey()
-	pubAddr := p.Address()
-	wif := p.WIF()
 
 	a := &Account{
-		publicKey:  pubKey.Bytes(),
 		privateKey: p,
-		Address:    pubAddr,
+		scriptHash: p.GetScriptHash(),
-		wif:        wif,
+		Address:    p.Address(),
 		Contract: &Contract{
 			Script:     pubKey.GetVerificationScript(),
 			Parameters: getContractParams(1),

pkg/wallet/account_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ func TestNewAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	acc, err := NewAccount()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, acc.Address, address.Uint160ToString(acc.ScriptHash()))
 }
 
 func TestDecryptAccount(t *testing.T) {
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ func TestContractSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Error(t, acc2.SignTx(0, tx))
 
-	pubs := keys.PublicKeys{acc.privateKey.PublicKey(), acc2.privateKey.PublicKey()}
+	pubs := keys.PublicKeys{acc.PublicKey(), acc2.PublicKey()}
 	multiS, err := smartcontract.CreateDefaultMultiSigRedeemScript(pubs)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	multiAcc := NewAccountFromPrivateKey(acc.privateKey)
@@ -138,18 +140,23 @@ func TestContractSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 
 	acc2.Locked = true
 	require.False(t, acc2.CanSign())
-	require.Error(t, acc2.SignTx(0, tx)) // Locked account.
+	require.Error(t, acc2.SignTx(0, tx))     // Locked account.
+	require.Nil(t, acc2.PublicKey())         // Locked account.
+	require.Nil(t, acc2.SignHashable(0, tx)) // Locked account.
 
 	acc2.Locked = false
-	acc2.privateKey = nil
+	acc2.Close()
 	require.False(t, acc2.CanSign())
 	require.Error(t, acc2.SignTx(0, tx)) // No private key.
+	acc2.Close()                         // No-op.
+	require.False(t, acc2.CanSign())
 
 	tx.Scripts = append(tx.Scripts, transaction.Witness{
 		VerificationScript: acc.Contract.Script,
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, acc.SignTx(0, tx)) // Add invocation script for existing witness.
 	require.Equal(t, 66, len(tx.Scripts[1].InvocationScript))
+	require.NotNil(t, acc.SignHashable(0, tx)) // Works via Hashable too.
 
 	require.NoError(t, multiAcc.SignTx(0, tx))
 	require.Equal(t, 3, len(tx.Scripts))
@@ -179,6 +186,19 @@ func TestAccount_ConvertMultisig(t *testing.T) {
 		"03d90c07df63e690ce77912e10ab51acc944b66860237b608c4f8f8309e71ee699",
 	}
 
+	t.Run("locked", func(t *testing.T) {
+		a.Locked = true
+		pubs := convertPubs(t, hexs)
+		require.Error(t, a.ConvertMultisig(1, pubs))
+		a.Locked = false
+	})
+	t.Run("no private key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pk := a.privateKey
+		a.privateKey = nil
+		pubs := convertPubs(t, hexs)
+		require.Error(t, a.ConvertMultisig(0, pubs))
+		a.privateKey = pk
+	})
 	t.Run("invalid number of signatures", func(t *testing.T) {
 		pubs := convertPubs(t, hexs)
 		require.Error(t, a.ConvertMultisig(0, pubs))
@@ -215,9 +235,9 @@ func convertPubs(t *testing.T, hexKeys []string) []*keys.PublicKey {
 func compareFields(t *testing.T, tk keytestcases.Ktype, acc *Account) {
 	want, have := tk.Address, acc.Address
 	require.Equalf(t, want, have, "expected address %s got %s", want, have)
-	want, have = tk.Wif, acc.wif
+	want, have = tk.Wif, acc.privateKey.WIF()
 	require.Equalf(t, want, have, "expected wif %s got %s", want, have)
-	want, have = tk.PublicKey, hex.EncodeToString(acc.publicKey)
+	want, have = tk.PublicKey, hex.EncodeToString(acc.PublicKey().Bytes())
 	require.Equalf(t, want, have, "expected pub key %s got %s", want, have)
 	want, have = tk.PrivateKey, acc.privateKey.String()
 	require.Equalf(t, want, have, "expected priv key %s got %s", want, have)

pkg/wallet/wallet.go

@@ -168,9 +168,14 @@ func (w *Wallet) JSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return json.MarshalIndent(w, " ", "	")
 }
 
-// Deprecated: Close is deprecated.
+// Close closes all Wallet accounts making them incapable of signing anything
-// Close performs nothing and is left for backwards compatibility.
+// (unless they're decrypted again). It's not doing anything to the underlying
-func (w *Wallet) Close() {}
+// wallet file.
+func (w *Wallet) Close() {
+	for _, acc := range w.Accounts {
+		acc.Close()
+	}
+}
 
 // GetAccount returns an account corresponding to the provided scripthash.
 func (w *Wallet) GetAccount(h util.Uint160) *Account {

pkg/wallet/wallet_test.go

@@ -34,13 +34,16 @@ func TestNewWalletFromFile_Negative_NoFile(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Errorf(t, err, "open testWallet: no such file or directory")
 }
 
-func TestCreateAccount(t *testing.T) {
+func TestCreateAccountAndClose(t *testing.T) {
 	wallet := checkWalletConstructor(t)
 
 	errAcc := wallet.CreateAccount("testName", "testPass")
 	require.NoError(t, errAcc)
 	accounts := wallet.Accounts
 	require.Len(t, accounts, 1)
+	require.True(t, wallet.Accounts[0].CanSign())
+	wallet.Close()
+	require.False(t, wallet.Accounts[0].CanSign())
 }
 
 func TestAddAccount(t *testing.T) {
@@ -48,8 +51,6 @@ func TestAddAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 	wallet.AddAccount(&Account{
 		privateKey:   nil,
-		publicKey:    nil,
-		wif:          "",
 		Address:      "real",
 		EncryptedWIF: "",
 		Label:        "",
@@ -78,8 +79,6 @@ func TestSave(t *testing.T) {
 
 	wallet.AddAccount(&Account{
 		privateKey:   nil,
-		publicKey:    nil,
-		wif:          "",
 		Address:      "",
 		EncryptedWIF: "",
 		Label:        "",
@@ -103,6 +102,7 @@ func TestSave(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(w2.Accounts))
 		require.NoError(t, w2.Accounts[1].Decrypt("pass", w2.Scrypt))
+		_ = w2.Accounts[1].ScriptHash() // openedWallet has it for acc 1.
 		require.Equal(t, openedWallet.Accounts, w2.Accounts)
 	})
 }