neoneo-go/pkg/core/dao/dao.go
Roman Khimov 5fbe838fd4 core: add and use synchronous persist to avoid OOM
b9be892bf9 has made Persist asynchronous which
is very effective in allowing the system to continue processing
blocks/transactions while flushing things to disk. It at the same time is very
dangerous in that if the disk is slow and it takes much time to flush KV set
(more than persisting interval), there might be even bigger new KV set in
MemCachedStore by the time it finishes. Even if the system immediately starts
to flush this new data set it (being bigger) can take more time than the
previous one. And while doing so a new data set will appear in memory,
potentially again bigger than this.

So we can easily end up with the system going out of control, consuming more
and more memory and taking more and more time to persist a single set of
data. To avoid this we need to detect such condition and just wait for Persist
to really finish its job and release the resources.
2021-11-22 10:41:40 +03:00

674 lines
21 KiB
Go

package dao
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"encoding/binary"
"errors"
"fmt"
iocore "io"
"sort"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/block"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/mpt"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/storage"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
)
// HasTransaction errors.
var (
// ErrAlreadyExists is returned when transaction exists in dao.
ErrAlreadyExists = errors.New("transaction already exists")
// ErrHasConflicts is returned when transaction is in the list of conflicting
// transactions which are already in dao.
ErrHasConflicts = errors.New("transaction has conflicts")
)
// DAO is a data access object.
type DAO interface {
AppendAppExecResult(aer *state.AppExecResult, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
DeleteBlock(h util.Uint256, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
DeleteContractID(id int32) error
DeleteStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) error
GetAndDecode(entity io.Serializable, key []byte) error
GetAppExecResults(hash util.Uint256, trig trigger.Type) ([]state.AppExecResult, error)
GetBatch() *storage.MemBatch
GetBlock(hash util.Uint256) (*block.Block, error)
GetContractScriptHash(id int32) (util.Uint160, error)
GetCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error)
GetCurrentHeaderHeight() (i uint32, h util.Uint256, err error)
GetHeaderHashes() ([]util.Uint256, error)
GetTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160) (*state.TokenTransferInfo, error)
GetTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, index uint32, isNEP11 bool) (*state.TokenTransferLog, error)
GetStateSyncPoint() (uint32, error)
GetStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error)
GetStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) state.StorageItem
GetStorageItems(id int32) ([]state.StorageItemWithKey, error)
GetStorageItemsWithPrefix(id int32, prefix []byte) ([]state.StorageItemWithKey, error)
GetTransaction(hash util.Uint256) (*transaction.Transaction, uint32, error)
GetVersion() (string, error)
GetWrapped() DAO
HasTransaction(hash util.Uint256) error
Persist() (int, error)
PersistSync() (int, error)
PutAppExecResult(aer *state.AppExecResult, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
PutContractID(id int32, hash util.Uint160) error
PutCurrentHeader(hashAndIndex []byte) error
PutTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo) error
PutTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, index uint32, isNEP11 bool, lg *state.TokenTransferLog) error
PutStateSyncPoint(p uint32) error
PutStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight(h uint32) error
PutStorageItem(id int32, key []byte, si state.StorageItem) error
PutVersion(v string) error
Seek(id int32, prefix []byte, f func(k, v []byte))
SeekAsync(ctx context.Context, id int32, prefix []byte) chan storage.KeyValue
StoreAsBlock(block *block.Block, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
StoreAsCurrentBlock(block *block.Block, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
StoreAsTransaction(tx *transaction.Transaction, index uint32, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
putTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error
}
// Simple is memCached wrapper around DB, simple DAO implementation.
type Simple struct {
Store *storage.MemCachedStore
// stateRootInHeader specifies if block header contains state root.
stateRootInHeader bool
// p2pSigExtensions denotes whether P2PSignatureExtensions are enabled.
p2pSigExtensions bool
}
// NewSimple creates new simple dao using provided backend store.
func NewSimple(backend storage.Store, stateRootInHeader bool, p2pSigExtensions bool) *Simple {
st := storage.NewMemCachedStore(backend)
return &Simple{Store: st, stateRootInHeader: stateRootInHeader, p2pSigExtensions: p2pSigExtensions}
}
// GetBatch returns currently accumulated DB changeset.
func (dao *Simple) GetBatch() *storage.MemBatch {
return dao.Store.GetBatch()
}
// GetWrapped returns new DAO instance with another layer of wrapped
// MemCachedStore around the current DAO Store.
func (dao *Simple) GetWrapped() DAO {
d := NewSimple(dao.Store, dao.stateRootInHeader, dao.p2pSigExtensions)
return d
}
// GetAndDecode performs get operation and decoding with serializable structures.
func (dao *Simple) GetAndDecode(entity io.Serializable, key []byte) error {
entityBytes, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return err
}
reader := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(entityBytes)
entity.DecodeBinary(reader)
return reader.Err
}
// Put performs put operation with serializable structures.
func (dao *Simple) Put(entity io.Serializable, key []byte) error {
return dao.putWithBuffer(entity, key, io.NewBufBinWriter())
}
// putWithBuffer performs put operation using buf as a pre-allocated buffer for serialization.
func (dao *Simple) putWithBuffer(entity io.Serializable, key []byte, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
entity.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
if buf.Err != nil {
return buf.Err
}
return dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
}
func makeContractIDKey(id int32) []byte {
key := make([]byte, 5)
key[0] = byte(storage.STContractID)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(key[1:], uint32(id))
return key
}
// DeleteContractID deletes contract's id to hash mapping.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteContractID(id int32) error {
return dao.Store.Delete(makeContractIDKey(id))
}
// PutContractID adds a mapping from contract's ID to its hash.
func (dao *Simple) PutContractID(id int32, hash util.Uint160) error {
return dao.Store.Put(makeContractIDKey(id), hash.BytesBE())
}
// GetContractScriptHash retrieves contract's hash given its ID.
func (dao *Simple) GetContractScriptHash(id int32) (util.Uint160, error) {
var data = new(util.Uint160)
if err := dao.GetAndDecode(data, makeContractIDKey(id)); err != nil {
return *data, err
}
return *data, nil
}
// -- start NEP-17 transfer info.
// GetTokenTransferInfo retrieves NEP-17 transfer info from the cache.
func (dao *Simple) GetTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160) (*state.TokenTransferInfo, error) {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.STTokenTransferInfo, acc.BytesBE())
bs := state.NewTokenTransferInfo()
err := dao.GetAndDecode(bs, key)
if err != nil && err != storage.ErrKeyNotFound {
return nil, err
}
return bs, nil
}
// PutTokenTransferInfo saves NEP-17 transfer info in the cache.
func (dao *Simple) PutTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo) error {
return dao.putTokenTransferInfo(acc, bs, io.NewBufBinWriter())
}
func (dao *Simple) putTokenTransferInfo(acc util.Uint160, bs *state.TokenTransferInfo, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.STTokenTransferInfo, acc.BytesBE())
return dao.putWithBuffer(bs, key, buf)
}
// -- end NEP-17 transfer info.
// -- start transfer log.
func getTokenTransferLogKey(acc util.Uint160, index uint32, isNEP11 bool) []byte {
key := make([]byte, 1+util.Uint160Size+4)
if isNEP11 {
key[0] = byte(storage.STNEP11Transfers)
} else {
key[0] = byte(storage.STNEP17Transfers)
}
copy(key[1:], acc.BytesBE())
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(key[util.Uint160Size:], index)
return key
}
// GetTokenTransferLog retrieves transfer log from the cache.
func (dao *Simple) GetTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, index uint32, isNEP11 bool) (*state.TokenTransferLog, error) {
key := getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, index, isNEP11)
value, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
if err == storage.ErrKeyNotFound {
return new(state.TokenTransferLog), nil
}
return nil, err
}
return &state.TokenTransferLog{Raw: value}, nil
}
// PutTokenTransferLog saves given transfer log in the cache.
func (dao *Simple) PutTokenTransferLog(acc util.Uint160, index uint32, isNEP11 bool, lg *state.TokenTransferLog) error {
key := getTokenTransferLogKey(acc, index, isNEP11)
return dao.Store.Put(key, lg.Raw)
}
// -- end transfer log.
// -- start notification event.
// GetAppExecResults gets application execution results with the specified trigger from the
// given store.
func (dao *Simple) GetAppExecResults(hash util.Uint256, trig trigger.Type) ([]state.AppExecResult, error) {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.STNotification, hash.BytesBE())
aers, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(aers)
result := make([]state.AppExecResult, 0, 2)
for {
aer := new(state.AppExecResult)
aer.DecodeBinary(r)
if r.Err != nil {
if r.Err == iocore.EOF {
break
}
return nil, r.Err
}
if aer.Trigger&trig != 0 {
result = append(result, *aer)
}
}
return result, nil
}
// AppendAppExecResult appends given application execution result to the existing
// set of execution results for the corresponding hash. It can reuse given buffer
// for the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) AppendAppExecResult(aer *state.AppExecResult, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.STNotification, aer.Container.BytesBE())
aers, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil && err != storage.ErrKeyNotFound {
return err
}
if len(aers) == 0 {
return dao.PutAppExecResult(aer, buf)
}
if buf == nil {
buf = io.NewBufBinWriter()
}
aer.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
if buf.Err != nil {
return buf.Err
}
aers = append(aers, buf.Bytes()...)
return dao.Store.Put(key, aers)
}
// PutAppExecResult puts given application execution result into the
// given store. It can reuse given buffer for the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) PutAppExecResult(aer *state.AppExecResult, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.STNotification, aer.Container.BytesBE())
if buf == nil {
return dao.Put(aer, key)
}
return dao.putWithBuffer(aer, key, buf)
}
// -- end notification event.
// -- start storage item.
// GetStorageItem returns StorageItem if it exists in the given store.
func (dao *Simple) GetStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) state.StorageItem {
b, err := dao.Store.Get(makeStorageItemKey(id, key))
if err != nil {
return nil
}
return b
}
// PutStorageItem puts given StorageItem for given id with given
// key into the given store.
func (dao *Simple) PutStorageItem(id int32, key []byte, si state.StorageItem) error {
stKey := makeStorageItemKey(id, key)
return dao.Store.Put(stKey, si)
}
// DeleteStorageItem drops storage item for the given id with the
// given key from the store.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteStorageItem(id int32, key []byte) error {
stKey := makeStorageItemKey(id, key)
return dao.Store.Delete(stKey)
}
// GetStorageItems returns all storage items for a given id.
func (dao *Simple) GetStorageItems(id int32) ([]state.StorageItemWithKey, error) {
return dao.GetStorageItemsWithPrefix(id, nil)
}
// GetStorageItemsWithPrefix returns all storage items with given id for a
// given scripthash.
func (dao *Simple) GetStorageItemsWithPrefix(id int32, prefix []byte) ([]state.StorageItemWithKey, error) {
var siArr []state.StorageItemWithKey
saveToArr := func(k, v []byte) {
// Cut prefix and hash.
// #1468, but don't need to copy here, because it is done by Store.
siArr = append(siArr, state.StorageItemWithKey{
Key: k,
Item: state.StorageItem(v),
})
}
dao.Seek(id, prefix, saveToArr)
return siArr, nil
}
// Seek executes f for all items with a given prefix.
// If key is to be used outside of f, they may not be copied.
func (dao *Simple) Seek(id int32, prefix []byte, f func(k, v []byte)) {
lookupKey := makeStorageItemKey(id, nil)
if prefix != nil {
lookupKey = append(lookupKey, prefix...)
}
dao.Store.Seek(lookupKey, func(k, v []byte) {
f(k[len(lookupKey):], v)
})
}
// SeekAsync sends all storage items matching given prefix to a channel and returns
// the channel. Resulting keys and values may not be copied.
func (dao *Simple) SeekAsync(ctx context.Context, id int32, prefix []byte) chan storage.KeyValue {
lookupKey := makeStorageItemKey(id, nil)
if prefix != nil {
lookupKey = append(lookupKey, prefix...)
}
return dao.Store.SeekAsync(ctx, lookupKey, true)
}
// makeStorageItemKey returns a key used to store StorageItem in the DB.
func makeStorageItemKey(id int32, key []byte) []byte {
// 1 for prefix + 4 for Uint32 + len(key) for key
buf := make([]byte, 5+len(key))
buf[0] = byte(storage.STStorage)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf[1:], uint32(id))
copy(buf[5:], key)
return buf
}
// -- end storage item.
// -- other.
// GetBlock returns Block by the given hash if it exists in the store.
func (dao *Simple) GetBlock(hash util.Uint256) (*block.Block, error) {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.DataBlock, hash.BytesBE())
b, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
block, err := block.NewBlockFromTrimmedBytes(dao.stateRootInHeader, b)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return block, nil
}
// GetVersion attempts to get the current version stored in the
// underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetVersion() (string, error) {
version, err := dao.Store.Get(storage.SYSVersion.Bytes())
return string(version), err
}
// GetCurrentBlockHeight returns the current block height found in the
// underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error) {
b, err := dao.Store.Get(storage.SYSCurrentBlock.Bytes())
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[32:36]), nil
}
// GetCurrentHeaderHeight returns the current header height and hash from
// the underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetCurrentHeaderHeight() (i uint32, h util.Uint256, err error) {
var b []byte
b, err = dao.Store.Get(storage.SYSCurrentHeader.Bytes())
if err != nil {
return
}
i = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[32:36])
h, err = util.Uint256DecodeBytesLE(b[:32])
return
}
// GetStateSyncPoint returns current state synchronisation point P.
func (dao *Simple) GetStateSyncPoint() (uint32, error) {
b, err := dao.Store.Get(storage.SYSStateSyncPoint.Bytes())
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b), nil
}
// GetStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight returns current block height stored during state
// synchronisation process.
func (dao *Simple) GetStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight() (uint32, error) {
b, err := dao.Store.Get(storage.SYSStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight.Bytes())
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b), nil
}
// GetHeaderHashes returns a sorted list of header hashes retrieved from
// the given underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) GetHeaderHashes() ([]util.Uint256, error) {
hashMap := make(map[uint32][]util.Uint256)
dao.Store.Seek(storage.IXHeaderHashList.Bytes(), func(k, v []byte) {
storedCount := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(k[1:])
hashes, err := read2000Uint256Hashes(v)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
hashMap[storedCount] = hashes
})
var (
hashes = make([]util.Uint256, 0, len(hashMap))
sortedKeys = make([]uint32, 0, len(hashMap))
)
for k := range hashMap {
sortedKeys = append(sortedKeys, k)
}
sort.Slice(sortedKeys, func(i, j int) bool { return sortedKeys[i] < sortedKeys[j] })
for _, key := range sortedKeys {
hashes = append(hashes[:key], hashMap[key]...)
}
return hashes, nil
}
// GetTransaction returns Transaction and its height by the given hash
// if it exists in the store. It does not return dummy transactions.
func (dao *Simple) GetTransaction(hash util.Uint256) (*transaction.Transaction, uint32, error) {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.DataTransaction, hash.BytesBE())
b, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, 0, err
}
if len(b) < 5 {
return nil, 0, errors.New("bad transaction bytes")
}
if b[4] == transaction.DummyVersion {
return nil, 0, storage.ErrKeyNotFound
}
r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(b)
var height = r.ReadU32LE()
tx := &transaction.Transaction{}
tx.DecodeBinary(r)
if r.Err != nil {
return nil, 0, r.Err
}
return tx, height, nil
}
// PutVersion stores the given version in the underlying store.
func (dao *Simple) PutVersion(v string) error {
return dao.Store.Put(storage.SYSVersion.Bytes(), []byte(v))
}
// PutCurrentHeader stores current header.
func (dao *Simple) PutCurrentHeader(hashAndIndex []byte) error {
return dao.Store.Put(storage.SYSCurrentHeader.Bytes(), hashAndIndex)
}
// PutStateSyncPoint stores current state synchronisation point P.
func (dao *Simple) PutStateSyncPoint(p uint32) error {
buf := make([]byte, 4)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf, p)
return dao.Store.Put(storage.SYSStateSyncPoint.Bytes(), buf)
}
// PutStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight stores current block height during state synchronisation process.
func (dao *Simple) PutStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight(h uint32) error {
buf := make([]byte, 4)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf, h)
return dao.Store.Put(storage.SYSStateSyncCurrentBlockHeight.Bytes(), buf)
}
// read2000Uint256Hashes attempts to read 2000 Uint256 hashes from
// the given byte array.
func read2000Uint256Hashes(b []byte) ([]util.Uint256, error) {
r := bytes.NewReader(b)
br := io.NewBinReaderFromIO(r)
hashes := make([]util.Uint256, 0)
br.ReadArray(&hashes)
if br.Err != nil {
return nil, br.Err
}
return hashes, nil
}
// HasTransaction returns nil if the given store does not contain the given
// Transaction hash. It returns an error in case if transaction is in chain
// or in the list of conflicting transactions.
func (dao *Simple) HasTransaction(hash util.Uint256) error {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.DataTransaction, hash.BytesBE())
bytes, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return nil
}
if len(bytes) < 5 {
return nil
}
if bytes[4] == transaction.DummyVersion {
return ErrHasConflicts
}
return ErrAlreadyExists
}
// StoreAsBlock stores given block as DataBlock. It can reuse given buffer for
// the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsBlock(block *block.Block, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
var (
key = storage.AppendPrefix(storage.DataBlock, block.Hash().BytesBE())
)
if buf == nil {
buf = io.NewBufBinWriter()
}
b, err := block.Trim()
if err != nil {
return err
}
buf.WriteBytes(b)
if buf.Err != nil {
return buf.Err
}
return dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
}
// DeleteBlock removes block from dao.
func (dao *Simple) DeleteBlock(h util.Uint256, w *io.BufBinWriter) error {
batch := dao.Store.Batch()
key := make([]byte, util.Uint256Size+1)
key[0] = byte(storage.DataBlock)
copy(key[1:], h.BytesBE())
bs, err := dao.Store.Get(key)
if err != nil {
return err
}
b, err := block.NewBlockFromTrimmedBytes(dao.stateRootInHeader, bs)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if w == nil {
w = io.NewBufBinWriter()
}
b.Header.EncodeBinary(w.BinWriter)
w.BinWriter.WriteB(0)
if w.Err != nil {
return w.Err
}
batch.Put(key, w.Bytes())
key[0] = byte(storage.DataTransaction)
for _, tx := range b.Transactions {
copy(key[1:], tx.Hash().BytesBE())
batch.Delete(key)
if dao.p2pSigExtensions {
for _, attr := range tx.GetAttributes(transaction.ConflictsT) {
hash := attr.Value.(*transaction.Conflicts).Hash
copy(key[1:], hash.BytesBE())
batch.Delete(key)
}
}
key[0] = byte(storage.STNotification)
batch.Delete(key)
}
key[0] = byte(storage.STNotification)
copy(key[1:], h.BytesBE())
batch.Delete(key)
return dao.Store.PutBatch(batch)
}
// StoreAsCurrentBlock stores a hash of the given block with prefix
// SYSCurrentBlock. It can reuse given buffer for the purpose of value
// serialization.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsCurrentBlock(block *block.Block, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
if buf == nil {
buf = io.NewBufBinWriter()
}
h := block.Hash()
h.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
buf.WriteU32LE(block.Index)
return dao.Store.Put(storage.SYSCurrentBlock.Bytes(), buf.Bytes())
}
// StoreAsTransaction stores given TX as DataTransaction. It also stores transactions
// given tx has conflicts with as DataTransaction with dummy version. It can reuse given
// buffer for the purpose of value serialization.
func (dao *Simple) StoreAsTransaction(tx *transaction.Transaction, index uint32, buf *io.BufBinWriter) error {
key := storage.AppendPrefix(storage.DataTransaction, tx.Hash().BytesBE())
if buf == nil {
buf = io.NewBufBinWriter()
}
buf.WriteU32LE(index)
tx.EncodeBinary(buf.BinWriter)
if buf.Err != nil {
return buf.Err
}
err := dao.Store.Put(key, buf.Bytes())
if err != nil {
return err
}
if dao.p2pSigExtensions {
var value []byte
for _, attr := range tx.GetAttributes(transaction.ConflictsT) {
hash := attr.Value.(*transaction.Conflicts).Hash
copy(key[1:], hash.BytesBE())
if value == nil {
buf.Reset()
buf.WriteU32LE(index)
buf.BinWriter.WriteB(transaction.DummyVersion)
value = buf.Bytes()
}
err = dao.Store.Put(key, value)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to store conflicting transaction %s for transaction %s: %w", hash.StringLE(), tx.Hash().StringLE(), err)
}
}
}
return nil
}
// Persist flushes all the changes made into the (supposedly) persistent
// underlying store. It doesn't block accesses to DAO from other threads.
func (dao *Simple) Persist() (int, error) {
return dao.Store.Persist()
}
// PersistSync flushes all the changes made into the (supposedly) persistent
// underlying store. It's a synchronous version of Persist that doesn't allow
// other threads to work with DAO while flushing the Store.
func (dao *Simple) PersistSync() (int, error) {
return dao.Store.PersistSync()
}
// GetMPTBatch storage changes to be applied to MPT.
func (dao *Simple) GetMPTBatch() mpt.Batch {
var b mpt.Batch
dao.Store.MemoryStore.SeekAll([]byte{byte(storage.STStorage)}, func(k, v []byte) {
b.Add(k[1:], v)
})
return b
}