Merge pull request #752 from smallstep/errors-bad-request

Bad request errors

api/api.go

@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ func certChainToPEM(certChain []*x509.Certificate) []Certificate {
 func (h *caHandler) Provisioners(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	cursor, limit, err := ParseCursor(r)
 	if err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ func ParseCursor(r *http.Request) (cursor string, limit int, err error) {
 	if v := q.Get("limit"); len(v) > 0 {
 		limit, err = strconv.Atoi(v)
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", 0, errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting %s to integer", v)
+			return "", 0, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "limit '%s' is not an integer", v)
 		}
 	}
 	return

api/api_test.go

@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Provisioners(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	expectedError400 := errs.BadRequest("force")
+	expectedError400 := errs.BadRequest("limit 'abc' is not an integer")
 	expectedError400Bytes, err := json.Marshal(expectedError400)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 	expectedError500 := errs.InternalServer("force")

api/rekey.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func (s *RekeyRequest) Validate() error {
 		return errs.BadRequest("missing csr")
 	}
 	if err := s.CsrPEM.CertificateRequest.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
-		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "invalid csr")
+		return errs.BadRequestErr(err, "invalid csr")
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -26,15 +26,14 @@ func (s *RekeyRequest) Validate() error {
 
 // Rekey is similar to renew except that the certificate will be renewed with new key from csr.
 func (h *caHandler) Rekey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-
 	if r.TLS == nil || len(r.TLS.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing peer certificate"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing client certificate"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	var body RekeyRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 

api/renew.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 // new one.
 func (h *caHandler) Renew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if r.TLS == nil || len(r.TLS.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing peer certificate"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing client certificate"))
 		return
 	}
 

api/revoke.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (r *RevokeRequest) Validate() (err error) {
 func (h *caHandler) Revoke(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body RevokeRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@ func (h *caHandler) Revoke(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		// the client certificate Serial Number must match the serial number
 		// being revoked.
 		if r.TLS == nil || len(r.TLS.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
-			WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing ott or peer certificate"))
+			WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("missing ott or client certificate"))
 			return
 		}
 		opts.Crt = r.TLS.PeerCertificates[0]
 		if opts.Crt.SerialNumber.String() != opts.Serial {
-			WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("revoke: serial number in mtls certificate different than body"))
+			WriteError(w, errs.BadRequest("serial number in client certificate different than body"))
 			return
 		}
 		// TODO: should probably be checking if the certificate was revoked here.

api/sign.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func (s *SignRequest) Validate() error {
 		return errs.BadRequest("missing csr")
 	}
 	if err := s.CsrPEM.CertificateRequest.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
-		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "invalid csr")
+		return errs.BadRequestErr(err, "invalid csr")
 	}
 	if s.OTT == "" {
 		return errs.BadRequest("missing ott")
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ type SignResponse struct {
 func (h *caHandler) Sign(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SignRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 

api/ssh.go

@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ type SSHSignRequest struct {
 func (s *SSHSignRequest) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case s.CertType != "" && s.CertType != provisioner.SSHUserCert && s.CertType != provisioner.SSHHostCert:
-		return errors.Errorf("unknown certType %s", s.CertType)
+		return errs.BadRequest("invalid certType '%s'", s.CertType)
 	case len(s.PublicKey) == 0:
-		return errors.New("missing or empty publicKey")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty publicKey")
 	case s.OTT == "":
-		return errors.New("missing or empty ott")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty ott")
 	default:
 		// Validate identity signature if provided
 		if s.IdentityCSR.CertificateRequest != nil {
 			if err := s.IdentityCSR.CertificateRequest.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
-				return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid identityCSR")
+				return errs.BadRequestErr(err, "invalid identityCSR")
 			}
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func (r *SSHConfigRequest) Validate() error {
 	case provisioner.SSHUserCert, provisioner.SSHHostCert:
 		return nil
 	default:
-		return errors.Errorf("unsupported type %s", r.Type)
+		return errs.BadRequest("invalid type '%s'", r.Type)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ type SSHCheckPrincipalRequest struct {
 func (r *SSHCheckPrincipalRequest) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case r.Type != provisioner.SSHHostCert:
-		return errors.Errorf("unsupported type %s", r.Type)
+		return errs.BadRequest("unsupported type '%s'", r.Type)
 	case r.Principal == "":
-		return errors.New("missing or empty principal")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty principal")
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ type SSHBastionRequest struct {
 // Validate checks the values of the SSHBastionRequest.
 func (r *SSHBastionRequest) Validate() error {
 	if r.Hostname == "" {
-		return errors.New("missing or empty hostname")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty hostname")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -250,19 +250,19 @@ type SSHBastionResponse struct {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHSign(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHSignRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	logOtt(w, body.OTT)
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	publicKey, err := ssh.ParsePublicKey(body.PublicKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error parsing publicKey"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error parsing publicKey"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHSign(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if body.AddUserPublicKey != nil {
 		addUserPublicKey, err = ssh.ParsePublicKey(body.AddUserPublicKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error parsing addUserPublicKey"))
+			WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error parsing addUserPublicKey"))
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -394,11 +394,11 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHFederation(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHConfig(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHConfigRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -426,11 +426,11 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHConfig(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHCheckHost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHCheckPrincipalRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -465,11 +465,11 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHGetHosts(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHBastion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHBastionRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 

api/sshRekey.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
@@ -20,9 +19,9 @@ type SSHRekeyRequest struct {
 func (s *SSHRekeyRequest) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case s.OTT == "":
-		return errors.New("missing or empty ott")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty ott")
 	case len(s.PublicKey) == 0:
-		return errors.New("missing or empty public key")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty public key")
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -40,19 +39,19 @@ type SSHRekeyResponse struct {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHRekey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHRekeyRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	logOtt(w, body.OTT)
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	publicKey, err := ssh.ParsePublicKey(body.PublicKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error parsing publicKey"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error parsing publicKey"))
 		return
 	}
 

api/sshRenew.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type SSHRenewRequest struct {
 func (s *SSHRenewRequest) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case s.OTT == "":
-		return errors.New("missing or empty ott")
+		return errs.BadRequest("missing or empty ott")
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ type SSHRenewResponse struct {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHRenew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHRenewRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	logOtt(w, body.OTT)
 	if err := body.Validate(); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err))
+		WriteError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
 

api/sshRevoke.go

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func (r *SSHRevokeRequest) Validate() (err error) {
 func (h *caHandler) SSHRevoke(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var body SSHRevokeRequest
 	if err := ReadJSON(r.Body, &body); err != nil {
-		WriteError(w, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body"))
+		WriteError(w, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body"))
 		return
 	}
 

api/utils.go

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func ProtoJSONStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, m proto.Message, status int) {
 // pointed by v.
 func ReadJSON(r io.Reader, v interface{}) error {
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(v); err != nil {
-		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error decoding json")
+		return errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error decoding json")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func ReadJSON(r io.Reader, v interface{}) error {
 func ReadProtoJSON(r io.Reader, m proto.Message) error {
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body")
+		return errs.BadRequestErr(err, "error reading request body")
 	}
 	return protojson.Unmarshal(data, m)
 }

authority/provisioner/jwk.go

@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	// Use options in the token.
 	if opts.CertType != "" {
 		if certType, err = sshutil.CertTypeFromString(opts.CertType); err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "jwk.AuthorizeSSHSign")
+			return nil, errs.BadRequestErr(err, err.Error())
 		}
 	}
 	if opts.KeyID != "" {

authority/provisioner/sign_options.go

@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
 	"encoding/asn1"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"reflect"
 	"time"
@@ -372,17 +370,6 @@ func newValidityValidator(min, max time.Duration) *validityValidator {
 	return &validityValidator{min: min, max: max}
 }
 
-// TODO(mariano): refactor errs package to allow sending real errors to the
-// user.
-func badRequest(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
-	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
-	return &errs.Error{
-		Status: http.StatusBadRequest,
-		Msg:    msg,
-		Err:    errors.New(msg),
-	}
-}
-
 // Valid validates the certificate validity settings (notBefore/notAfter) and
 // total duration.
 func (v *validityValidator) Valid(cert *x509.Certificate, o SignOptions) error {
@@ -395,20 +382,20 @@ func (v *validityValidator) Valid(cert *x509.Certificate, o SignOptions) error {
 	d := na.Sub(nb)
 
 	if na.Before(now) {
-		return badRequest("notAfter cannot be in the past; na=%v", na)
+		return errs.BadRequest("notAfter cannot be in the past; na=%v", na)
 	}
 	if na.Before(nb) {
-		return badRequest("notAfter cannot be before notBefore; na=%v, nb=%v", na, nb)
+		return errs.BadRequest("notAfter cannot be before notBefore; na=%v, nb=%v", na, nb)
 	}
 	if d < v.min {
-		return badRequest("requested duration of %v is less than the authorized minimum certificate duration of %v", d, v.min)
+		return errs.BadRequest("requested duration of %v is less than the authorized minimum certificate duration of %v", d, v.min)
 	}
 	// NOTE: this check is not "technically correct". We're allowing the max
 	// duration of a cert to be "max + backdate" and not all certificates will
 	// be backdated (e.g. if a user passes the NotBefore value then we do not
 	// apply a backdate). This is good enough.
 	if d > v.max+o.Backdate {
-		return badRequest("requested duration of %v is more than the authorized maximum certificate duration of %v", d, v.max+o.Backdate)
+		return errs.BadRequest("requested duration of %v is more than the authorized maximum certificate duration of %v", d, v.max+o.Backdate)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ type SignSSHOptions struct {
 // Validate validates the given SignSSHOptions.
 func (o SignSSHOptions) Validate() error {
 	if o.CertType != "" && o.CertType != SSHUserCert && o.CertType != SSHHostCert {
-		return errors.Errorf("unknown certType %s", o.CertType)
+		return errs.BadRequest("unknown certificate type '%s'", o.CertType)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -335,11 +336,11 @@ type sshCertValidityValidator struct {
 func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOptions) error {
 	switch {
 	case cert.ValidAfter == 0:
-		return badRequest("ssh certificate validAfter cannot be 0")
+		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate validAfter cannot be 0")
 	case cert.ValidBefore < uint64(now().Unix()):
-		return badRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be in the past")
+		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be in the past")
 	case cert.ValidBefore < cert.ValidAfter:
-		return badRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be before validAfter")
+		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be before validAfter")
 	}
 
 	var min, max time.Duration
@@ -351,9 +352,9 @@ func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOpti
 		min = v.MinHostSSHCertDuration()
 		max = v.MaxHostSSHCertDuration()
 	case 0:
-		return badRequest("ssh certificate type has not been set")
+		return errs.BadRequest("ssh certificate type has not been set")
 	default:
-		return badRequest("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
+		return errs.BadRequest("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
 	}
 
 	// To not take into account the backdate, time.Now() will be used to
@@ -362,9 +363,9 @@ func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOpti
 
 	switch {
 	case dur < min:
-		return badRequest("requested duration of %s is less than minimum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, min)
+		return errs.BadRequest("requested duration of %s is less than minimum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, min)
 	case dur > max+opts.Backdate:
-		return badRequest("requested duration of %s is greater than maximum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, max+opts.Backdate)
+		return errs.BadRequest("requested duration of %s is greater than maximum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, max+opts.Backdate)
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}

authority/provisioner/sshpop.go

@@ -191,8 +191,7 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRevoke")
 	}
 	if claims.Subject != strconv.FormatUint(claims.sshCert.Serial, 10) {
-		return errs.BadRequest("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRevoke; sshpop token subject " +
-			"must be equivalent to sshpop certificate serial number")
+		return errs.BadRequest("sshpop token subject must be equivalent to sshpop certificate serial number")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRenew(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Cert
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRenew")
 	}
 	if claims.sshCert.CertType != ssh.HostCert {
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRenew; sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate")
 	}
 
 	return claims.sshCert, nil
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Cert
 		return nil, nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRekey")
 	}
 	if claims.sshCert.CertType != ssh.HostCert {
-		return nil, nil, errs.BadRequest("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRekey; sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate")
+		return nil, nil, errs.BadRequest("sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate")
 	}
 	return claims.sshCert, []SignOption{
 		// Validate public key

authority/provisioner/sshpop_test.go

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRevoke(t *testing.T) {
 				p:     p,
 				token: tok,
 				code:  http.StatusBadRequest,
-				err:   errors.New("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRevoke; sshpop token subject must be equivalent to sshpop certificate serial number"),
+				err:   errors.New("sshpop token subject must be equivalent to sshpop certificate serial number"),
 			}
 		},
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRenew(t *testing.T) {
 				p:     p,
 				token: tok,
 				code:  http.StatusBadRequest,
-				err:   errors.New("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRenew; sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate"),
+				err:   errors.New("sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate"),
 			}
 		},
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRekey(t *testing.T) {
 				p:     p,
 				token: tok,
 				code:  http.StatusBadRequest,
-				err:   errors.New("sshpop.AuthorizeSSHRekey; sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate"),
+				err:   errors.New("sshpop certificate must be a host ssh certificate"),
 			}
 		},
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {

authority/provisioner/x5c.go

@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	// Use options in the token.
 	if opts.CertType != "" {
 		if certType, err = sshutil.CertTypeFromString(opts.CertType); err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "x5c.AuthorizeSSHSign")
+			return nil, errs.BadRequestErr(err, err.Error())
 		}
 	}
 	if opts.KeyID != "" {

authority/ssh.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (a *Authority) GetSSHConfig(ctx context.Context, typ string, data map[strin
 			ts = a.templates.SSH.Host
 		}
 	default:
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("getSSHConfig: type %s is not valid", typ)
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("invalid certificate type '%s'", typ)
 	}
 
 	// Merge user and default data
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (a *Authority) GetSSHConfig(ctx context.Context, typ string, data map[strin
 
 		// Check for required variables.
 		if err := t.ValidateRequiredData(data); err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.BadRequestErr(err, errs.WithMessage("%v, please use `--set <key=value>` flag", err))
+			return nil, errs.BadRequestErr(err, "%v, please use `--set <key=value>` flag", err)
 		}
 
 		o, err := t.Output(mergedData)
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 
 	// Validate given options.
 	if err := opts.Validate(); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "authority.SignSSH")
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	// Set backdate with the configured value
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 	certificate, err := sshutil.NewCertificate(cr, certOptions...)
 	if err != nil {
 		if _, ok := err.(*sshutil.TemplateError); ok {
-			return nil, errs.NewErr(http.StatusBadRequest, err,
-				errs.WithMessage(err.Error()),
+			return nil, errs.ApplyOptions(
+				errs.BadRequestErr(err, err.Error()),
 				errs.WithKeyVal("signOptions", signOpts),
 			)
 		}
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 	// Use SignSSHOptions to modify the certificate validity. It will be later
 	// checked or set if not defined.
 	if err := opts.ModifyValidity(certTpl); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "authority.SignSSH")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequestErr(err, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	// Use provisioner modifiers.
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 // RenewSSH creates a signed SSH certificate using the old SSH certificate as a template.
 func (a *Authority) RenewSSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	if oldCert.ValidAfter == 0 || oldCert.ValidBefore == 0 {
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("renewSSH: cannot renew certificate without validity period")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("cannot renew a certificate without validity period")
 	}
 
 	if err := a.authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx, oldCert); err != nil {
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ func (a *Authority) RekeySSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate, pub
 	}
 
 	if oldCert.ValidAfter == 0 || oldCert.ValidBefore == 0 {
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("rekeySSH; cannot rekey certificate without validity period")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("cannot rekey a certificate without validity period")
 	}
 
 	if err := a.authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx, oldCert); err != nil {
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ func (a *Authority) RekeySSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate, pub
 		}
 		signer = a.sshCAHostCertSignKey
 	default:
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("rekeySSH; unexpected ssh certificate type: %d", cert.CertType)
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("unexpected certificate type '%d'", cert.CertType)
 	}
 
 	var err error

authority/ssh_test.go

@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 				cert:       &ssh.Certificate{},
 				key:        pub,
 				signOpts:   []provisioner.SignOption{},
-				err:        errors.New("rekeySSH; cannot rekey certificate without validity period"),
+				err:        errors.New("cannot rekey a certificate without validity period"),
 				code:       http.StatusBadRequest,
 			}
 		},
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 				cert:       &ssh.Certificate{ValidAfter: uint64(now.Unix())},
 				key:        pub,
 				signOpts:   []provisioner.SignOption{},
-				err:        errors.New("rekeySSH; cannot rekey certificate without validity period"),
+				err:        errors.New("cannot rekey a certificate without validity period"),
 				code:       http.StatusBadRequest,
 			}
 		},
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 				cert:       &ssh.Certificate{ValidAfter: uint64(now.Unix()), ValidBefore: uint64(now.Add(10 * time.Minute).Unix()), CertType: 0},
 				key:        pub,
 				signOpts:   []provisioner.SignOption{},
-				err:        errors.New("rekeySSH; unexpected ssh certificate type: 0"),
+				err:        errors.New("unexpected certificate type '0'"),
 				code:       http.StatusBadRequest,
 			}
 		},

authority/tls.go

@@ -76,7 +76,10 @@ func (a *Authority) Sign(csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.Sign
 
 	opts := []interface{}{errs.WithKeyVal("csr", csr), errs.WithKeyVal("signOptions", signOpts)}
 	if err := csr.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "authority.Sign; invalid certificate request", opts...)
+		return nil, errs.ApplyOptions(
+			errs.BadRequestErr(err, "invalid certificate request"),
+			opts...,
+		)
 	}
 
 	// Set backdate with the configured value
@@ -114,8 +117,8 @@ func (a *Authority) Sign(csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.Sign
 	cert, err := x509util.NewCertificate(csr, certOptions...)
 	if err != nil {
 		if _, ok := err.(*x509util.TemplateError); ok {
-			return nil, errs.NewErr(http.StatusBadRequest, err,
-				errs.WithMessage(err.Error()),
+			return nil, errs.ApplyOptions(
+				errs.BadRequestErr(err, err.Error()),
 				errs.WithKeyVal("csr", csr),
 				errs.WithKeyVal("signOptions", signOpts),
 			)
@@ -433,8 +436,10 @@ func (a *Authority) Revoke(ctx context.Context, revokeOpts *RevokeOptions) error
 	case db.ErrNotImplemented:
 		return errs.NotImplemented("authority.Revoke; no persistence layer configured", opts...)
 	case db.ErrAlreadyExists:
-		return errs.BadRequest("authority.Revoke; certificate with serial "+
-			"number %s has already been revoked", append([]interface{}{rci.Serial}, opts...)...)
+		return errs.ApplyOptions(
+			errs.BadRequest("certificate with serial number '%s' is already revoked", rci.Serial),
+			opts...,
+		)
 	default:
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "authority.Revoke", opts...)
 	}

authority/tls_test.go

@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestAuthority_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 				csr:       csr,
 				extraOpts: extraOpts,
 				signOpts:  signOpts,
-				err:       errors.New("authority.Sign; invalid certificate request"),
+				err:       errors.New("invalid certificate request"),
 				code:      http.StatusBadRequest,
 			}
 		},
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ func TestAuthority_Revoke(t *testing.T) {
 					Reason:     reason,
 					OTT:        raw,
 				},
-				err:  errors.New("authority.Revoke; certificate with serial number sn has already been revoked"),
+				err:  errors.New("certificate with serial number 'sn' is already revoked"),
 				code: http.StatusBadRequest,
 				checkErrDetails: func(err *errs.Error) {
 					assert.Equals(t, err.Details["token"], raw)

ca/ca_test.go

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func TestCASign(t *testing.T) {
 				ca:     ca,
 				body:   "invalid json",
 				status: http.StatusBadRequest,
-				errMsg: errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg,
+				errMsg: errs.BadRequestPrefix,
 			}
 		},
 		"fail invalid-csr-sig": func(t *testing.T) *signTest {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ ZEp7knvU2psWRw==
 				ca:     ca,
 				body:   string(body),
 				status: http.StatusBadRequest,
-				errMsg: errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg,
+				errMsg: errs.BadRequestPrefix,
 			}
 		},
 		"fail unauthorized-ott": func(t *testing.T) *signTest {
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ func TestCARenew(t *testing.T) {
 				ca:           ca,
 				tlsConnState: nil,
 				status:       http.StatusBadRequest,
-				errMsg:       errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg,
+				errMsg:       errs.BadRequestPrefix,
 			}
 		},
 		"request-missing-peer-certificate": func(t *testing.T) *renewTest {
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ func TestCARenew(t *testing.T) {
 				ca:           ca,
 				tlsConnState: &tls.ConnectionState{PeerCertificates: []*x509.Certificate{}},
 				status:       http.StatusBadRequest,
-				errMsg:       errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg,
+				errMsg:       errs.BadRequestPrefix,
 			}
 		},
 		"success": func(t *testing.T) *renewTest {

ca/client.go

@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ retry:
 	// verify the sha256
 	sum := sha256.Sum256(root.RootPEM.Raw)
 	if !strings.EqualFold(sha256Sum, strings.ToLower(hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]))) {
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("client.Root; root certificate SHA256 fingerprint do not match")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("root certificate fingerprint does not match")
 	}
 	return &root, nil
 }
@@ -1108,8 +1108,7 @@ retry:
 			retried = true
 			goto retry
 		}
-
-		return nil, errs.StatusCodeError(resp.StatusCode, readError(resp.Body))
+		return nil, readError(resp.Body)
 	}
 	var check api.SSHCheckPrincipalResponse
 	if err := readJSON(resp.Body, &check); err != nil {

ca/client_test.go

@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ func TestClient_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", request, ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"unauthorized", request, errs.Unauthorized("force"), 401, true, errors.New(errs.UnauthorizedDefaultMsg)},
-		{"empty request", &api.SignRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
-		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"empty request", &api.SignRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix + "force.")},
+		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix + "force.")},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func TestClient_Revoke(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", request, ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"unauthorized", request, errs.Unauthorized("force"), 401, true, errors.New(errs.UnauthorizedDefaultMsg)},
-		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ func TestClient_Revoke(t *testing.T) {
 				if got != nil {
 					t.Errorf("Client.Revoke() = %v, want nil", got)
 				}
-				assert.HasPrefix(t, tt.expectedErr.Error(), err.Error())
+				assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.expectedErr.Error())
 			default:
 				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.response) {
 					t.Errorf("Client.Revoke() = %v, want %v", got, tt.response)
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ func TestClient_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"unauthorized", errs.Unauthorized("force"), 401, true, errors.New(errs.UnauthorizedDefaultMsg)},
-		{"empty request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
-		{"nil request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"empty request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
+		{"nil request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ func TestClient_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 				sc, ok := err.(errs.StatusCoder)
 				assert.Fatal(t, ok, "error does not implement StatusCoder interface")
 				assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tt.responseCode)
-				assert.HasPrefix(t, tt.err.Error(), err.Error())
+				assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.err.Error())
 			default:
 				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.response) {
 					t.Errorf("Client.Renew() = %v, want %v", got, tt.response)
@@ -553,8 +553,8 @@ func TestClient_Rekey(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", request, ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"unauthorized", request, errs.Unauthorized("force"), 401, true, errors.New(errs.UnauthorizedDefaultMsg)},
-		{"empty request", &api.RekeyRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
-		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"empty request", &api.RekeyRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
+		{"nil request", nil, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ func TestClient_Rekey(t *testing.T) {
 				sc, ok := err.(errs.StatusCoder)
 				assert.Fatal(t, ok, "error does not implement StatusCoder interface")
 				assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tt.responseCode)
-				assert.HasPrefix(t, tt.err.Error(), err.Error())
+				assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.err.Error())
 			default:
 				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.response) {
 					t.Errorf("Client.Renew() = %v, want %v", got, tt.response)
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ func TestClient_Roots(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"unauthorized", errs.Unauthorized("force"), 401, true, errors.New(errs.UnauthorizedDefaultMsg)},
-		{"bad-request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"bad-request", errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ func TestClient_Roots(t *testing.T) {
 				sc, ok := err.(errs.StatusCoder)
 				assert.Fatal(t, ok, "error does not implement StatusCoder interface")
 				assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tt.responseCode)
-				assert.HasPrefix(t, tt.err.Error(), err.Error())
+				assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.err.Error())
 			default:
 				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.response) {
 					t.Errorf("Client.Roots() = %v, want %v", got, tt.response)
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ func TestClient_SSHBastion(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", &api.SSHBastionRequest{Hostname: "host.local"}, ok, 200, false, nil},
 		{"bad-response", &api.SSHBastionRequest{Hostname: "host.local"}, "bad json", 200, true, nil},
-		{"bad-request", &api.SSHBastionRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestDefaultMsg)},
+		{"bad-request", &api.SSHBastionRequest{}, errs.BadRequest("force"), 400, true, errors.New(errs.BadRequestPrefix)},
 	}
 
 	srv := httptest.NewServer(nil)
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ func TestClient_SSHBastion(t *testing.T) {
 					sc, ok := err.(errs.StatusCoder)
 					assert.Fatal(t, ok, "error does not implement StatusCoder interface")
 					assert.Equals(t, sc.StatusCode(), tt.responseCode)
-					assert.HasPrefix(t, tt.err.Error(), err.Error())
+					assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.err.Error())
 				}
 			default:
 				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.response) {

errs/error.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type Option func(e *Error) error
 // message only if it is empty.
 func withDefaultMessage(format string, args ...interface{}) Option {
 	return func(e *Error) error {
-		if len(e.Msg) > 0 {
+		if e.Msg != "" {
 			return e
 		}
 		e.Msg = fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
@@ -164,7 +164,8 @@ type Messenger interface {
 func StatusCodeError(code int, e error, opts ...Option) error {
 	switch code {
 	case http.StatusBadRequest:
-		return BadRequestErr(e, opts...)
+		opts = append(opts, withDefaultMessage(BadRequestDefaultMsg))
+		return NewErr(http.StatusBadRequest, e, opts...)
 	case http.StatusUnauthorized:
 		return UnauthorizedErr(e, opts...)
 	case http.StatusForbidden:
@@ -194,6 +195,21 @@ var (
 	NotImplementedDefaultMsg = "The requested method is not implemented by the certificate authority. " + seeLogs
 )
 
+var (
+	// BadRequestPrefix is the prefix added to the bad request messages that are
+	// directly sent to the cli.
+	BadRequestPrefix = "The request could not be completed: "
+)
+
+func formatMessage(status int, msg string) string {
+	switch status {
+	case http.StatusBadRequest:
+		return BadRequestPrefix + msg + "."
+	default:
+		return msg
+	}
+}
+
 // splitOptionArgs splits the variadic length args into string formatting args
 // and Option(s) to apply to an Error.
 func splitOptionArgs(args []interface{}) ([]interface{}, []Option) {
@@ -218,6 +234,32 @@ func splitOptionArgs(args []interface{}) ([]interface{}, []Option) {
 	return args[:indexOptionStart], opts
 }
 
+// New creates a new http error with the given status and message.
+func New(status int, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	return &Error{
+		Status: status,
+		Msg:    formatMessage(status, msg),
+		Err:    errors.New(msg),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewError creates a new http error with the given error and message.
+func NewError(status int, err error, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	if _, ok := err.(*Error); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	if _, ok := err.(StackTracer); !ok {
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, msg)
+	}
+	return &Error{
+		Status: status,
+		Msg:    formatMessage(status, msg),
+		Err:    err,
+	}
+}
+
 // NewErr returns a new Error. If the given error implements the StatusCoder
 // interface we will ignore the given status.
 func NewErr(status int, err error, opts ...Option) error {
@@ -254,6 +296,18 @@ func Errorf(code int, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
 	return e
 }
 
+// ApplyOptions applies the given options to the error if is the type *Error.
+// TODO(mariano): try to get rid of this.
+func ApplyOptions(err error, opts ...interface{}) error {
+	if e, ok := err.(*Error); ok {
+		_, o := splitOptionArgs(opts)
+		for _, fn := range o {
+			fn(e)
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 // InternalServer creates a 500 error with the given format and arguments.
 func InternalServer(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
 	args = append(args, withDefaultMessage(InternalServerErrorDefaultMsg))
@@ -280,14 +334,12 @@ func NotImplementedErr(err error, opts ...Option) error {
 
 // BadRequest creates a 400 error with the given format and arguments.
 func BadRequest(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
-	args = append(args, withDefaultMessage(BadRequestDefaultMsg))
-	return Errorf(http.StatusBadRequest, format, args...)
+	return New(http.StatusBadRequest, format, args...)
 }
 
 // BadRequestErr returns an 400 error with the given error.
-func BadRequestErr(err error, opts ...Option) error {
-	opts = append(opts, withDefaultMessage(BadRequestDefaultMsg))
-	return NewErr(http.StatusBadRequest, err, opts...)
+func BadRequestErr(err error, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return NewError(http.StatusBadRequest, err, format, args...)
 }
 
 // Unauthorized creates a 401 error with the given format and arguments.