Merge branch 'master' into hs/acme-eab

2021-08-27 12:50:19 +02:00 · 2021-08-27 12:50:19 +02:00 · a98fe03e80
commit a98fe03e80
parent 1dba8698e3 9e7a3cd897
50 changed files with 2790 additions and 739 deletions
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -18,7 +18,14 @@ You can use it to:

 Whatever your use case, `step-ca` is easy to use and hard to misuse, thanks to [safe, sane defaults](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/certificate-authority-server-production#sane-cryptographic-defaults).

-**Questions? Find us in [Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions).**
+---
+
+**Don't want to run your own CA?**
+To get up and running quickly, or as an alternative to running your own `step-ca` server, consider creating a [free hosted smallstep Certificate Manager authority](https://info.smallstep.com/certificate-manager-early-access-mvp/).
+
+---
+
+**Questions? Find us in [Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions) or [Join our Discord](https://bit.ly/step-discord).**

 [Website](https://smallstep.com/certificates) |
 [Documentation](https://smallstep.com/docs) |
@ -27,7 +34,6 @@ Whatever your use case, `step-ca` is easy to use and hard to misuse, thanks to [
 [Contributor's Guide](./docs/CONTRIBUTING.md)

 [![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/smallstep/certificates.svg)](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/releases/latest)
-[![CA Image](https://images.microbadger.com/badges/image/smallstep/step-ca.svg)](https://microbadger.com/images/smallstep/step-ca)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/smallstep/certificates)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/smallstep/certificates)
 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.com/smallstep/certificates.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.com/smallstep/certificates)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)
@ -58,10 +64,10 @@ You can issue certificates in exchange for:
  - ID tokens from Okta, GSuite, Azure AD, Auth0.
  - ID tokens from an OAuth OIDC service that you host, like [Keycloak](https://www.keycloak.org/) or [Dex](https://github.com/dexidp/dex)
 - [Cloud instance identity documents](https://smallstep.com/blog/embarrassingly-easy-certificates-on-aws-azure-gcp/), for VMs on AWS, GCP, and Azure
- [Single-use, short-lived JWK tokens]() issued by your CD tool — Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Terraform, etc.
+- [Single-use, short-lived JWK tokens](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/provisioners#jwk) issued by your CD tool — Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Terraform, etc.
 - A trusted X.509 certificate (X5C provisioner)
 - Expiring SSH host certificates needing rotation (the SSHPOP provisioner)
- Learn more in our [provisioner documentation](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/configuration#jwk)
+- Learn more in our [provisioner documentation](https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/provisioners)

 ### 🏔 Your own private ACME server

--- a/acme/api/handler.go
+++ b/acme/api/handler.go
@ -64,8 +64,14 @@ type HandlerOptions struct {

 // NewHandler returns a new ACME API handler.
 func NewHandler(ops HandlerOptions) api.RouterHandler {
+	transport := &http.Transport{
+		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
+			InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+		},
+	}
 	client := http.Client{
-		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+		Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+		Transport: transport,
 	}
 	dialer := &net.Dialer{
 		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
--- a/acme/challenge.go
+++ b/acme/challenge.go
@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@ -114,6 +116,17 @@ func http01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWeb
 	return nil
 }

+func tlsAlert(err error) uint8 {
+	var opErr *net.OpError
+	if errors.As(err, &opErr) {
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(opErr.Err)
+		if v.Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
+			return uint8(v.Uint())
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 func tlsalpn01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, vo *ValidateChallengeOptions) error {
 	config := &tls.Config{
 		NextProtos: []string{"acme-tls/1"},
@ -129,6 +142,14 @@ func tlsalpn01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSON

 	conn, err := vo.TLSDial("tcp", hostPort, config)
 	if err != nil {
+		// With Go 1.17+ tls.Dial fails if there's no overlap between configured
+		// client and server protocols. When this happens the connection is
+		// closed with the error no_application_protocol(120) as required by
+		// RFC7301. See https://golang.org/doc/go1.17#ALPN
+		if tlsAlert(err) == 120 {
+			return storeError(ctx, db, ch, true, NewError(ErrorRejectedIdentifierType,
+				"cannot negotiate ALPN acme-tls/1 protocol for tls-alpn-01 challenge"))
+		}
 		return storeError(ctx, db, ch, false, WrapError(ErrorConnectionType, err,
 			"error doing TLS dial for %s", hostPort))
 	}
--- a/acme/challenge_test.go
+++ b/acme/challenge_test.go
@ -1395,7 +1395,7 @@ func TestTLSALPN01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 						assert.Equals(t, updch.Type, ch.Type)
 						assert.Equals(t, updch.Value, ch.Value)

-						err := NewError(ErrorConnectionType, "error doing TLS dial for %v:443: tls: DialWithDialer timed out", ch.Value)
+						err := NewError(ErrorConnectionType, "error doing TLS dial for %v:443:", ch.Value)

 						assert.HasPrefix(t, updch.Error.Err.Error(), err.Err.Error())
 						assert.Equals(t, updch.Error.Type, err.Type)
--- a/acme/db/nosql/order.go
+++ b/acme/db/nosql/order.go
@ -124,10 +124,8 @@ func (db *DB) updateAddOrderIDs(ctx context.Context, accID string, addOids ...st
 	ordersByAccountMux.Lock()
 	defer ordersByAccountMux.Unlock()

+	var oldOids []string
 	b, err := db.db.Get(ordersByAccountIDTable, []byte(accID))
-	var (
-		oldOids []string
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		if !nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error loading orderIDs for account %s", accID)
--- a/acme/db/nosql/order_test.go
+++ b/acme/db/nosql/order_test.go
@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/acme"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
+	"github.com/smallstep/nosql/database"
 	nosqldb "github.com/smallstep/nosql/database"
 )

@ -710,6 +711,34 @@ func TestDB_updateAddOrderIDs(t *testing.T) {
 				err:     errors.Errorf("error saving orderIDs index for account %s", accID),
 			}
 		},
+		"ok/no-old": func(t *testing.T) test {
+			return test{
+				db: &db.MockNoSQLDB{
+					MGet: func(bucket, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+						switch string(bucket) {
+						case string(ordersByAccountIDTable):
+							return nil, database.ErrNotFound
+						default:
+							assert.FatalError(t, errors.Errorf("unexpected bucket %s", string(bucket)))
+							return nil, errors.New("force")
+						}
+					},
+					MCmpAndSwap: func(bucket, key, old, nu []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
+						switch string(bucket) {
+						case string(ordersByAccountIDTable):
+							assert.Equals(t, key, []byte(accID))
+							assert.Equals(t, old, nil)
+							assert.Equals(t, nu, nil)
+							return nil, true, nil
+						default:
+							assert.FatalError(t, errors.Errorf("unexpected bucket %s", string(bucket)))
+							return nil, false, errors.New("force")
+						}
+					},
+				},
+				res: []string{},
+			}
+		},
 		"ok/all-old-not-pending": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			oldOids := []string{"foo", "bar"}
 			bOldOids, err := json.Marshal(oldOids)
--- a/api/sshRekey.go
+++ b/api/sshRekey.go
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package api

 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"time"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
@ -72,7 +73,11 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHRekey(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}

-	identity, err := h.renewIdentityCertificate(r)
+	// Match identity cert with the SSH cert
+	notBefore := time.Unix(int64(oldCert.ValidAfter), 0)
+	notAfter := time.Unix(int64(oldCert.ValidBefore), 0)
+
+	identity, err := h.renewIdentityCertificate(r, notBefore, notAfter)
 	if err != nil {
 		WriteError(w, errs.ForbiddenErr(err))
 		return
--- a/api/sshRenew.go
+++ b/api/sshRenew.go
@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package api

 import (
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"net/http"
+	"time"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
@ -62,7 +64,11 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHRenew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}

-	identity, err := h.renewIdentityCertificate(r)
+	// Match identity cert with the SSH cert
+	notBefore := time.Unix(int64(oldCert.ValidAfter), 0)
+	notAfter := time.Unix(int64(oldCert.ValidBefore), 0)
+
+	identity, err := h.renewIdentityCertificate(r, notBefore, notAfter)
 	if err != nil {
 		WriteError(w, errs.ForbiddenErr(err))
 		return
@ -74,13 +80,28 @@ func (h *caHandler) SSHRenew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}, http.StatusCreated)
 }

-// renewIdentityCertificate request the client TLS certificate if present.
-func (h *caHandler) renewIdentityCertificate(r *http.Request) ([]Certificate, error) {
+// renewIdentityCertificate request the client TLS certificate if present. If notBefore and notAfter are passed the
+func (h *caHandler) renewIdentityCertificate(r *http.Request, notBefore, notAfter time.Time) ([]Certificate, error) {
 	if r.TLS == nil || len(r.TLS.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}

-	certChain, err := h.Authority.Renew(r.TLS.PeerCertificates[0])
+	// Clone the certificate as we can modify it.
+	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(r.TLS.PeerCertificates[0].Raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing client certificate")
+	}
+
+	// Enforce the cert to match another certificate, for example an ssh
+	// certificate.
+	if !notBefore.IsZero() {
+		cert.NotBefore = notBefore
+	}
+	if !notAfter.IsZero() {
+		cert.NotAfter = notAfter
+	}
+
+	certChain, err := h.Authority.Renew(cert)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/authority/authority.go
+++ b/authority/authority.go
@ -7,39 +7,40 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"log"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/scep"
-	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
-
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin"
 	adminDBNosql "github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin/db/nosql"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/administrator"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas"
 	casapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms"
 	kmsapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/sshagentkms"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/scep"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/templates"
 	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )

 // Authority implements the Certificate Authority internal interface.
 type Authority struct {
-	config       *config.Config
-	keyManager   kms.KeyManager
-	provisioners *provisioner.Collection
-	admins       *administrator.Collection
-	db           db.AuthDB
-	adminDB      admin.DB
-	templates    *templates.Templates
+	config        *config.Config
+	keyManager    kms.KeyManager
+	provisioners  *provisioner.Collection
+	admins        *administrator.Collection
+	db            db.AuthDB
+	adminDB       admin.DB
+	templates     *templates.Templates
+	linkedCAToken string

 	// X509 CA
 	x509CAService      cas.CertificateAuthorityService
@ -205,6 +206,11 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {

 	var err error

+	// Automatically enable admin for all linked cas.
+	if a.linkedCAToken != "" {
+		a.config.AuthorityConfig.EnableAdmin = true
+	}
+
 	// Initialize step-ca Database if it's not already initialized with WithDB.
 	// If a.config.DB is nil then a simple, barebones in memory DB will be used.
 	if a.db == nil {
@ -442,10 +448,24 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {
 		// Initialize step-ca Admin Database if it's not already initialized using
 		// WithAdminDB.
 		if a.adminDB == nil {
-			// Check if AuthConfig already exists
-			a.adminDB, err = adminDBNosql.New(a.db.(nosql.DB), admin.DefaultAuthorityID)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			if a.linkedCAToken == "" {
+				// Check if AuthConfig already exists
+				a.adminDB, err = adminDBNosql.New(a.db.(nosql.DB), admin.DefaultAuthorityID)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Use the linkedca client as the admindb.
+				client, err := newLinkedCAClient(a.linkedCAToken)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				// If authorityId is configured make sure it matches the one in the token
+				if id := a.config.AuthorityConfig.AuthorityID; id != "" && !strings.EqualFold(id, client.authorityID) {
+					return errors.New("error initializing linkedca: token authority and configured authority do not match")
+				}
+				client.Run()
+				a.adminDB = client
 			}
 		}

@ -453,7 +473,7 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return admin.WrapErrorISE(err, "error loading provisioners to initialize authority")
 		}
-		if len(provs) == 0 {
+		if len(provs) == 0 && !strings.EqualFold(a.config.AuthorityConfig.DeploymentType, "linked") {
 			// Create First Provisioner
 			prov, err := CreateFirstProvisioner(context.Background(), a.adminDB, a.config.Password)
 			if err != nil {
@ -527,6 +547,9 @@ func (a *Authority) CloseForReload() {
 	if err := a.keyManager.Close(); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("error closing the key manager: %v", err)
 	}
+	if client, ok := a.adminDB.(*linkedCaClient); ok {
+		client.Stop()
+	}
 }

 // requiresDecrypter returns whether the Authority
--- a/authority/authorize.go
+++ b/authority/authorize.go
@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@ -173,6 +174,9 @@ func (a *Authority) AuthorizeAdminToken(r *http.Request, token string) (*linkedc
 }

 // UseToken stores the token to protect against reuse.
+//
+// This method currently ignores any error coming from the GetTokenID, but it
+// should specifically ignore the error provisioner.ErrAllowTokenReuse.
 func (a *Authority) UseToken(token string, prov provisioner.Interface) error {
 	if reuseKey, err := prov.GetTokenID(token); err == nil {
 		if reuseKey == "" {
@ -270,10 +274,19 @@ func (a *Authority) authorizeRevoke(ctx context.Context, token string) error {
 //
 // TODO(mariano): should we authorize by default?
 func (a *Authority) authorizeRenew(cert *x509.Certificate) error {
+	var err error
+	var isRevoked bool
 	var opts = []interface{}{errs.WithKeyVal("serialNumber", cert.SerialNumber.String())}

 	// Check the passive revocation table.
-	isRevoked, err := a.db.IsRevoked(cert.SerialNumber.String())
+	serial := cert.SerialNumber.String()
+	if lca, ok := a.adminDB.(interface {
+		IsRevoked(string) (bool, error)
+	}); ok {
+		isRevoked, err = lca.IsRevoked(serial)
+	} else {
+		isRevoked, err = a.db.IsRevoked(serial)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "authority.authorizeRenew", opts...)
 	}
@ -291,6 +304,28 @@ func (a *Authority) authorizeRenew(cert *x509.Certificate) error {
 	return nil
 }

+// authorizeSSHCertificate returns an error if the given certificate is revoked.
+func (a *Authority) authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx context.Context, cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+	var err error
+	var isRevoked bool
+
+	serial := strconv.FormatUint(cert.Serial, 10)
+	if lca, ok := a.adminDB.(interface {
+		IsSSHRevoked(string) (bool, error)
+	}); ok {
+		isRevoked, err = lca.IsSSHRevoked(serial)
+	} else {
+		isRevoked, err = a.db.IsSSHRevoked(serial)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "authority.authorizeSSHCertificate", errs.WithKeyVal("serialNumber", serial))
+	}
+	if isRevoked {
+		return errs.Unauthorized("authority.authorizeSSHCertificate: certificate has been revoked", errs.WithKeyVal("serialNumber", serial))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // authorizeSSHSign loads the provisioner from the token, checks that it has not
 // been used again and calls the provisioner AuthorizeSSHSign method. Returns a
 // list of methods to apply to the signing flow.
--- a/authority/config/config.go
+++ b/authority/config/config.go
@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ type ASN1DN struct {
 	Locality           string `json:"locality,omitempty"`
 	Province           string `json:"province,omitempty"`
 	StreetAddress      string `json:"streetAddress,omitempty"`
+	SerialNumber       string `json:"serialNumber,omitempty"`
 	CommonName         string `json:"commonName,omitempty"`
 }

@ -83,8 +84,9 @@ type ASN1DN struct {
 // cas.Options.
 type AuthConfig struct {
 	*cas.Options
-	AuthorityID          string                `json:"authorityID,omitempty"`
-	Provisioners         provisioner.List      `json:"provisioners"`
+	AuthorityID          string                `json:"authorityId,omitempty"`
+	DeploymentType       string                `json:"deploymentType,omitempty"`
+	Provisioners         provisioner.List      `json:"provisioners,omitempty"`
 	Admins               []*linkedca.Admin     `json:"-"`
 	Template             *ASN1DN               `json:"template,omitempty"`
 	Claims               *provisioner.Claims   `json:"claims,omitempty"`
@ -188,9 +190,10 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case c.Address == "":
 		return errors.New("address cannot be empty")
-
 	case len(c.DNSNames) == 0:
 		return errors.New("dnsNames cannot be empty")
+	case c.AuthorityConfig == nil:
+		return errors.New("authority cannot be nil")
 	}

 	// Options holds the RA/CAS configuration.
@ -222,7 +225,7 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 			c.TLS.MaxVersion = DefaultTLSOptions.MaxVersion
 		}
 		if c.TLS.MinVersion == 0 {
-			c.TLS.MinVersion = c.TLS.MaxVersion
+			c.TLS.MinVersion = DefaultTLSOptions.MinVersion
 		}
 		if c.TLS.MinVersion > c.TLS.MaxVersion {
 			return errors.New("tls minVersion cannot exceed tls maxVersion")
--- a/authority/config/tls_options.go
+++ b/authority/config/tls_options.go
@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ var (
 	// DefaultTLSRenegotiation default TLS connection renegotiation policy.
 	DefaultTLSRenegotiation = false // Never regnegotiate.
 	// DefaultTLSCipherSuites specifies default step ciphersuite(s).
+	// These are TLS 1.0 - 1.2 cipher suites.
 	DefaultTLSCipherSuites = CipherSuites{
-		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
+		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
 	}
 	// ApprovedTLSCipherSuites smallstep approved ciphersuites.
@ -26,25 +27,21 @@ var (
 		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
-		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
+		"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA",
 		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
-		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
+		"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256",
 	}
 	// DefaultTLSOptions represents the default TLS version as well as the cipher
 	// suites used in the TLS certificates.
 	DefaultTLSOptions = TLSOptions{
-		CipherSuites: CipherSuites{
-			"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
-			"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
-			"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
-		},
-		MinVersion:    1.2,
-		MaxVersion:    1.2,
-		Renegotiation: false,
+		CipherSuites:  DefaultTLSCipherSuites,
+		MinVersion:    DefaultTLSMinVersion,
+		MaxVersion:    DefaultTLSMaxVersion,
+		Renegotiation: DefaultTLSRenegotiation,
 	}
 )

@ -119,27 +116,38 @@ func (c CipherSuites) Value() []uint16 {

 // cipherSuites has the list of supported cipher suites.
 var cipherSuites = map[string]uint16{
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA":                tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA":           tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":            tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":            tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256":         tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":         tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
-	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":         tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA":        tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":    tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256": tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256": tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":    tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384": tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305":  tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA":     tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":      tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":   tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256":   tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":      tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":   tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
-	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305":    tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
+	// TLS 1.0 - 1.2 cipher suites.
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA":                      tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA":                 tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":                  tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":                  tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256":               tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":               tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+	"TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":               tls.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA":              tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":          tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":          tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA":                tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA":           tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA":            tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA":            tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256":       tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256":         tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":         tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":       tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":         tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":       tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256":   tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256": tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+
+	// TLS 1.3 cipher sutes.
+	"TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256":       tls.TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+	"TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384":       tls.TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+	"TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256": tls.TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+
+	// Legacy names.
+	"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305":   tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
+	"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305": tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
 }

 // TLSOptions represents the TLS options that can be specified on *tls.Config
--- a/authority/export.go
+++ b/authority/export.go
@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+package authority
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
+)
+
+// Export creates a linkedca configuration form the current ca.json and loaded
+// authorities.
+//
+// Note that export will not export neither the pki password nor the certificate
+// issuer password.
+func (a *Authority) Export() (c *linkedca.Configuration, err error) {
+	// Recover from panics
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			err = r.(error)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	files := make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// The exported configuration should not include the password in it.
+	c = &linkedca.Configuration{
+		Version:         "1.0",
+		Root:            mustReadFilesOrURIs(a.config.Root, files),
+		FederatedRoots:  mustReadFilesOrURIs(a.config.FederatedRoots, files),
+		Intermediate:    mustReadFileOrURI(a.config.IntermediateCert, files),
+		IntermediateKey: mustReadFileOrURI(a.config.IntermediateKey, files),
+		Address:         a.config.Address,
+		InsecureAddress: a.config.InsecureAddress,
+		DnsNames:        a.config.DNSNames,
+		Db:              mustMarshalToStruct(a.config.DB),
+		Logger:          mustMarshalToStruct(a.config.Logger),
+		Monitoring:      mustMarshalToStruct(a.config.Monitoring),
+		Authority: &linkedca.Authority{
+			Id:                   a.config.AuthorityConfig.AuthorityID,
+			EnableAdmin:          a.config.AuthorityConfig.EnableAdmin,
+			DisableIssuedAtCheck: a.config.AuthorityConfig.DisableIssuedAtCheck,
+			Backdate:             mustDuration(a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate),
+			DeploymentType:       a.config.AuthorityConfig.DeploymentType,
+		},
+		Files: files,
+	}
+
+	// SSH
+	if v := a.config.SSH; v != nil {
+		c.Ssh = &linkedca.SSH{
+			HostKey:          mustReadFileOrURI(v.HostKey, files),
+			UserKey:          mustReadFileOrURI(v.UserKey, files),
+			AddUserPrincipal: v.AddUserPrincipal,
+			AddUserCommand:   v.AddUserCommand,
+		}
+		for _, k := range v.Keys {
+			typ, ok := linkedca.SSHPublicKey_Type_value[strings.ToUpper(k.Type)]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported ssh key type %s", k.Type)
+			}
+			c.Ssh.Keys = append(c.Ssh.Keys, &linkedca.SSHPublicKey{
+				Type:      linkedca.SSHPublicKey_Type(typ),
+				Federated: k.Federated,
+				Key:       mustMarshalToStruct(k),
+			})
+		}
+		if b := v.Bastion; b != nil {
+			c.Ssh.Bastion = &linkedca.Bastion{
+				Hostname: b.Hostname,
+				User:     b.User,
+				Port:     b.Port,
+				Command:  b.Command,
+				Flags:    b.Flags,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// KMS
+	if v := a.config.KMS; v != nil {
+		var typ int32
+		var ok bool
+		if v.Type == "" {
+			typ = int32(linkedca.KMS_SOFTKMS)
+		} else {
+			typ, ok = linkedca.KMS_Type_value[strings.ToUpper(v.Type)]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported kms type %s", v.Type)
+			}
+		}
+		c.Kms = &linkedca.KMS{
+			Type:            linkedca.KMS_Type(typ),
+			CredentialsFile: v.CredentialsFile,
+			Uri:             v.URI,
+			Pin:             v.Pin,
+			ManagementKey:   v.ManagementKey,
+			Region:          v.Region,
+			Profile:         v.Profile,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Authority
+	// cas options
+	if v := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Options; v != nil {
+		c.Authority.Type = 0
+		c.Authority.CertificateAuthority = v.CertificateAuthority
+		c.Authority.CertificateAuthorityFingerprint = v.CertificateAuthorityFingerprint
+		c.Authority.CredentialsFile = v.CredentialsFile
+		if iss := v.CertificateIssuer; iss != nil {
+			typ, ok := linkedca.CertificateIssuer_Type_value[strings.ToUpper(iss.Type)]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown certificate issuer type %s", iss.Type)
+			}
+			// The exported certificate issuer should not include the password.
+			c.Authority.CertificateIssuer = &linkedca.CertificateIssuer{
+				Type:        linkedca.CertificateIssuer_Type(typ),
+				Provisioner: iss.Provisioner,
+				Certificate: mustReadFileOrURI(iss.Certificate, files),
+				Key:         mustReadFileOrURI(iss.Key, files),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// admins
+	for {
+		list, cursor := a.admins.Find("", 100)
+		c.Authority.Admins = append(c.Authority.Admins, list...)
+		if cursor == "" {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	// provisioners
+	for {
+		list, cursor := a.provisioners.Find("", 100)
+		for _, p := range list {
+			lp, err := ProvisionerToLinkedca(p)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			c.Authority.Provisioners = append(c.Authority.Provisioners, lp)
+		}
+		if cursor == "" {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	// global claims
+	c.Authority.Claims = claimsToLinkedca(a.config.AuthorityConfig.Claims)
+	// Distinguished names template
+	if v := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Template; v != nil {
+		c.Authority.Template = &linkedca.DistinguishedName{
+			Country:            v.Country,
+			Organization:       v.Organization,
+			OrganizationalUnit: v.OrganizationalUnit,
+			Locality:           v.Locality,
+			Province:           v.Province,
+			StreetAddress:      v.StreetAddress,
+			SerialNumber:       v.SerialNumber,
+			CommonName:         v.CommonName,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TLS
+	if v := a.config.TLS; v != nil {
+		c.Tls = &linkedca.TLS{
+			MinVersion:    v.MinVersion.String(),
+			MaxVersion:    v.MaxVersion.String(),
+			Renegotiation: v.Renegotiation,
+		}
+		for _, cs := range v.CipherSuites.Value() {
+			c.Tls.CipherSuites = append(c.Tls.CipherSuites, linkedca.TLS_CiperSuite(cs))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Templates
+	if v := a.config.Templates; v != nil {
+		c.Templates = &linkedca.ConfigTemplates{
+			Ssh:  &linkedca.SSHConfigTemplate{},
+			Data: mustMarshalToStruct(v.Data),
+		}
+		// Remove automatically loaded vars
+		if c.Templates.Data != nil && c.Templates.Data.Fields != nil {
+			delete(c.Templates.Data.Fields, "Step")
+		}
+		for _, t := range v.SSH.Host {
+			typ, ok := linkedca.ConfigTemplate_Type_value[strings.ToUpper(string(t.Type))]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported template type %s", t.Type)
+			}
+			c.Templates.Ssh.Hosts = append(c.Templates.Ssh.Hosts, &linkedca.ConfigTemplate{
+				Type:     linkedca.ConfigTemplate_Type(typ),
+				Name:     t.Name,
+				Template: mustReadFileOrURI(t.TemplatePath, files),
+				Path:     t.Path,
+				Comment:  t.Comment,
+				Requires: t.RequiredData,
+				Content:  t.Content,
+			})
+		}
+		for _, t := range v.SSH.User {
+			typ, ok := linkedca.ConfigTemplate_Type_value[strings.ToUpper(string(t.Type))]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported template type %s", t.Type)
+			}
+			c.Templates.Ssh.Users = append(c.Templates.Ssh.Users, &linkedca.ConfigTemplate{
+				Type:     linkedca.ConfigTemplate_Type(typ),
+				Name:     t.Name,
+				Template: mustReadFileOrURI(t.TemplatePath, files),
+				Path:     t.Path,
+				Comment:  t.Comment,
+				Requires: t.RequiredData,
+				Content:  t.Content,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func mustDuration(d *provisioner.Duration) string {
+	if d == nil || d.Duration == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return d.String()
+}
+
+func mustMarshalToStruct(v interface{}) *structpb.Struct {
+	b, err := json.Marshal(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(errors.Wrapf(err, "error marshaling %T", v))
+	}
+	var r *structpb.Struct
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &r); err != nil {
+		panic(errors.Wrapf(err, "error unmarshaling %T", v))
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func mustReadFileOrURI(fn string, m map[string][]byte) string {
+	if fn == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	stepPath := filepath.ToSlash(config.StepPath())
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(stepPath, "/") {
+		stepPath += "/"
+	}
+
+	fn = strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.ToSlash(fn), stepPath)
+
+	ok, err := isFilename(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	if ok {
+		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(config.StepAbs(fn))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", fn))
+		}
+		m[fn] = b
+		return fn
+	}
+	return fn
+}
+
+func mustReadFilesOrURIs(fns []string, m map[string][]byte) []string {
+	var result []string
+	for _, fn := range fns {
+		result = append(result, mustReadFileOrURI(fn, m))
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func isFilename(fn string) (bool, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing %s", fn)
+	}
+	return u.Scheme == "" || u.Scheme == "file", nil
+}
--- a/authority/linkedca.go
+++ b/authority/linkedca.go
@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+package authority
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/tlsutil"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
+)
+
+const uuidPattern = "^[a-fA-F0-9]{8}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{12}$"
+
+type linkedCaClient struct {
+	renewer     *tlsutil.Renewer
+	client      linkedca.MajordomoClient
+	authorityID string
+}
+
+type linkedCAClaims struct {
+	jose.Claims
+	SANs []string `json:"sans"`
+	SHA  string   `json:"sha"`
+}
+
+func newLinkedCAClient(token string) (*linkedCaClient, error) {
+	tok, err := jose.ParseSigned(token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing token")
+	}
+
+	var claims linkedCAClaims
+	if err := tok.UnsafeClaimsWithoutVerification(&claims); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing token")
+	}
+	// Validate claims
+	if len(claims.Audience) != 1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("error parsing token: invalid aud claim")
+	}
+	if claims.SHA == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("error parsing token: invalid sha claim")
+	}
+	// Get linkedCA endpoint from audience.
+	u, err := url.Parse(claims.Audience[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("error parsing token: invalid aud claim")
+	}
+	// Get authority from SANs
+	authority, err := getAuthority(claims.SANs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Create csr to login with
+	signer, err := keyutil.GenerateDefaultSigner()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	csr, err := x509util.CreateCertificateRequest(claims.Subject, claims.SANs, signer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Get and verify root certificate
+	root, err := getRootCertificate(u.Host, claims.SHA)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pool := x509.NewCertPool()
+	pool.AddCert(root)
+
+	// Login with majordomo and get certificates
+	cert, tlsConfig, err := login(authority, token, csr, signer, u.Host, pool)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Start TLS renewer and set the GetClientCertificate callback to it.
+	renewer, err := tlsutil.NewRenewer(cert, tlsConfig, func() (*tls.Certificate, *tls.Config, error) {
+		return login(authority, token, csr, signer, u.Host, pool)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	tlsConfig.GetClientCertificate = renewer.GetClientCertificate
+
+	// Start mTLS client
+	conn, err := grpc.Dial(u.Host, grpc.WithTransportCredentials(credentials.NewTLS(tlsConfig)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error connecting %s", u.Host)
+	}
+
+	return &linkedCaClient{
+		renewer:     renewer,
+		client:      linkedca.NewMajordomoClient(conn),
+		authorityID: authority,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) Run() {
+	c.renewer.Run()
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) Stop() {
+	c.renewer.Stop()
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) CreateProvisioner(ctx context.Context, prov *linkedca.Provisioner) error {
+	resp, err := c.client.CreateProvisioner(ctx, &linkedca.CreateProvisionerRequest{
+		Type:         prov.Type,
+		Name:         prov.Name,
+		Details:      prov.Details,
+		Claims:       prov.Claims,
+		X509Template: prov.X509Template,
+		SshTemplate:  prov.SshTemplate,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error creating provisioner")
+	}
+	prov.Id = resp.Id
+	prov.AuthorityId = resp.AuthorityId
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) GetProvisioner(ctx context.Context, id string) (*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
+	resp, err := c.client.GetProvisioner(ctx, &linkedca.GetProvisionerRequest{
+		Id: id,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting provisioners")
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) GetProvisioners(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
+	resp, err := c.client.GetConfiguration(ctx, &linkedca.ConfigurationRequest{
+		AuthorityId: c.authorityID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting provisioners")
+	}
+	return resp.Provisioners, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) UpdateProvisioner(ctx context.Context, prov *linkedca.Provisioner) error {
+	_, err := c.client.UpdateProvisioner(ctx, &linkedca.UpdateProvisionerRequest{
+		Id:           prov.Id,
+		Name:         prov.Name,
+		Details:      prov.Details,
+		Claims:       prov.Claims,
+		X509Template: prov.X509Template,
+		SshTemplate:  prov.SshTemplate,
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error updating provisioner")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) DeleteProvisioner(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
+	_, err := c.client.DeleteProvisioner(ctx, &linkedca.DeleteProvisionerRequest{
+		Id: id,
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error deleting provisioner")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) CreateAdmin(ctx context.Context, adm *linkedca.Admin) error {
+	resp, err := c.client.CreateAdmin(ctx, &linkedca.CreateAdminRequest{
+		Subject:       adm.Subject,
+		ProvisionerId: adm.ProvisionerId,
+		Type:          adm.Type,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error creating admin")
+	}
+	adm.Id = resp.Id
+	adm.AuthorityId = resp.AuthorityId
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) GetAdmin(ctx context.Context, id string) (*linkedca.Admin, error) {
+	resp, err := c.client.GetAdmin(ctx, &linkedca.GetAdminRequest{
+		Id: id,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting admins")
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) GetAdmins(ctx context.Context) ([]*linkedca.Admin, error) {
+	resp, err := c.client.GetConfiguration(ctx, &linkedca.ConfigurationRequest{
+		AuthorityId: c.authorityID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting admins")
+	}
+	return resp.Admins, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) UpdateAdmin(ctx context.Context, adm *linkedca.Admin) error {
+	_, err := c.client.UpdateAdmin(ctx, &linkedca.UpdateAdminRequest{
+		Id:   adm.Id,
+		Type: adm.Type,
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error updating admin")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) DeleteAdmin(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
+	_, err := c.client.DeleteAdmin(ctx, &linkedca.DeleteAdminRequest{
+		Id: id,
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error deleting admin")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) StoreCertificateChain(fullchain ...*x509.Certificate) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.client.PostCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.CertificateRequest{
+		PemCertificate:      serializeCertificateChain(fullchain[0]),
+		PemCertificateChain: serializeCertificateChain(fullchain[1:]...),
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error posting certificate")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) StoreRenewedCertificate(parent *x509.Certificate, fullchain ...*x509.Certificate) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.client.PostCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.CertificateRequest{
+		PemCertificate:       serializeCertificateChain(fullchain[0]),
+		PemCertificateChain:  serializeCertificateChain(fullchain[1:]...),
+		PemParentCertificate: serializeCertificateChain(parent),
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error posting certificate")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) StoreSSHCertificate(crt *ssh.Certificate) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.client.PostSSHCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.SSHCertificateRequest{
+		Certificate: string(ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(crt)),
+	})
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error posting ssh certificate")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) Revoke(crt *x509.Certificate, rci *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.client.RevokeCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.RevokeCertificateRequest{
+		Serial:         rci.Serial,
+		PemCertificate: serializeCertificate(crt),
+		Reason:         rci.Reason,
+		ReasonCode:     linkedca.RevocationReasonCode(rci.ReasonCode),
+		Passive:        true,
+	})
+
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error revoking certificate")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) RevokeSSH(ssh *ssh.Certificate, rci *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.client.RevokeSSHCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.RevokeSSHCertificateRequest{
+		Serial:      rci.Serial,
+		Certificate: serializeSSHCertificate(ssh),
+		Reason:      rci.Reason,
+		ReasonCode:  linkedca.RevocationReasonCode(rci.ReasonCode),
+		Passive:     true,
+	})
+
+	return errors.Wrap(err, "error revoking ssh certificate")
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) IsRevoked(serial string) (bool, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	resp, err := c.client.GetCertificateStatus(ctx, &linkedca.GetCertificateStatusRequest{
+		Serial: serial,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting certificate status")
+	}
+	return resp.Status != linkedca.RevocationStatus_ACTIVE, nil
+}
+
+func (c *linkedCaClient) IsSSHRevoked(serial string) (bool, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	resp, err := c.client.GetSSHCertificateStatus(ctx, &linkedca.GetSSHCertificateStatusRequest{
+		Serial: serial,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "error getting certificate status")
+	}
+	return resp.Status != linkedca.RevocationStatus_ACTIVE, nil
+}
+
+func serializeCertificate(crt *x509.Certificate) string {
+	if crt == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+		Type:  "CERTIFICATE",
+		Bytes: crt.Raw,
+	}))
+}
+
+func serializeCertificateChain(fullchain ...*x509.Certificate) string {
+	var chain string
+	for _, crt := range fullchain {
+		chain += string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+			Type:  "CERTIFICATE",
+			Bytes: crt.Raw,
+		}))
+	}
+	return chain
+}
+
+func serializeSSHCertificate(crt *ssh.Certificate) string {
+	if crt == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return string(ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(crt))
+}
+
+func getAuthority(sans []string) (string, error) {
+	for _, s := range sans {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(s, "urn:smallstep:authority:") {
+			if regexp.MustCompile(uuidPattern).MatchString(s[24:]) {
+				return s[24:], nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("error parsing token: invalid sans claim")
+}
+
+// getRootCertificate creates an insecure majordomo client and returns the
+// verified root certificate.
+func getRootCertificate(endpoint, fingerprint string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	conn, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, endpoint, grpc.WithTransportCredentials(credentials.NewTLS(&tls.Config{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+	})))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error connecting %s", endpoint)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	client := linkedca.NewMajordomoClient(conn)
+	resp, err := client.GetRootCertificate(ctx, &linkedca.GetRootCertificateRequest{
+		Fingerprint: fingerprint,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting root certificate: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var block *pem.Block
+	b := []byte(resp.PemCertificate)
+	for len(b) > 0 {
+		block, b = pem.Decode(b)
+		if block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if block.Type != "CERTIFICATE" || len(block.Headers) != 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing certificate: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// verify the sha256
+		sum := sha256.Sum256(cert.Raw)
+		if !strings.EqualFold(fingerprint, hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error verifying certificate: SHA256 fingerprint does not match")
+		}
+
+		return cert, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting root certificate: certificate not found")
+}
+
+// login creates a new majordomo client with just the root ca pool and returns
+// the signed certificate and tls configuration.
+func login(authority, token string, csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signer crypto.PrivateKey, endpoint string, rootCAs *x509.CertPool) (*tls.Certificate, *tls.Config, error) {
+	// Connect to majordomo
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	conn, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, endpoint, grpc.WithTransportCredentials(credentials.NewTLS(&tls.Config{
+		RootCAs: rootCAs,
+	})))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error connecting %s", endpoint)
+	}
+
+	// Login to get the signed certificate
+	ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	client := linkedca.NewMajordomoClient(conn)
+	resp, err := client.Login(ctx, &linkedca.LoginRequest{
+		AuthorityId: authority,
+		Token:       token,
+		PemCertificateRequest: string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+			Type:  "CERTIFICATE REQUEST",
+			Bytes: csr.Raw,
+		})),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error logging in %s", endpoint)
+	}
+
+	// Parse login response
+	var block *pem.Block
+	var bundle []*x509.Certificate
+	rest := []byte(resp.PemCertificateChain)
+	for {
+		block, rest = pem.Decode(rest)
+		if block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if block.Type != "CERTIFICATE" {
+			return nil, nil, errors.New("error decoding login response: pemCertificateChain is not a certificate bundle")
+		}
+		crt, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing login response")
+		}
+		bundle = append(bundle, crt)
+	}
+	if len(bundle) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("error decoding login response: pemCertificateChain should not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Build tls.Certificate with PemCertificate and intermediates in the
+	// PemCertificateChain
+	cert := &tls.Certificate{
+		PrivateKey: signer,
+	}
+	rest = []byte(resp.PemCertificate)
+	for {
+		block, rest = pem.Decode(rest)
+		if block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if block.Type == "CERTIFICATE" {
+			leaf, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing pemCertificate")
+			}
+			cert.Certificate = append(cert.Certificate, block.Bytes)
+			cert.Leaf = leaf
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add intermediates to the tls.Certificate
+	last := len(bundle) - 1
+	for i := 0; i < last; i++ {
+		cert.Certificate = append(cert.Certificate, bundle[i].Raw)
+	}
+
+	// Add root to the pool if it's not there yet
+	rootCAs.AddCert(bundle[last])
+
+	return cert, &tls.Config{
+		RootCAs: rootCAs,
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/authority/options.go
+++ b/authority/options.go
@ -196,6 +196,15 @@ func WithAdminDB(db admin.DB) Option {
 	}
 }

+// WithLinkedCAToken is an option to set the authentication token used to enable
+// linked ca.
+func WithLinkedCAToken(token string) Option {
+	return func(a *Authority) error {
+		a.linkedCAToken = token
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 func readCertificateBundle(pemCerts []byte) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
 	var block *pem.Block
 	var certs []*x509.Certificate
--- a/authority/provisioner/aws.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/aws.go
@ -515,6 +515,11 @@ func (p *AWS) readURL(url string) ([]byte, error) {
 	var resp *http.Response
 	var err error

+	// Initialize IMDS versions when this is called from the cli.
+	if len(p.IMDSVersions) == 0 {
+		p.IMDSVersions = []string{"v2", "v1"}
+	}
+
 	for _, v := range p.IMDSVersions {
 		switch v {
 		case "v1":
--- a/authority/provisioner/aws_test.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/aws_test.go
@ -141,6 +141,12 @@ func TestAWS_GetIdentityToken(t *testing.T) {
 	p7.config.signatureURL = p1.config.signatureURL
 	p7.config.tokenURL = p1.config.tokenURL

+	p8, err := generateAWS()
+	assert.FatalError(t, err)
+	p8.IMDSVersions = nil
+	p8.Accounts = p1.Accounts
+	p8.config = p1.config
+
 	caURL := "https://ca.smallstep.com"
 	u, err := url.Parse(caURL)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
@ -156,6 +162,7 @@ func TestAWS_GetIdentityToken(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{"ok", p1, args{"foo.local", caURL}, false},
+		{"ok no imds", p8, args{"foo.local", caURL}, false},
 		{"fail ca url", p1, args{"foo.local", "://ca.smallstep.com"}, true},
 		{"fail identityURL", p2, args{"foo.local", caURL}, true},
 		{"fail signatureURL", p3, args{"foo.local", caURL}, true},
--- a/authority/provisioner/azure.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/azure.go
@ -131,9 +131,10 @@ func (p *Azure) GetTokenID(token string) (string, error) {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error verifying claims")
 	}

-	// If TOFU is disabled create return the token kid
+	// If TOFU is disabled then allow token re-use. Azure caches the token for
+	// 24h and without allowing the re-use we cannot use it twice.
 	if p.DisableTrustOnFirstUse {
-		return claims.ID, nil
+		return "", ErrAllowTokenReuse
 	}

 	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(claims.XMSMirID))
--- a/authority/provisioner/azure_test.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/azure_test.go
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestAzure_GetTokenID(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{"ok", p1, args{t1}, w1, false},
-		{"ok no TOFU", p2, args{t2}, "the-jti", false},
+		{"ok no TOFU", p2, args{t2}, "", true},
 		{"fail token", p1, args{"bad-token"}, "", true},
 		{"fail claims", p1, args{"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.ey.fooo"}, "", true},
 	}
--- a/authority/provisioner/provisioner.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/provisioner.go
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
+	stderrors "errors"
 	"net/url"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
@ -32,6 +33,17 @@ type Interface interface {
 	AuthorizeSSHRekey(ctx context.Context, token string) (*ssh.Certificate, []SignOption, error)
 }

+// ErrAllowTokenReuse is an error that is returned by provisioners that allows
+// the reuse of tokens.
+//
+// This is, for example, returned by the Azure provisioner when
+// DisableTrustOnFirstUse is set to true. Azure caches tokens for up to 24hr and
+// has no mechanism for getting a different token - this can be an issue when
+// rebooting a VM. In contrast, AWS and GCP have facilities for requesting a new
+// token. Therefore, for the Azure provisioner we are enabling token reuse, with
+// the understanding that we are not following security best practices
+var ErrAllowTokenReuse = stderrors.New("allow token reuse")
+
 // Audiences stores all supported audiences by request type.
 type Audiences struct {
 	Sign      []string
--- a/authority/provisioner/sshpop.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/sshpop.go
@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ type SSHPOP struct {
 	Type       string  `json:"type"`
 	Name       string  `json:"name"`
 	Claims     *Claims `json:"claims,omitempty"`
-	db         db.AuthDB
 	claimer    *Claimer
 	audiences  Audiences
 	sshPubKeys *SSHKeys
@ -102,7 +100,6 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) Init(config Config) error {
 	}

 	p.audiences = config.Audiences.WithFragment(p.GetIDForToken())
-	p.db = config.DB
 	p.sshPubKeys = config.SSHKeys
 	return nil
 }
@ -110,6 +107,8 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) Init(config Config) error {
 // authorizeToken performs common jwt authorization actions and returns the
 // claims for case specific downstream parsing.
 // e.g. a Sign request will auth/validate different fields than a Revoke request.
+//
+// Checking for certificate revocation has been moved to the authority package.
 func (p *SSHPOP) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*sshPOPPayload, error) {
 	sshCert, jwt, err := ExtractSSHPOPCert(token)
 	if err != nil {
@ -117,14 +116,6 @@ func (p *SSHPOP) authorizeToken(token string, audiences []string) (*sshPOPPayloa
 			"sshpop.authorizeToken; error extracting sshpop header from token")
 	}

-	// Check for revocation.
-	if isRevoked, err := p.db.IsSSHRevoked(strconv.FormatUint(sshCert.Serial, 10)); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err,
-			"sshpop.authorizeToken; error checking checking sshpop cert revocation")
-	} else if isRevoked {
-		return nil, errs.Unauthorized("sshpop.authorizeToken; sshpop certificate is revoked")
-	}
-
 	// Check validity period of the certificate.
 	n := time.Now()
 	if sshCert.ValidAfter != 0 && time.Unix(int64(sshCert.ValidAfter), 0).After(n) {
--- a/authority/provisioner/sshpop_test.go
+++ b/authority/provisioner/sshpop_test.go
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
-	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
@ -83,52 +82,9 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 				err:   errors.New("sshpop.authorizeToken; error extracting sshpop header from token: extractSSHPOPCert; error parsing token: "),
 			}
 		},
-		"fail/error-revoked-db-check": func(t *testing.T) test {
-			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, errors.New("force")
-				},
-			}
-			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			tok, err := generateSSHPOPToken(p, cert, jwk)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			return test{
-				p:     p,
-				token: tok,
-				code:  http.StatusInternalServerError,
-				err:   errors.New("sshpop.authorizeToken; error checking checking sshpop cert revocation: force"),
-			}
-		},
-		"fail/cert-already-revoked": func(t *testing.T) test {
-			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return true, nil
-				},
-			}
-			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			tok, err := generateSSHPOPToken(p, cert, jwk)
-			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			return test{
-				p:     p,
-				token: tok,
-				code:  http.StatusUnauthorized,
-				err:   errors.New("sshpop.authorizeToken; sshpop certificate is revoked"),
-			}
-		},
 		"fail/cert-not-yet-valid": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{
 				CertType:   ssh.UserCert,
 				ValidAfter: uint64(time.Now().Add(time.Minute).Unix()),
@ -146,11 +102,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/cert-past-validity": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{
 				CertType:    ssh.UserCert,
 				ValidBefore: uint64(time.Now().Add(-time.Minute).Unix()),
@ -168,11 +119,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/no-signer-found": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateSSHPOPToken(p, cert, jwk)
@ -187,11 +133,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/error-parsing-claims-bad-sig": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, _, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			otherJWK, err := jose.GenerateJWK("EC", "P-256", "ES256", "sig", "", 0)
@ -208,11 +149,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/invalid-claims-issuer": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("foo", "bar", testAudiences.Sign[0], "",
@ -228,11 +164,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/invalid-audience": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("foo", p.GetName(), "invalid-aud", "",
@ -248,11 +179,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/empty-subject": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("", p.GetName(), testAudiences.Sign[0], "",
@ -268,11 +194,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_authorizeToken(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateSSHPOPToken(p, cert, jwk)
@ -330,11 +251,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRevoke(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/subject-not-equal-serial": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("foo", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRevoke[0], "",
@ -350,11 +266,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRevoke(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{Serial: 123455, CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("123455", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRevoke[0], "",
@ -419,11 +330,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRenew(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/not-host-cert": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshUserSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("foo", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRenew[0], "",
@ -439,11 +345,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRenew(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{Serial: 123455, CertType: ssh.HostCert}, sshHostSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("123455", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRenew[0], "",
@ -511,11 +412,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRekey(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/not-host-cert": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}, sshUserSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("foo", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRekey[0], "",
@ -531,11 +427,6 @@ func TestSSHPOP_AuthorizeSSHRekey(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok": func(t *testing.T) test {
 			p, err := generateSSHPOP()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
-			p.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
-				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
-					return false, nil
-				},
-			}
 			cert, jwk, err := createSSHCert(&ssh.Certificate{Serial: 123455, CertType: ssh.HostCert}, sshHostSigner)
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			tok, err := generateToken("123455", p.GetName(), testAudiences.SSHRekey[0], "",
--- a/authority/provisioners.go
+++ b/authority/provisioners.go
@ -4,12 +4,17 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"

+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+	step "go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/ui"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2/jwt"
@ -234,6 +239,14 @@ func (a *Authority) RemoveProvisioner(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 }

 func CreateFirstProvisioner(ctx context.Context, db admin.DB, password string) (*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
+	if password == "" {
+		pass, err := ui.PromptPasswordGenerate("Please enter the password to encrypt your first provisioner, leave empty and we'll generate one")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		password = string(pass)
+	}
+
 	jwk, jwe, err := jose.GenerateDefaultKeyPair([]byte(password))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, admin.WrapErrorISE(err, "error generating JWK key pair")
@ -398,6 +411,13 @@ func durationsToCertificates(d *linkedca.Durations) (min, max, def *provisioner.
 	return
 }

+func durationsToLinkedca(d *provisioner.Duration) string {
+	if d == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return d.Duration.String()
+}
+
 // claimsToCertificates converts the linkedca provisioner claims type to the
 // certifictes claims type.
 func claimsToCertificates(c *linkedca.Claims) (*provisioner.Claims, error) {
@ -438,6 +458,109 @@ func claimsToCertificates(c *linkedca.Claims) (*provisioner.Claims, error) {
 	return pc, nil
 }

+func claimsToLinkedca(c *provisioner.Claims) *linkedca.Claims {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	disableRenewal := config.DefaultDisableRenewal
+	if c.DisableRenewal != nil {
+		disableRenewal = *c.DisableRenewal
+	}
+
+	lc := &linkedca.Claims{
+		DisableRenewal: disableRenewal,
+	}
+
+	if c.DefaultTLSDur != nil || c.MinTLSDur != nil || c.MaxTLSDur != nil {
+		lc.X509 = &linkedca.X509Claims{
+			Enabled: true,
+			Durations: &linkedca.Durations{
+				Default: durationsToLinkedca(c.DefaultTLSDur),
+				Min:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MinTLSDur),
+				Max:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MaxTLSDur),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	if c.EnableSSHCA != nil && *c.EnableSSHCA {
+		lc.Ssh = &linkedca.SSHClaims{
+			Enabled: true,
+		}
+		if c.DefaultUserSSHDur != nil || c.MinUserSSHDur != nil || c.MaxUserSSHDur != nil {
+			lc.Ssh.UserDurations = &linkedca.Durations{
+				Default: durationsToLinkedca(c.DefaultUserSSHDur),
+				Min:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MinUserSSHDur),
+				Max:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MaxUserSSHDur),
+			}
+		}
+		if c.DefaultHostSSHDur != nil || c.MinHostSSHDur != nil || c.MaxHostSSHDur != nil {
+			lc.Ssh.HostDurations = &linkedca.Durations{
+				Default: durationsToLinkedca(c.DefaultHostSSHDur),
+				Min:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MinHostSSHDur),
+				Max:     durationsToLinkedca(c.MaxHostSSHDur),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return lc
+}
+
+func provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p *provisioner.Options) (*linkedca.Template, *linkedca.Template, error) {
+	var err error
+	var x509Template, sshTemplate *linkedca.Template
+
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if p.X509 != nil && p.X509.HasTemplate() {
+		x509Template = &linkedca.Template{
+			Template: nil,
+			Data:     nil,
+		}
+
+		if p.X509.Template != "" {
+			x509Template.Template = []byte(p.SSH.Template)
+		} else if p.X509.TemplateFile != "" {
+			filename := step.StepAbs(p.X509.TemplateFile)
+			if x509Template.Template, err = ioutil.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading x509 template")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if p.SSH != nil && p.SSH.HasTemplate() {
+		sshTemplate = &linkedca.Template{
+			Template: nil,
+			Data:     nil,
+		}
+
+		if p.SSH.Template != "" {
+			sshTemplate.Template = []byte(p.SSH.Template)
+		} else if p.SSH.TemplateFile != "" {
+			filename := step.StepAbs(p.SSH.TemplateFile)
+			if sshTemplate.Template, err = ioutil.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading ssh template")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return x509Template, sshTemplate, nil
+}
+
+func provisionerPEMToLinkedca(b []byte) [][]byte {
+	var roots [][]byte
+	var block *pem.Block
+	for {
+		if block, b = pem.Decode(b); block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		roots = append(roots, pem.EncodeToMemory(block))
+	}
+	return roots
+}
+
 // ProvisionerToCertificates converts the linkedca provisioner type to the certificates provisioner
 // interface.
 func ProvisionerToCertificates(p *linkedca.Provisioner) (provisioner.Interface, error) {
@ -448,7 +571,7 @@ func ProvisionerToCertificates(p *linkedca.Provisioner) (provisioner.Interface,

 	details := p.Details.GetData()
 	if details == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provisioner does not have any details")
+		return nil, errors.New("provisioner does not have any details")
 	}

 	options := optionsToCertificates(p)
@ -457,7 +580,7 @@ func ProvisionerToCertificates(p *linkedca.Provisioner) (provisioner.Interface,
 	case *linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_JWK:
 		jwk := new(jose.JSONWebKey)
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(d.JWK.PublicKey, &jwk); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling public key")
 		}
 		return &provisioner.JWK{
 			ID:           p.Id,
@ -589,6 +712,233 @@ func ProvisionerToCertificates(p *linkedca.Provisioner) (provisioner.Interface,
 	}
 }

+// ProvisionerToLinkedca converts a provisioner.Interface to a
+// linkedca.Provisioner type.
+func ProvisionerToLinkedca(p provisioner.Interface) (*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
+	switch p := p.(type) {
+	case *provisioner.JWK:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		publicKey, err := json.Marshal(p.Key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling key")
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_JWK,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_JWK{
+					JWK: &linkedca.JWKProvisioner{
+						PublicKey:           publicKey,
+						EncryptedPrivateKey: []byte(p.EncryptedKey),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.OIDC:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_OIDC,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_OIDC{
+					OIDC: &linkedca.OIDCProvisioner{
+						ClientId:              p.ClientID,
+						ClientSecret:          p.ClientSecret,
+						ConfigurationEndpoint: p.ConfigurationEndpoint,
+						Admins:                p.Admins,
+						Domains:               p.Domains,
+						Groups:                p.Groups,
+						ListenAddress:         p.ListenAddress,
+						TenantId:              p.TenantID,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.GCP:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_GCP,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_GCP{
+					GCP: &linkedca.GCPProvisioner{
+						ServiceAccounts:        p.ServiceAccounts,
+						ProjectIds:             p.ProjectIDs,
+						DisableCustomSans:      p.DisableCustomSANs,
+						DisableTrustOnFirstUse: p.DisableTrustOnFirstUse,
+						InstanceAge:            p.InstanceAge.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.AWS:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_AWS,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_AWS{
+					AWS: &linkedca.AWSProvisioner{
+						Accounts:               p.Accounts,
+						DisableCustomSans:      p.DisableCustomSANs,
+						DisableTrustOnFirstUse: p.DisableTrustOnFirstUse,
+						InstanceAge:            p.InstanceAge.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.Azure:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_AZURE,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_Azure{
+					Azure: &linkedca.AzureProvisioner{
+						TenantId:               p.TenantID,
+						ResourceGroups:         p.ResourceGroups,
+						Audience:               p.Audience,
+						DisableCustomSans:      p.DisableCustomSANs,
+						DisableTrustOnFirstUse: p.DisableTrustOnFirstUse,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.ACME:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_ACME,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_ACME{
+					ACME: &linkedca.ACMEProvisioner{
+						ForceCn: p.ForceCN,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.X5C:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_X5C,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_X5C{
+					X5C: &linkedca.X5CProvisioner{
+						Roots: provisionerPEMToLinkedca(p.Roots),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.K8sSA:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_K8SSA,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_K8SSA{
+					K8SSA: &linkedca.K8SSAProvisioner{
+						PublicKeys: provisionerPEMToLinkedca(p.PubKeys),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.SSHPOP:
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_SSHPOP,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_SSHPOP{
+					SSHPOP: &linkedca.SSHPOPProvisioner{},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims: claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+		}, nil
+	case *provisioner.SCEP:
+		x509Template, sshTemplate, err := provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &linkedca.Provisioner{
+			Id:   p.ID,
+			Type: linkedca.Provisioner_SCEP,
+			Name: p.GetName(),
+			Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+				Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_SCEP{
+					SCEP: &linkedca.SCEPProvisioner{
+						ForceCn:                p.ForceCN,
+						Challenge:              p.GetChallengePassword(),
+						Capabilities:           p.Capabilities,
+						MinimumPublicKeyLength: int32(p.MinimumPublicKeyLength),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Claims:       claimsToLinkedca(p.Claims),
+			X509Template: x509Template,
+			SshTemplate:  sshTemplate,
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provisioner %s not implemented", p.GetType())
+	}
+}
+
 func parseInstanceAge(age string) (provisioner.Duration, error) {
 	var instanceAge provisioner.Duration
 	if age != "" {
--- a/authority/ssh.go
+++ b/authority/ssh.go
@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 		}
 	}

-	if err = a.db.StoreSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
+	if err = a.storeSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "authority.SignSSH: error storing certificate in db")
 	}

@ -249,7 +249,11 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisi
 // RenewSSH creates a signed SSH certificate using the old SSH certificate as a template.
 func (a *Authority) RenewSSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate) (*ssh.Certificate, error) {
 	if oldCert.ValidAfter == 0 || oldCert.ValidBefore == 0 {
-		return nil, errs.BadRequest("rewnewSSH: cannot renew certificate without validity period")
+		return nil, errs.BadRequest("renewSSH: cannot renew certificate without validity period")
+	}
+
+	if err := a.authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx, oldCert); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}

 	backdate := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
@ -294,7 +298,7 @@ func (a *Authority) RenewSSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate) (*ss
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "signSSH: error signing certificate")
 	}

-	if err = a.db.StoreSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
+	if err = a.storeSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "renewSSH: error storing certificate in db")
 	}

@ -319,6 +323,10 @@ func (a *Authority) RekeySSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate, pub
 		return nil, errs.BadRequest("rekeySSH; cannot rekey certificate without validity period")
 	}

+	if err := a.authorizeSSHCertificate(ctx, oldCert); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	backdate := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
 	duration := time.Duration(oldCert.ValidBefore-oldCert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
 	now := time.Now()
@ -369,13 +377,23 @@ func (a *Authority) RekeySSH(ctx context.Context, oldCert *ssh.Certificate, pub
 		}
 	}

-	if err = a.db.StoreSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
+	if err = a.storeSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "rekeySSH; error storing certificate in db")
 	}

 	return cert, nil
 }

+func (a *Authority) storeSSHCertificate(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+	type sshCertificateStorer interface {
+		StoreSSHCertificate(crt *ssh.Certificate) error
+	}
+	if s, ok := a.adminDB.(sshCertificateStorer); ok {
+		return s.StoreSSHCertificate(cert)
+	}
+	return a.db.StoreSSHCertificate(cert)
+}
+
 // IsValidForAddUser checks if a user provisioner certificate can be issued to
 // the given certificate.
 func IsValidForAddUser(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
@ -451,7 +469,7 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSHAddUser(ctx context.Context, key ssh.PublicKey, subje
 	}
 	cert.Signature = sig

-	if err = a.db.StoreSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
+	if err = a.storeSSHCertificate(cert); err != nil && err != db.ErrNotImplemented {
 		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "signSSHAddUser: error storing certificate in db")
 	}

--- a/authority/ssh_test.go
+++ b/authority/ssh_test.go
@ -750,6 +750,11 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now().UTC()

 	a := testAuthority(t)
+	a.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
+		MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
+			return false, nil
+		},
+	}

 	type test struct {
 		auth       *Authority
@ -763,6 +768,56 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 		code       int
 	}
 	tests := map[string]func(t *testing.T) *test{
+		"fail/is-revoked": func(t *testing.T) *test {
+			auth := testAuthority(t)
+			auth.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
+				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
+					return true, nil
+				},
+			}
+			return &test{
+				auth:       auth,
+				userSigner: signer,
+				hostSigner: signer,
+				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
+					Serial:          1234567890,
+					ValidAfter:      uint64(now.Unix()),
+					ValidBefore:     uint64(now.Add(time.Hour).Unix()),
+					CertType:        ssh.UserCert,
+					ValidPrincipals: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+					KeyId:           "foo",
+				},
+				key:      pub,
+				signOpts: []provisioner.SignOption{},
+				err:      errors.New("authority.authorizeSSHCertificate: certificate has been revoked"),
+				code:     http.StatusUnauthorized,
+			}
+		},
+		"fail/is-revoked-error": func(t *testing.T) *test {
+			auth := testAuthority(t)
+			auth.db = &db.MockAuthDB{
+				MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
+					return false, errors.New("an error")
+				},
+			}
+			return &test{
+				auth:       auth,
+				userSigner: signer,
+				hostSigner: signer,
+				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
+					Serial:          1234567890,
+					ValidAfter:      uint64(now.Unix()),
+					ValidBefore:     uint64(now.Add(time.Hour).Unix()),
+					CertType:        ssh.UserCert,
+					ValidPrincipals: []string{"foo", "bar"},
+					KeyId:           "foo",
+				},
+				key:      pub,
+				signOpts: []provisioner.SignOption{},
+				err:      errors.New("authority.authorizeSSHCertificate: an error"),
+				code:     http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			}
+		},
 		"fail/opts-type": func(t *testing.T) *test {
 			return &test{
 				userSigner: signer,
@ -831,6 +886,9 @@ func TestAuthority_RekeySSH(t *testing.T) {
 		"fail/db-store": func(t *testing.T) *test {
 			return &test{
 				auth: testAuthority(t, WithDatabase(&db.MockAuthDB{
+					MIsSSHRevoked: func(sn string) (bool, error) {
+						return false, nil
+					},
 					MStoreSSHCertificate: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
 						return errors.New("force")
 					},
--- a/authority/tls.go
+++ b/authority/tls.go
@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )

 // GetTLSOptions returns the tls options configured.
@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ func withDefaultASN1DN(def *config.ASN1DN) provisioner.CertificateModifierFunc {
 		if def == nil {
 			return errors.New("default ASN1DN template cannot be nil")
 		}
-
 		if len(crt.Subject.Country) == 0 && def.Country != "" {
 			crt.Subject.Country = append(crt.Subject.Country, def.Country)
 		}
@ -55,7 +55,12 @@ func withDefaultASN1DN(def *config.ASN1DN) provisioner.CertificateModifierFunc {
 		if len(crt.Subject.StreetAddress) == 0 && def.StreetAddress != "" {
 			crt.Subject.StreetAddress = append(crt.Subject.StreetAddress, def.StreetAddress)
 		}
-
+		if len(crt.Subject.SerialNumber) == 0 && def.SerialNumber != "" {
+			crt.Subject.SerialNumber = def.SerialNumber
+		}
+		if len(crt.Subject.CommonName) == 0 && def.CommonName != "" {
+			crt.Subject.CommonName = def.CommonName
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@ -280,9 +285,15 @@ func (a *Authority) Rekey(oldCert *x509.Certificate, pk crypto.PublicKey) ([]*x5
 // `StoreCertificate(...*x509.Certificate) error` instead of just
 // `StoreCertificate(*x509.Certificate) error`.
 func (a *Authority) storeCertificate(fullchain []*x509.Certificate) error {
-	if s, ok := a.db.(interface {
+	type certificateChainStorer interface {
 		StoreCertificateChain(...*x509.Certificate) error
-	}); ok {
+	}
+	// Store certificate in linkedca
+	if s, ok := a.adminDB.(certificateChainStorer); ok {
+		return s.StoreCertificateChain(fullchain...)
+	}
+	// Store certificate in local db
+	if s, ok := a.db.(certificateChainStorer); ok {
 		return s.StoreCertificateChain(fullchain...)
 	}
 	return a.db.StoreCertificate(fullchain[0])
@ -293,9 +304,15 @@ func (a *Authority) storeCertificate(fullchain []*x509.Certificate) error {
 //
 // TODO: at some point we should implement this in the standard implementation.
 func (a *Authority) storeRenewedCertificate(oldCert *x509.Certificate, fullchain []*x509.Certificate) error {
-	if s, ok := a.db.(interface {
+	type renewedCertificateChainStorer interface {
 		StoreRenewedCertificate(*x509.Certificate, ...*x509.Certificate) error
-	}); ok {
+	}
+	// Store certificate in linkedca
+	if s, ok := a.adminDB.(renewedCertificateChainStorer); ok {
+		return s.StoreRenewedCertificate(oldCert, fullchain...)
+	}
+	// Store certificate in local db
+	if s, ok := a.db.(renewedCertificateChainStorer); ok {
 		return s.StoreRenewedCertificate(oldCert, fullchain...)
 	}
 	return a.db.StoreCertificate(fullchain[0])
@ -366,7 +383,7 @@ func (a *Authority) Revoke(ctx context.Context, revokeOpts *RevokeOptions) error
 		}
 		rci.ProvisionerID = p.GetID()
 		rci.TokenID, err = p.GetTokenID(revokeOpts.OTT)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, provisioner.ErrAllowTokenReuse) {
 			return errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err,
 				"authority.Revoke; could not get ID for token")
 		}
@ -381,7 +398,7 @@ func (a *Authority) Revoke(ctx context.Context, revokeOpts *RevokeOptions) error
 	}

 	if provisioner.MethodFromContext(ctx) == provisioner.SSHRevokeMethod {
-		err = a.db.RevokeSSH(rci)
+		err = a.revokeSSH(nil, rci)
 	} else {
 		// Revoke an X.509 certificate using CAS. If the certificate is not
 		// provided we will try to read it from the db. If the read fails we
@ -408,7 +425,7 @@ func (a *Authority) Revoke(ctx context.Context, revokeOpts *RevokeOptions) error
 		}

 		// Save as revoked in the Db.
-		err = a.db.Revoke(rci)
+		err = a.revoke(revokedCert, rci)
 	}
 	switch err {
 	case nil:
@ -423,6 +440,24 @@ func (a *Authority) Revoke(ctx context.Context, revokeOpts *RevokeOptions) error
 	}
 }

+func (a *Authority) revoke(crt *x509.Certificate, rci *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error {
+	if lca, ok := a.adminDB.(interface {
+		Revoke(*x509.Certificate, *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error
+	}); ok {
+		return lca.Revoke(crt, rci)
+	}
+	return a.db.Revoke(rci)
+}
+
+func (a *Authority) revokeSSH(crt *ssh.Certificate, rci *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error {
+	if lca, ok := a.adminDB.(interface {
+		RevokeSSH(*ssh.Certificate, *db.RevokedCertificateInfo) error
+	}); ok {
+		return lca.RevokeSSH(crt, rci)
+	}
+	return a.db.Revoke(rci)
+}
+
 // GetTLSCertificate creates a new leaf certificate to be used by the CA HTTPS server.
 func (a *Authority) GetTLSCertificate() (*tls.Certificate, error) {
 	fatal := func(err error) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
--- a/ca/ca.go
+++ b/ca/ca.go
@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (

 type options struct {
 	configFile     string
+	linkedCAToken  string
 	password       []byte
 	issuerPassword []byte
 	database       db.AuthDB
@ -75,6 +76,13 @@ func WithDatabase(db db.AuthDB) Option {
 	}
 }

+// WithLinkedCAToken sets the token used to authenticate with the linkedca.
+func WithLinkedCAToken(token string) Option {
+	return func(o *options) {
+		o.linkedCAToken = token
+	}
+}
+
 // CA is the type used to build the complete certificate authority. It builds
 // the HTTP server, set ups the middlewares and the HTTP handlers.
 type CA struct {
@ -111,6 +119,10 @@ func (ca *CA) Init(config *config.Config) (*CA, error) {
 	}

 	var opts []authority.Option
+	if ca.opts.linkedCAToken != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, authority.WithLinkedCAToken(ca.opts.linkedCAToken))
+	}
+
 	if ca.opts.database != nil {
 		opts = append(opts, authority.WithDatabase(ca.opts.database))
 	}
@ -326,6 +338,7 @@ func (ca *CA) Reload() error {
 	newCA, err := New(config,
 		WithPassword(ca.opts.password),
 		WithIssuerPassword(ca.opts.issuerPassword),
+		WithLinkedCAToken(ca.opts.linkedCAToken),
 		WithConfigFile(ca.opts.configFile),
 		WithDatabase(ca.auth.GetDatabase()),
 	)
--- a/ca/testdata/ca.json
+++ b/ca/testdata/ca.json
@ -9,12 +9,11 @@
    "logger": {"format": "text"},
    "tls": {
        "minVersion": 1.2,
-        "maxVersion": 1.2,
+        "maxVersion": 1.3,
        "renegotiation": false,
        "cipherSuites": [
-            "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
-            "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
-            "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384"
+            "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256",
+			"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256"
        ]
    },
    "authority": {
--- a/cas/apiv1/options.go
+++ b/cas/apiv1/options.go
@ -38,10 +38,17 @@ type Options struct {
 	CertificateChain []*x509.Certificate `json:"-"`
 	Signer           crypto.Signer       `json:"-"`

-	// IsCreator is set to true when we're creating a certificate authority. Is
-	// used to skip some validations when initializing a CertificateAuthority.
+	// IsCreator is set to true when we're creating a certificate authority. It
+	// is used to skip some validations when initializing a
+	// CertificateAuthority. This option is used on SoftCAS and CloudCAS.
 	IsCreator bool `json:"-"`

+	// IsCAGetter is set to true when we're just using the
+	// CertificateAuthorityGetter interface to retrieve the root certificate. It
+	// is used to skip some validations when initializing a
+	// CertificateAuthority. This option is used on StepCAS.
+	IsCAGetter bool `json:"-"`
+
 	// KeyManager is the KMS used to generate keys in SoftCAS.
 	KeyManager kms.KeyManager `json:"-"`

--- a/cas/stepcas/stepcas.go
+++ b/cas/stepcas/stepcas.go
@ -47,10 +47,13 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (*StepCAS, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	// Create configured issuer
-	iss, err := newStepIssuer(caURL, client, opts.CertificateIssuer)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	var iss stepIssuer
+	// Create configured issuer unless we only want to use GetCertificateAuthority.
+	// This avoid the request for the password if not provided.
+	if !opts.IsCAGetter {
+		if iss, err = newStepIssuer(caURL, client, opts.CertificateIssuer); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}

 	return &StepCAS{
--- a/cas/stepcas/stepcas_test.go
+++ b/cas/stepcas/stepcas_test.go
@ -411,6 +411,19 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 			client:      client,
 			fingerprint: testRootFingerprint,
 		}, false},
+		{"ok ca getter", args{context.TODO(), apiv1.Options{
+			IsCAGetter:                      true,
+			CertificateAuthority:            caURL.String(),
+			CertificateAuthorityFingerprint: testRootFingerprint,
+			CertificateIssuer: &apiv1.CertificateIssuer{
+				Type:        "jwk",
+				Provisioner: "ra@doe.org",
+			},
+		}}, &StepCAS{
+			iss:         nil,
+			client:      client,
+			fingerprint: testRootFingerprint,
+		}, false},
 		{"fail authority", args{context.TODO(), apiv1.Options{
 			CertificateAuthority:            "",
 			CertificateAuthorityFingerprint: testRootFingerprint,
--- a/commands/app.go
+++ b/commands/app.go
@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"unicode"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/ca"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/pki"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/errs"
 )
@ -38,6 +40,11 @@ certificate issuer private key used in the RA mode.`,
 			Name:  "resolver",
 			Usage: "address of a DNS resolver to be used instead of the default.",
 		},
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:   "token",
+			Usage:  "token used to enable the linked ca.",
+			EnvVar: "STEP_CA_TOKEN",
+		},
 	},
 }

@ -46,6 +53,7 @@ func appAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	passFile := ctx.String("password-file")
 	issuerPassFile := ctx.String("issuer-password-file")
 	resolver := ctx.String("resolver")
+	token := ctx.String("token")

 	// If zero cmd line args show help, if >1 cmd line args show error.
 	if ctx.NArg() == 0 {
@ -61,6 +69,18 @@ func appAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		fatal(err)
 	}

+	if config.AuthorityConfig != nil {
+		if token == "" && strings.EqualFold(config.AuthorityConfig.DeploymentType, pki.LinkedDeployment.String()) {
+			return errors.New(`'step-ca' requires the '--token' flag for linked deploy type.
+
+To get a linked authority token:
+  1. Log in or create a Certificate Manager account at ` + "\033[1mhttps://u.step.sm/linked\033[0m" + `
+  2. Add a new authority and select "Link a step-ca instance"
+  3. Follow instructions in browser to start 'step-ca' using the '--token' flag
+`)
+		}
+	}
+
 	var password []byte
 	if passFile != "" {
 		if password, err = ioutil.ReadFile(passFile); err != nil {
@ -88,7 +108,8 @@ func appAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	srv, err := ca.New(config,
 		ca.WithConfigFile(configFile),
 		ca.WithPassword(password),
-		ca.WithIssuerPassword(issuerPassword))
+		ca.WithIssuerPassword(issuerPassword),
+		ca.WithLinkedCAToken(token))
 	if err != nil {
 		fatal(err)
 	}
--- a/commands/export.go
+++ b/commands/export.go
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/encoding/protojson"
+
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/command"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/errs"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	command.Register(cli.Command{
+		Name:      "export",
+		Usage:     "export the current configuration of step-ca",
+		UsageText: "**step-ca export** <config>",
+		Action:    exportAction,
+		Description: `**step-ca export** exports the current configuration of step-ca.
+
+Note that neither the PKI password nor the certificate issuer password will be
+included in the export file.
+
+## POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS
+
+<config>
+:  The ca.json that contains the step-ca configuration.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+Export the current configuration:
+'''
+$ step-ca export $(step path)/config/ca.json
+'''`,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			cli.StringFlag{
+				Name: "password-file",
+				Usage: `path to the <file> containing the password to decrypt the
+intermediate private key.`,
+			},
+			cli.StringFlag{
+				Name: "issuer-password-file",
+				Usage: `path to the <file> containing the password to decrypt the
+certificate issuer private key used in the RA mode.`,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func exportAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if err := errs.NumberOfArguments(ctx, 1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	configFile := ctx.Args().Get(0)
+	passwordFile := ctx.String("password-file")
+	issuerPasswordFile := ctx.String("issuer-password-file")
+
+	config, err := config.LoadConfiguration(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := config.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if passwordFile != "" {
+		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passwordFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", passwordFile)
+		}
+		config.Password = string(bytes.TrimRightFunc(b, unicode.IsSpace))
+	}
+	if issuerPasswordFile != "" {
+		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(issuerPasswordFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", issuerPasswordFile)
+		}
+		if config.AuthorityConfig.CertificateIssuer != nil {
+			config.AuthorityConfig.CertificateIssuer.Password = string(bytes.TrimRightFunc(b, unicode.IsSpace))
+		}
+	}
+
+	auth, err := authority.New(config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	export, err := auth.Export()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	b, err := protojson.Marshal(export)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling export")
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err := json.Indent(&buf, b, "", "\t"); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error indenting export")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println(buf.String())
+	return nil
+}
--- a/commands/onboard.go
+++ b/commands/onboard.go
@ -163,17 +163,21 @@ func onboardAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 }

 func onboardPKI(config onboardingConfiguration) (*config.Config, string, error) {
+	var opts = []pki.Option{
+		pki.WithAddress(config.Address),
+		pki.WithDNSNames([]string{config.DNS}),
+		pki.WithProvisioner("admin"),
+	}
+
 	p, err := pki.New(apiv1.Options{
 		Type:      apiv1.SoftCAS,
 		IsCreator: true,
-	})
+	}, opts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}

-	p.SetAddress(config.Address)
-	p.SetDNSNames([]string{config.DNS})
-
+	// Generate pki
 	ui.Println("Generating root certificate...")
 	root, err := p.GenerateRootCertificate(config.Name, config.Name, config.Name, config.password)
 	if err != nil {
@ -186,8 +190,12 @@ func onboardPKI(config onboardingConfiguration) (*config.Config, string, error)
 		return nil, "", err
 	}

+	// Write files to disk
+	if err = p.WriteFiles(); err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+
 	// Generate provisioner
-	p.SetProvisioner("admin")
 	ui.Println("Generating admin provisioner...")
 	if err = p.GenerateKeyPairs(config.password); err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
--- a/docker/Dockerfile.step-ca
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile.step-ca
@ -24,4 +24,7 @@ VOLUME ["/home/step"]
 STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM
 HEALTHCHECK CMD step ca health 2>/dev/null | grep "^ok" >/dev/null

+COPY docker/entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash", "/entrypoint.sh"]
 CMD exec /usr/local/bin/step-ca --password-file $PWDPATH $CONFIGPATH
--- a/docker/entrypoint.sh
+++ b/docker/entrypoint.sh
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -eo pipefail
+
+# Paraphrased from:
+# https://github.com/influxdata/influxdata-docker/blob/0d341f18067c4652dfa8df7dcb24d69bf707363d/influxdb/2.0/entrypoint.sh
+# (a repo with no LICENSE.md)
+
+export STEPPATH=$(step path)
+
+# List of env vars required for step ca init
+declare -ra REQUIRED_INIT_VARS=(DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_NAME DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_DNS_NAMES)
+
+# Ensure all env vars required to run step ca init are set.
+function init_if_possible () {
+    local missing_vars=0
+    for var in "${REQUIRED_INIT_VARS[@]}"; do
+        if [ -z "${!var}" ]; then
+            missing_vars=1
+        fi
+    done
+    if [ ${missing_vars} = 1 ]; then
+		>&2 echo "there is no ca.json config file; please run step ca init, or provide config parameters via DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_ vars"
+    else
+        step_ca_init "${@}"
+    fi
+}
+
+function generate_password () {
+    set +o pipefail
+    < /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Za-z0-9 | head -c40
+    echo
+    set -o pipefail
+}
+
+# Initialize a CA if not already initialized
+function step_ca_init () {
+    local -a setup_args=(
+        --name "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_NAME}"
+		--dns "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_DNS_NAMES}"
+		--provisioner "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_PROVISIONER_NAME:-admin}"
+		--password-file "${STEPPATH}/password"
+        --address ":9000"
+    )
+    if [ -n "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_PASSWORD}" ]; then
+        echo "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_PASSWORD}" > "${STEPPATH}/password"
+    else
+        generate_password > "${STEPPATH}/password"
+    fi
+    if [ -n "${DOCKER_STEPCA_INIT_SSH}" ]; then
+        setup_args=("${setup_args[@]}" --ssh)
+    fi
+    step ca init "${setup_args[@]}"
+    mv $STEPPATH/password $PWDPATH
+}
+
+if [ ! -f "${STEPPATH}/config/ca.json" ]; then
+	init_if_possible
+fi
+
+exec "${@}"
--- a/docs/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/docs/CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -7,12 +7,20 @@ to manage issues, etc.

 ## Table of Contents

-* [Building From Source](#building-from-source)
-* [Asking Support Questions](#asking-support-questions)
-* [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
-* [Submitting Patches](#submitting-patches)
-  * [Code Contribution Guidelines](#code-contribution-guidelines)
-  * [Git Commit Message Guidelines](#git-commit-message-guidelines)
+- [Contributing to `step certificates`](#contributing-to-step-certificates)
+  - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
+  - [Building From Source](#building-from-source)
+    - [Build a standard `step-ca`](#build-a-standard-step-ca)
+    - [Build `step-ca` using CGO](#build-step-ca-using-cgo)
+      - [The CGO build enables PKCS #11 and YubiKey PIV support](#the-cgo-build-enables-pkcs-11-and-yubikey-piv-support)
+      - [1. Install PCSC support](#1-install-pcsc-support)
+      - [2. Build `step-ca`](#2-build-step-ca)
+  - [Asking Support Questions](#asking-support-questions)
+  - [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
+  - [Code Contribution](#code-contribution)
+  - [Submitting Patches](#submitting-patches)
+    - [Code Contribution Guidelines](#code-contribution-guidelines)
+    - [Git Commit Message Guidelines](#git-commit-message-guidelines)

 ## Building From Source

@ -73,7 +81,7 @@ When the build is complete, you will find binaries in `bin/`.

 ## Asking Support Questions

-Feel free to post a question on our [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions) page, or find us on [Gitter](https://gitter.im/smallstep/community).
+Feel free to post a question on our [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions) page, or find us on [Discord](https://bit.ly/step-discord).

 ## Reporting Issues

--- a/docs/provisioners.md
+++ b/docs/provisioners.md
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Provisioners

 > Note: The canonical documentation for `step-ca` provisioners now lives at
-> https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/configuration#provisioners. Documentation
+> https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/provisioners. Documentation
 > found on this page may be out of date.

 Provisioners are people or code that are registered with the CA and authorized
--- a/docs/revocation.md
+++ b/docs/revocation.md
@ -202,7 +202,8 @@ through an example.
 [Use TLS Everywhere](https://smallstep.com/blog/use-tls.html) and let us know
 what you think of our tools. Get in touch over
 [Twitter](twitter.com/smallsteplabs) or through our
-[GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions) to chat with us in real time.
+[GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions) to find answers to frequently asked questions.
+[Discord](https://bit.ly/step-discord) to chat with us in real time.

 ## Further Reading

--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.1.0
 	github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11 v1.2.4
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.30.29
+	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.0.4-0.20200906165740-41ebdbffecfd // indirect
 	github.com/go-chi/chi v4.0.2+incompatible
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-piv/piv-go v1.7.0
@ -22,27 +23,25 @@ require (
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2
 	github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262
-	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.6
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.4
 	go.mozilla.org/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20200128120323-432b2356ecb1
 	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.4.1
-	go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.0
-	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.0.0-20210611183751-27424aae8d25
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201016220609-9e8e0b390897
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210503060351-7fd8e65b6420
+	go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.2
+	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.5.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210817164053-32db794688a5
+	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210825183410-e898025ed96a
 	google.golang.org/api v0.47.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210602131652-f16073e35f0c
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.38.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210719143636-1d5a45f8e492
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.39.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1
 	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.5.1
 )

 // replace github.com/smallstep/nosql => ../nosql
-
-//replace go.step.sm/crypto => ../crypto
-
-//replace go.step.sm/cli-utils => ../cli-utils
+// replace go.step.sm/crypto => ../crypto
+// replace go.step.sm/cli-utils => ../cli-utils
+// replace go.step.sm/linkedca => ../linkedca

 //replace go.step.sm/linkedca => ../linkedca

--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -42,10 +42,6 @@ github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 h1:cTp8I5+VIo
 github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96/go.mod h1:bOvUY6CB00SOBii9/FifXqc0awNKxLFCL/+pkDPuyl8=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
-github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.1/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
-github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
-github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
-github.com/Knetic/govaluate v3.0.1-0.20171022003610-9aa49832a739+incompatible h1:1G1pk05UrOh0NlF1oeaaix1x8XzrfjIDK47TY0Zehcw=
 github.com/Knetic/govaluate v3.0.1-0.20171022003610-9aa49832a739+incompatible/go.mod h1:r7JcOSlj0wfOMncg0iLm8Leh48TZaKVeNIfJntJ2wa0=
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.0 h1:zukEsf/1JZwCMgHiK3GZftabmxiCw4apj3a28RPBiVg=
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.0/go.mod h1:8cTjp+g8YejhMuvIA5y2vz3BpJxksy863GQaJW2MFNU=
@ -55,77 +51,57 @@ github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.1.0 h1:j7GpgZ7PdFqNsmncycTHsLmVPf5/3wJtlgW9TN
 github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:ONGMf7UfYGAbMXCZmQLy8x3lCDIPrEZE/rU8pmrbihA=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2 h1:KMrpdQIwFcEqXDklaen+P1axHaj9BSKzvpUUfnHldSE=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
-github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.19.0 h1:9oksLxC6uxVPHPVYUmq6xhr1BOF/hHobWH2UzO67z1s=
 github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.19.0/go.mod h1:FVkBWblsNy7DGZRfXLU0O9RCGt5g3g3yEuWXgklEdEo=
 github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.19.0/go.mod h1:FVkBWblsNy7DGZRfXLU0O9RCGt5g3g3yEuWXgklEdEo=
-github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy v2.1.4+incompatible h1:TKdv8HiTLgE5wdJuEML90aBgNWsokNbMijUGhmcoBJc=
 github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy v2.1.4+incompatible/go.mod h1:OXgGpZ6Cli1/URJOF1DMxUHB2q5Ap20/P/eIdh4G0pI=
 github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy v2.1.4+incompatible/go.mod h1:OXgGpZ6Cli1/URJOF1DMxUHB2q5Ap20/P/eIdh4G0pI=
 github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11 v1.2.4 h1:3MebRK/U0mA2SmSthXAIZAdUA9w8+ZuKem2O6HuR1f8=
 github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11 v1.2.4 h1:3MebRK/U0mA2SmSthXAIZAdUA9w8+ZuKem2O6HuR1f8=
 github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11 v1.2.4/go.mod h1:ILDKtnCKiQ7zRoNxcp36Y1ZR8LBPmR2E23+wTQe/MlE=
 github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11 v1.2.4/go.mod h1:ILDKtnCKiQ7zRoNxcp36Y1ZR8LBPmR2E23+wTQe/MlE=
-github.com/VividCortex/gohistogram v1.0.0 h1:6+hBz+qvs0JOrrNhhmR7lFxo5sINxBCGXrdtl/UvroE=
 github.com/VividCortex/gohistogram v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Pf5mBqqDxYaXu3hDrrU+w6nw50o/4+TcAqDqk/vUH7g=
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-github.com/afex/hystrix-go v0.0.0-20180502004556-fa1af6a1f4f5 h1:rFw4nCn9iMW+Vajsk51NtYIcwSTkXr+JGrMd36kTDJw=
 github.com/afex/hystrix-go v0.0.0-20180502004556-fa1af6a1f4f5/go.mod h1:SkGFH1ia65gfNATL8TAiHDNxPzPdmEL5uirI2Uyuz6c=
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 github.com/apache/thrift v0.12.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
 github.com/apache/thrift v0.12.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
-github.com/apache/thrift v0.13.0 h1:5hryIiq9gtn+MiLVn0wP37kb/uTeRZgN08WoCsAhIhI=
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 github.com/apache/thrift v0.13.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
-github.com/armon/circbuf v0.0.0-20150827004946-bbbad097214e h1:QEF07wC0T1rKkctt1RINW/+RMTVmiwxETico2l3gxJA=
 github.com/armon/circbuf v0.0.0-20150827004946-bbbad097214e/go.mod h1:3U/XgcO3hCbHZ8TKRvWD2dDTCfh9M9ya+I9JpbB7O8o=
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 github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6/go.mod h1:grANhF5doyWs3UAsr3K4I6qtAmlQcZDesFNEHPZAzj8=
 github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6/go.mod h1:grANhF5doyWs3UAsr3K4I6qtAmlQcZDesFNEHPZAzj8=
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 github.com/boltdb/bolt v1.3.1/go.mod h1:clJnj/oiGkjum5o1McbSZDSLxVThjynRyGBgiAx27Ps=
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 github.com/casbin/casbin/v2 v2.1.2/go.mod h1:YcPU1XXisHhLzuxH9coDNf2FbKpjGlbCg3n9yuLkIJQ=
-github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.2.1+incompatible h1:tNowT99t7UNflLxfYYSlKYsBpXdEet03Pg2g16Swow4=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.2.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:90ReRw6GdpyfrHakVjL/QHaoyV4aDUVVkXQJJJ3NXXM=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1 h1:glEXhBS5PSLLv4IXzLA5yPRVX4bilULVyxxbrfOtDAk=
 github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 h1:a6HrQnmkObjyL+Gs60czilIUGqrzKutQD6XZog3p+ko=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0/go.mod h1:XrSqR1VqqWfGrhpAt58auRo0WTKS1nRRg3ghfAqPWnc=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1 h1:6MnRN8NT7+YBpUIWxHtefFZOKTAPgGjpQSxqLNn0+qY=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
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@ -133,44 +109,36 @@ github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e h1:fY5BOSpyZCqRo5O
 github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
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@ -178,13 +146,9 @@ github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20200201041132-a6ae2369ad13/go.mod h1:SqUrOPUn
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@ -192,32 +156,24 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.m
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@ -227,17 +183,13 @@ github.com/go-piv/piv-go v1.7.0/go.mod h1:ON2WvQncm7dIkCQ7kYJs+nc3V4jHGfrrJnSF8H
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@ -267,14 +219,11 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0/go.mod h1:jodUvKwWbYaEsadDk5Fwe5c77LiNKVO9IDvq
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@ -289,13 +238,10 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.1/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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 github.com/samfoo/ansi v0.0.0-20160124022901-b6bd2ded7189 h1:CmSpbxmewNQbzqztaY0bke1qzHhyNyC29wYgh17Gxfo=
 github.com/samfoo/ansi v0.0.0-20160124022901-b6bd2ded7189/go.mod h1:UUwuHEJ9zkkPDxspIHOa59PUeSkGFljESGzbxntLmIg=
-github.com/samuel/go-zookeeper v0.0.0-20190923202752-2cc03de413da h1:p3Vo3i64TCLY7gIfzeQaUJ+kppEO5WQG3cL8iE8tGHU=
 github.com/samuel/go-zookeeper v0.0.0-20190923202752-2cc03de413da/go.mod h1:gi+0XIa01GRL2eRQVjQkKGqKF3SF9vZR/HnPullcV2E=
-github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529 h1:nn5Wsu0esKSJiIVhscUtVbo7ada43DJhG55ua/hjS5I=
 github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529/go.mod h1:DxrIzT+xaE7yg65j358z/aeFdxmN0P9QXhEzd20vsDc=
 github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0 h1:PdmoCO6wvbs+7yrJyMORt4/BmY5IYyJwS/kOiWx8mHo=
 github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0/go.mod h1:1NzhyTcUVG4SuEtjjoZeVRXNmyL/1OwPU0+IJeTBvfc=
@ -595,15 +460,11 @@ github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2/go.mod h1:tLMulIdttU9McNUspp0xgXVQah82FyeX6Mwd
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20180720014142-de77670473b5/go.mod h1:TC9A4+RjIOS+HyTH7wG17/gSqVv95uDw2J64dQZx7RE=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262 h1:unQFBIznI+VYD1/1fApl1A+9VcBk+9dcqGfnePY87LY=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262/go.mod h1:MyOHs9Po2fbM1LHej6sBUT8ozbxmMOFG+E+rx/GSGuc=
-github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.6 h1:cq6a3NwjFJxkVlWU1T4qGskcfEXr0fO1WqQrraDO1Po=
-github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.6/go.mod h1:h1zC/Z54uNHc8euquLED4qJNCrMHd3nytA141ZZh4qQ=
-github.com/smartystreets/assertions v0.0.0-20180927180507-b2de0cb4f26d h1:zE9ykElWQ6/NYmHa3jpm/yHnI4xSofP+UP6SpjHcSeM=
+github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8 h1:1/EWUbbEdz9ai0g9Fd09VekVjtxp+5+gIHpV2PdwW3o=
+github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8/go.mod h1:X2qkYpNcW3yjLUvhEHfgGfClpKbFPapewvx7zo4TOFs=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v0.0.0-20180927180507-b2de0cb4f26d/go.mod h1:OnSkiWE9lh6wB0YB77sQom3nweQdgAjqCqsofrRNTgc=
-github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4 h1:fv0U8FUIMPNf1L9lnHLvLhgicrIVChEkdzIKYqbNC9s=
 github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4/go.mod h1:syvi0/a8iFYH4r/RixwvyeAJjdLS9QV7WQ/tjFTllLA=
-github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4 h1:0HKaf1o97UwFjHH9o5XsHUOF+tqmdA7KEzXLpiyaw0E=
 github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4/go.mod h1:IM3LyeVVIOuxMH7sFAkER9+bJ4dT7Ms6E4xg4kGIyLM=
-github.com/sony/gobreaker v0.4.1 h1:oMnRNZXX5j85zso6xCPRNPtmAycat+WcoKbklScLDgQ=
 github.com/sony/gobreaker v0.4.1/go.mod h1:ZKptC7FHNvhBz7dN2LGjPVBz2sZJmc0/PkyDJOjmxWY=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v0.0.0-20180118202830-f09979ecbc72/go.mod h1:JwIasOWyU6f++ZhiEuf87xNszmSA2myDM2Kzu9HwQUA=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 h1:7c1g84S4BPRrfL5Xrdp6fOJ206sU9y293DDHaoy0bLI=
@ -613,17 +474,13 @@ github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.0/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkU
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1 h1:nFm6S0SMdyzrzcmThSipiEubIDy8WEXKNZ0UOgiRpng=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkUJE=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v0.0.3/go.mod h1:1l0Ry5zgKvJasoi3XT1TypsSe7PqH0Sj9dhYf7v3XqQ=
-github.com/spf13/cobra v0.0.5 h1:f0B+LkLX6DtmRH1isoNA9VTtNUK9K8xYd28JNNfOv/s=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v0.0.5/go.mod h1:3K3wKZymM7VvHMDS9+Akkh4K60UwM26emMESw8tLCHU=
 github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.0.0/go.mod h1:cQK4TGJAtQXfYWX+Ddv3mKDzgVb68N+wFjFa4jdeBTo=
 github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.1/go.mod h1:DYY7MBk1bdzusC3SYhjObp+wFpr4gzcvqqNjLnInEg4=
-github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.3 h1:zPAT6CGy6wXeQ7NtTnaTerfKOsV6V6F8agHXFiazDkg=
 github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.3/go.mod h1:DYY7MBk1bdzusC3SYhjObp+wFpr4gzcvqqNjLnInEg4=
 github.com/spf13/viper v1.3.2/go.mod h1:ZiWeW+zYFKm7srdB9IoDzzZXaJaI5eL9QjNiN/DMA2s=
 github.com/streadway/amqp v0.0.0-20190404075320-75d898a42a94/go.mod h1:AZpEONHx3DKn8O/DFsRAY58/XVQiIPMTMB1SddzLXVw=
-github.com/streadway/amqp v0.0.0-20190827072141-edfb9018d271 h1:WhxRHzgeVGETMlmVfqhRn8RIeeNoPr2Czh33I4Zdccw=
 github.com/streadway/amqp v0.0.0-20190827072141-edfb9018d271/go.mod h1:AZpEONHx3DKn8O/DFsRAY58/XVQiIPMTMB1SddzLXVw=
-github.com/streadway/handy v0.0.0-20190108123426-d5acb3125c2a h1:AhmOdSHeswKHBjhsLs/7+1voOxT+LLrSk/Nxvk35fug=
 github.com/streadway/handy v0.0.0-20190108123426-d5acb3125c2a/go.mod h1:qNTQ5P5JnDBl6z3cMAg/SywNDC5ABu5ApDIw6lUbRmI=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.1/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
@ -631,23 +488,18 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXf
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5W2xD1RspED5o8YsWQXVCued0rvSQ+mT+I5cxcmMvtA=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1 h1:hDPOHmpOpP40lSULcqw7IrRb/u7w6RpDC9399XyoNd0=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0 h1:nwc3DEeHmmLAfoZucVR881uASk0Mfjw8xYJ99tb5CcY=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/thales-e-security/pool v0.0.2 h1:RAPs4q2EbWsTit6tpzuvTFlgFRJ3S8Evf5gtvVDbmPg=
 github.com/thales-e-security/pool v0.0.2/go.mod h1:qtpMm2+thHtqhLzTwgDBj/OuNnMpupY8mv0Phz0gjhU=
-github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20170815181823-89b8d40f7ca8 h1:ndzgwNDnKIqyCvHTXaCqh9KlOWKvBry6nuXMJmonVsE=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20170815181823-89b8d40f7ca8/go.mod h1:ncp9v5uamzpCO7NfCPTXjqaC+bZgJeR0sMTm6dMHP7U=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v0.0.0-20181204163529-d75b2dcb6bc8 h1:3SVOIvH7Ae1KRYyQWRjXWJEA9sS/c/pjvH++55Gr648=
 github.com/ugorji/go/codec v0.0.0-20181204163529-d75b2dcb6bc8/go.mod h1:VFNgLljTbGfSG7qAOspJ7OScBnGdDN/yBr0sguwnwf0=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.20.0/go.mod h1:70zkFmudgCuE/ngEzBv17Jvp/497gISqfk5gWijbERA=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.1/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.2/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.4 h1:u7tSpNPPswAFymm8IehJhy4uJMlUuU/GmqSkvJ1InXA=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.4/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
-github.com/xiang90/probing v0.0.0-20190116061207-43a291ad63a2 h1:eY9dn8+vbi4tKz5Qo6v2eYzo7kUS51QINcR5jNpbZS8=
 github.com/xiang90/probing v0.0.0-20190116061207-43a291ad63a2/go.mod h1:UETIi67q53MR2AWcXfiuqkDkRtnGDLqkBTpCHuJHxtU=
-github.com/xordataexchange/crypt v0.0.3-0.20170626215501-b2862e3d0a77 h1:ESFSdwYZvkeru3RtdrYueztKhOBCSAAzS4Gf+k0tEow=
 github.com/xordataexchange/crypt v0.0.3-0.20170626215501-b2862e3d0a77/go.mod h1:aYKd//L2LvnjZzWKhF00oedf4jCCReLcmhLdhm1A27Q=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.25/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
@ -657,7 +509,6 @@ github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.3.5/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1
 go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.3/go.mod h1:IbVyRI1SCnLcuJnV2u8VeU0CEYM7e686BmAb1XKL+uU=
 go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.5 h1:XAzx9gjCb0Rxj7EoqcClPD1d5ZBxZJk0jbuoPHenBt0=
 go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.5/go.mod h1:G5EMThwa9y8QZGBClrRx5EY+Yw9kAhnjy3bSjsnlVTQ=
-go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20191023171146-3cf2f69b5738 h1:VcrIfasaLFkyjk6KNlXQSzO+B0fZcnECiDrKJsfxka0=
 go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20191023171146-3cf2f69b5738/go.mod h1:dnLIgRNXwCJa5e+c6mIZCrds/GIG4ncV9HhK5PX7jPg=
 go.opencensus.io v0.20.1/go.mod h1:6WKK9ahsWS3RSO+PY9ZHZUfv2irvY6gN279GOPZjmmk=
 go.opencensus.io v0.20.2/go.mod h1:6WKK9ahsWS3RSO+PY9ZHZUfv2irvY6gN279GOPZjmmk=
@ -669,31 +520,20 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.22.4/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.5/go.mod h1:5pWMHQbX5EPX2/62yrJeAkowc+lfs/XD7Uxpq3pI6kk=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 h1:gqCw0LfLxScz8irSi8exQc7fyQ0fKQU/qnC/X8+V/1M=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0/go.mod h1:XItmlyltB5F7CS4xOC1DcqMoFqwtC6OG2xF7mCv7P7E=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.2.0 h1:hpVu9+6dpv/7/Bd8nGJFc3V+gQ+TciSJRTu9TavDUQ4=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.2.0/go.mod h1:+t4qCp5NO+080DdGkJxEh3xL5S4TcYC2JTPLMM72b6Y=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.4.0 h1:dni6gR/6/LOqfbzm/yUdgz5O12tkxX17SxA9+pRMidI=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.4.0/go.mod h1:1zFgatDqEJ1Y4MNStdWa0b1NPc1fvSHbDJC+wZ6iQlE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:PqfVotwruBrMGOCsRd/89rSnXhoiJIqeYNgFYFoEGnI=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.4.1 h1:QztRUhGYjOPM1I2Nmi7V6XejQyVtcESmo+sbegxvX7Q=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.4.1/go.mod h1:hWYVOSlw8W9Pd+BwIbs/aftVVMRms3EG7Q2qLRwc0WA=
-go.step.sm/crypto v0.6.1/go.mod h1:AKS4yMZVZD4EGjpSkY4eibuMenrvKCscb+BpWMet8c0=
-go.step.sm/crypto v0.8.3 h1:TO/OPlaUrYXhs8srGEFNyL6OWVQvRmEPCUONNnQUuEM=
-go.step.sm/crypto v0.8.3/go.mod h1:+CYG05Mek1YDqi5WK0ERc6cOpKly2i/a5aZmU1sfGj0=
-go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.0 h1:q2AllTSnVj4NRtyEPkGW2ohArLmbGbe6ZAL/VIOKDzA=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+CYG05Mek1YDqi5WK0ERc6cOpKly2i/a5aZmU1sfGj0=
-go.step.sm/linkedca v0.0.0-20210610014030-59b16916c7e7 h1:hAfzUm80XWGtFnxyVgeT/gc/3XnlVNnHD5HrLbk4Fc0=
-go.step.sm/linkedca v0.0.0-20210610014030-59b16916c7e7/go.mod h1:5uTRjozEGSPAZal9xJqlaD38cvJcLe3o1VAFVjqcORo=
-go.step.sm/linkedca v0.0.0-20210611183751-27424aae8d25 h1:ncJqviWswJT19IdnfOYQGKG1zL7IDy4lAJz1PuM3fgw=
-go.step.sm/linkedca v0.0.0-20210611183751-27424aae8d25/go.mod h1:5uTRjozEGSPAZal9xJqlaD38cvJcLe3o1VAFVjqcORo=
+go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.2 h1:UvQHE4brjAOdgcK2ob6zupL1iRzDd8+QiEvPOeQrm4E=
+go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.2/go.mod h1:F5OJyPDWntNa1SbuWPxuHJc9bLzu84NzYrrdzDuBugk=
+go.step.sm/linkedca v0.5.0 h1:oZVRSpElM7lAL1XN2YkjdHwI/oIZ+1ULOnuqYPM6xjY=
+go.step.sm/linkedca v0.5.0/go.mod h1:5uTRjozEGSPAZal9xJqlaD38cvJcLe3o1VAFVjqcORo=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.3.2/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
-go.uber.org/atomic v1.5.0 h1:OI5t8sDa1Or+q8AeE+yKeB/SDYioSHAgcVljj9JIETY=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.5.0/go.mod h1:sABNBOSYdrvTF6hTgEIbc7YasKWGhgEQZyfxyTvoXHQ=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:wR5kodmAFQ0UK8QlbwjlSNy0Z68gJhDJUG5sjR94q/0=
-go.uber.org/multierr v1.3.0 h1:sFPn2GLc3poCkfrpIXGhBD2X0CMIo4Q/zSULXrj/+uc=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.3.0/go.mod h1:VgVr7evmIr6uPjLBxg28wmKNXyqE9akIJ5XnfpiKl+4=
-go.uber.org/tools v0.0.0-20190618225709-2cfd321de3ee h1:0mgffUl7nfd+FpvXMVz4IDEaUSmT1ysygQC7qYo7sG4=
 go.uber.org/tools v0.0.0-20190618225709-2cfd321de3ee/go.mod h1:vJERXedbb3MVM5f9Ejo0C68/HhF8uaILCdgjnY+goOA=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vwi/ZaCAaUcBkycHslxD9B2zi4UTXhF60s6SWpuDF0Q=
-go.uber.org/zap v1.13.0 h1:nR6NoDBgAf67s68NhaXbsojM+2gxp3S1hWkHDl27pVU=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.13.0/go.mod h1:zwrFLgMcdUuIBviXEYEH1YKNaOBnKXsx2IPda5bBwHM=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20181029021203-45a5f77698d3/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
@ -706,8 +546,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8U
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200414173820-0848c9571904/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200728195943-123391ffb6de/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201016220609-9e8e0b390897 h1:pLI5jrR7OSLijeIDcmRxNmw2api+jEfxLoykJVice/E=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201016220609-9e8e0b390897/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210817164053-32db794688a5 h1:HWj/xjIHfjYU5nVXpTM0s39J9CbLn7Cc5a7IC5rwsMQ=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210817164053-32db794688a5/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@ -786,10 +626,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210119194325-5f4716e94777/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210316092652-d523dce5a7f4/go.mod h1:RBQZq4jEuRlivfhVLdyRGr576XBO4/greRjx4P4O3yc=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210503060351-7fd8e65b6420 h1:a8jGStKg0XqKDlKqjLrXn0ioF5MH36pT7Z0BRTqLhbk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210503060351-7fd8e65b6420/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210525063256-abc453219eb5 h1:wjuX4b5yYQnEQHzd+CBcrcC6OVR2J1CN6mUy0oSxIPo=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210525063256-abc453219eb5/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210825183410-e898025ed96a h1:bRuuGXV8wwSdGTB+CtJf+FjgO1APK1CoO39T4BN/XBw=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210825183410-e898025ed96a/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@ -870,10 +709,9 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210320140829-1e4c9ba3b0c4/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210514084401-e8d321eab015 h1:hZR0X1kPW+nwyJ9xRxqZk1vx5RUObAPBdKVvXPDUH/E=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210514084401-e8d321eab015/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22 h1:RqytpXGR1iVNX7psjB3ff8y7sNFinVFvkx1c8SjBkio=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1 h1:SrN+KX8Art/Sf4HNj6Zcz06G7VEz+7w9tdXTPOZ7+l4=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1 h1:v+OssWQX+hTHEmOBgwxdZxK4zHq3yOs8F9J7mk0PY8E=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@ -943,6 +781,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210105154028-b0ab187a4818/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4f
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.0/go.mod h1:xkSsbof2nBLbhDlRMhhhyNLN/zl3eTqcnHD5viDpcZ0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.2/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@ -1005,6 +844,7 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200312145019-da6875a35672/go.mod h1:55QSHmfG
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200331122359-1ee6d9798940/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200430143042-b979b6f78d84/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200511104702-f5ebc3bea380/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200513103714-09dca8ec2884/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200515170657-fc4c6c6a6587/go.mod h1:YsZOwe1myG/8QRHRsmBRE1LrgQY60beZKjly0O1fX9U=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200618031413-b414f8b61790/go.mod h1:jDfRM7FcilCzHH/e9qn6dsT145K34l5v+OpcnNgKAAA=
@ -1022,10 +862,9 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210310155132-4ce2db91004e/go.mod h1:FWY/as6D
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210319143718-93e7006c17a6/go.mod h1:FWY/as6DDZQgahTzZj3fqbO1CbirC29ZNUFHwi0/+no=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210402141018-6c239bbf2bb1/go.mod h1:9lPAdzaEmUacj36I+k7YKbEc5CXzPIeORRgDAUOu28A=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210513213006-bf773b8c8384/go.mod h1:P3QM42oQyzQSnHPnZ/vqoCdDmzH28fzWByN9asMeM8A=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210602131652-f16073e35f0c h1:wtujag7C+4D6KMoulW9YauvK2lgdvCMS260jsqqBXr0=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210602131652-f16073e35f0c/go.mod h1:UODoCrxHCcBojKKwX1terBiRUaqAsFqJiF615XL43r0=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210608205507-b6d2f5bf0d7d h1:KzwjikDymrEmYYbdyfievTwjEeGlu+OM6oiKBkF3Jfg=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210608205507-b6d2f5bf0d7d/go.mod h1:UODoCrxHCcBojKKwX1terBiRUaqAsFqJiF615XL43r0=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210719143636-1d5a45f8e492 h1:7yQQsvnwjfEahbNNEKcBHv3mR+HnB1ctGY/z1JXzx8M=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20210719143636-1d5a45f8e492/go.mod h1:ob2IJxKrgPT52GcgX759i1sleT07tiKowYBGbczaW48=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.17.0/go.mod h1:6QZJwpn2B+Zp71q/5VxRsJ6NXXVCE5NRUHRo+f3cWCs=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.20.0/go.mod h1:chYK+tFQF0nDUGJgXMSgLCQk3phJEuONr2DCgLDdAQM=
@ -1044,6 +883,7 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.29.1/go.mod h1:itym6AZVZYACWQqET3MqgPpjcuV5QH3BxFS3Iji
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.30.0/go.mod h1:N36X2cJ7JwdamYAgDz+s+rVMFjt3numwzf/HckM8pak=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.31.0/go.mod h1:N36X2cJ7JwdamYAgDz+s+rVMFjt3numwzf/HckM8pak=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.31.1/go.mod h1:N36X2cJ7JwdamYAgDz+s+rVMFjt3numwzf/HckM8pak=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.1/go.mod h1:fr5YgcSWrqhRRxogOsw7RzIpsmvOZ6IcH4kBYTpR3n0=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.34.0/go.mod h1:WotjhfgOW/POjDeRt8vscBtXq+2VjORFy659qA51WJ8=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.35.0/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
@ -1051,8 +891,9 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.36.0/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAG
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.36.1/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.37.0/go.mod h1:NREThFqKR1f3iQ6oBuvc5LadQuXVGo9rkm5ZGrQdJfM=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.37.1/go.mod h1:NREThFqKR1f3iQ6oBuvc5LadQuXVGo9rkm5ZGrQdJfM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.38.0 h1:/9BgsAsa5nWe26HqOlvlgJnqBuktYOLCgjCPqsa56W0=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.38.0/go.mod h1:NREThFqKR1f3iQ6oBuvc5LadQuXVGo9rkm5ZGrQdJfM=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.39.0 h1:Klz8I9kdtkIN6EpHHUOMLCYhTn/2WAe5a0s1hcBkdTI=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.39.0/go.mod h1:PImNr+rS9TWYb2O4/emRugxiyHZ5JyHW5F+RPnDzfrE=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
@ -1065,33 +906,27 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpAD
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.24.0/go.mod h1:r/3tXBNzIEhYS9I1OUVjXDlt8tc493IdKGjtUeSXeh4=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0 h1:bxAC2xTBsZGibn2RTntX0oH50xLsqy1OxA9tTL3p/lk=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
-gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6 h1:jMFz6MfLP0/4fUyZle81rXUoxOBFi19VUFKVDOQfozc=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1 h1:SnqbnDw1V7RiZcXPx5MEeqPv2s79L9i7BJUlG/+RurQ=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.25 h1:Ev7yu1/f6+d+b3pi5vPdRPc6nNtP1umSfcWiEfRqv6I=
 gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.25/go.mod h1:V/YB90LKu/1FcN3WVnfiiE5oMCibMjukxqG/qStrOgw=
-gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0 h1:0vLT13EuvQ0hNvakwLuFZ/jYrLp5F3kcWHXdRggjCE8=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
-gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7 h1:xOHLXZwVvI9hhs+cLKq5+I5onOuwQLhQwiu63xxlHs4=
 gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=
-gopkg.in/gcfg.v1 v1.2.3 h1:m8OOJ4ccYHnx2f4gQwpno8nAX5OGOh7RLaaz0pj3Ogs=
 gopkg.in/gcfg.v1 v1.2.3/go.mod h1:yesOnuUOFQAhST5vPY4nbZsb/huCgGGXlipJsBn0b3o=
-gopkg.in/resty.v1 v1.12.0 h1:CuXP0Pjfw9rOuY6EP+UvtNvt5DSqHpIxILZKT/quCZI=
 gopkg.in/resty.v1 v1.12.0/go.mod h1:mDo4pnntr5jdWRML875a/NmxYqAlA73dVijT2AXvQQo=
 gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.5.1 h1:7odma5RETjNHWJnR32wx8t+Io4djHE1PqxCFx3iiZ2w=
 gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.5.1/go.mod h1:M9dMgbHiYLoDGQrXy7OpJDJWiKiU//h+vD76mk0e1AI=
-gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7 h1:uRGJdciOHaEIrze2W8Q3AKkepLTh2hOroT7a+7czfdQ=
 gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7/go.mod h1:dt/ZhP58zS4L8KSrWDmTeBkI65Dw0HsyUHuEVlX15mw=
-gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2 h1:wFXVbFY8DY5/xOe1ECiWdKCzZlxgshcYVNkBHstARME=
 gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2/go.mod h1:jksf8JmL6Qr/oQM2OXTHunEvvTAsrWBLb6OOjuVWRNI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.0.0-20170812160011-eb3733d160e7/go.mod h1:JAlM8MvJe8wmxCU4Bli9HhUf9+ttbYbLASfIpnQbh74=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.7 h1:VUgggvou5XRW9mHwD/yXxIYSMtY0zoKQf/v226p2nyo=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.7/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
@ -1107,7 +942,5 @@ honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.4/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9
 rsc.io/binaryregexp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qTv7/COck+e2FymRvadv62gMdZztPaShugOCi3I+8D8=
 rsc.io/quote/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:yEA65RcK8LyAZtP9Kv3t0HmxON59tX3rD+tICJqUlj0=
 rsc.io/sampler v1.3.0/go.mod h1:T1hPZKmBbMNahiBKFy5HrXp6adAjACjK9JXDnKaTXpA=
-sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.1.0 h1:4A07+ZFc2wgJwo8YNlQpr1rVlgUDlxXHhPJciaPY5gs=
 sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.1.0/go.mod h1:UJmg0vDUVViEyp3mgSv9WPwZCDxu4rQW1olrI1uml+o=
-sourcegraph.com/sourcegraph/appdash v0.0.0-20190731080439-ebfcffb1b5c0 h1:ucqkfpjg9WzSUubAO62csmucvxl4/JeW3F4I4909XkM=
 sourcegraph.com/sourcegraph/appdash v0.0.0-20190731080439-ebfcffb1b5c0/go.mod h1:hI742Nqp5OhwiqlzhgfbWU4mW4yO10fP+LoT9WOswdU=
--- a/kms/cloudkms/cloudkms.go
+++ b/kms/cloudkms/cloudkms.go
@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ var signatureAlgorithmMapping = map[apiv1.SignatureAlgorithm]interface{}{
 		4096: kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_4096_SHA256,
 	},
 	apiv1.SHA512WithRSA: map[int]kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_CryptoKeyVersionAlgorithm{
-		0:    kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_4096_SHA256,
-		4096: kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_4096_SHA256,
+		0:    kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_4096_SHA512,
+		4096: kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_4096_SHA512,
 	},
 	apiv1.SHA256WithRSAPSS: map[int]kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_CryptoKeyVersionAlgorithm{
 		0:    kmspb.CryptoKeyVersion_RSA_SIGN_PSS_3072_SHA256,
--- a/kms/uri/uri.go
+++ b/kms/uri/uri.go
@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ func Parse(rawuri string) (*URI, error) {
 	if u.Scheme == "" {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("error parsing %s: scheme is missing", rawuri)
 	}
-	v, err := url.ParseQuery(u.Opaque)
+	// Starting with Go 1.17 url.ParseQuery returns an error using semicolon as
+	// separator.
+	v, err := url.ParseQuery(strings.ReplaceAll(u.Opaque, ";", "&"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing %s", rawuri)
 	}
--- a/kms/uri/uri_test.go
+++ b/kms/uri/uri_test.go
@ -274,3 +274,28 @@ func TestURI_Pin(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestURI_String(t *testing.T) {
+	mustParse := func(s string) *URI {
+		u, err := Parse(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return u
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		uri  *URI
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"ok new", New("yubikey", url.Values{"slot-id": []string{"9a"}, "foo": []string{"bar"}}), "yubikey:foo=bar;slot-id=9a"},
+		{"ok parse", mustParse("yubikey:slot-id=9a;foo=bar?bar=zar"), "yubikey:slot-id=9a;foo=bar?bar=zar"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := tt.uri.String(); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("URI.String() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/pki/helm.go
+++ b/pki/helm.go
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package pki
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"text/template"
+
+	"github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
+	authconfig "github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
+)
+
+type helmVariables struct {
+	*linkedca.Configuration
+	Defaults     *linkedca.Defaults
+	Password     string
+	EnableSSH    bool
+	TLS          authconfig.TLSOptions
+	Provisioners []provisioner.Interface
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) WriteHelmTemplate(w io.Writer) error {
+	tmpl, err := template.New("helm").Funcs(sprig.TxtFuncMap()).Parse(helmTemplate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing helm template")
+	}
+
+	// Delete ssh section if it is not enabled
+	if !p.options.enableSSH {
+		p.Ssh = nil
+	}
+
+	// Convert provisioner to ca.json
+	provisioners := make([]provisioner.Interface, len(p.Authority.Provisioners))
+	for i, p := range p.Authority.Provisioners {
+		pp, err := authority.ProvisionerToCertificates(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		provisioners[i] = pp
+	}
+
+	if err := tmpl.Execute(w, helmVariables{
+		Configuration: &p.Configuration,
+		Defaults:      &p.Defaults,
+		Password:      "",
+		EnableSSH:     p.options.enableSSH,
+		TLS:           authconfig.DefaultTLSOptions,
+		Provisioners:  provisioners,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error executing helm template")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+const helmTemplate = `# Helm template
+inject:
+  enabled: true
+  # Config contains the configuration files ca.json and defaults.json
+  config:
+    files:
+      ca.json:
+        root: {{ first .Root }}
+        federateRoots: []
+        crt: {{ .Intermediate }}
+        key: {{ .IntermediateKey }}
+        {{- if .EnableSSH }}
+        ssh:
+          hostKey: {{ .Ssh.HostKey }}
+          userKey: {{ .Ssh.UserKey }}
+        {{- end }}
+        address: {{ .Address }}
+        dnsNames:
+        {{- range .DnsNames }}
+          - {{ . }}
+        {{- end }}
+        logger:
+          format: json
+        db:
+          type: badger
+          dataSource: /home/step/db
+        authority:
+          provisioners:
+          {{- range .Provisioners }}
+            - {{ . | toJson }}
+          {{- end }}
+        tls:
+          cipherSuites:
+          {{- range .TLS.CipherSuites }}
+            - {{ . }}
+          {{- end }}
+          minVersion: {{ .TLS.MinVersion }}
+          maxVersion: {{ .TLS.MaxVersion }}
+          renegotiation: {{ .TLS.Renegotiation }}
+
+      defaults.json:
+        ca-url: {{ .Defaults.CaUrl }}
+        ca-config: {{ .Defaults.CaConfig }}
+        fingerprint: {{ .Defaults.Fingerprint }}
+        root: {{ .Defaults.Root }}
+
+  # Certificates contains the root and intermediate certificate and 
+  # optionally the SSH host and user public keys
+  certificates:
+    # intermediate_ca contains the text of the intermediate CA Certificate
+    intermediate_ca: |
+      {{- index .Files .Intermediate | toString | nindent 6 }}
+      
+    # root_ca contains the text of the root CA Certificate
+    root_ca: |
+      {{- first .Root | index .Files | toString | nindent 6 }}
+
+    {{- if .Ssh }}
+    # ssh_host_ca contains the text of the public ssh key for the SSH root CA
+    ssh_host_ca: {{ index .Files .Ssh.HostPublicKey | toString }}
+
+    # ssh_user_ca contains the text of the public ssh key for the SSH root CA
+    ssh_user_ca: {{ index .Files .Ssh.UserPublicKey | toString }}
+    {{- end }}
+
+  # Secrets contains the root and intermediate keys and optionally the SSH
+  # private keys
+  secrets:
+    # ca_password contains the password used to encrypt x509.intermediate_ca_key, ssh.host_ca_key and ssh.user_ca_key
+    # This value must be base64 encoded.
+    ca_password: {{ .Password | b64enc }}
+    provisioner_password: {{ .Password | b64enc}}
+
+    x509:
+      # intermediate_ca_key contains the contents of your encrypted intermediate CA key
+      intermediate_ca_key: |
+        {{- index .Files .IntermediateKey | toString | nindent 8 }}
+
+      # root_ca_key contains the contents of your encrypted root CA key
+      # Note that this value can be omitted without impacting the functionality of step-certificates
+      # If supplied, this should be encrypted using a unique password that is not used for encrypting
+      # the intermediate_ca_key, ssh.host_ca_key or ssh.user_ca_key.
+      root_ca_key: |
+        {{- first .RootKey | index .Files | toString | nindent 8 }}
+
+    {{- if .Ssh }}
+    ssh:
+      # ssh_host_ca_key contains the contents of your encrypted SSH Host CA key
+      host_ca_key: |
+        {{- index .Files .Ssh.HostKey | toString | nindent 8 }}
+
+      # ssh_user_ca_key contains the contents of your encrypted SSH User CA key
+      user_ca_key: |
+        {{- index .Files .Ssh.UserKey | toString | nindent 8 }}
+    {{- end }}
+`
--- a/pki/pki.go
+++ b/pki/pki.go
@ -10,21 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"html"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin"
+	admindb "github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin/db/nosql"
 	authconfig "github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/ca"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
+	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/fileutil"
@ -32,9 +34,40 @@ import (
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
+	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )

+// DeploymentType defines witch type of deployment a user is initializing
+type DeploymentType int
+
+const (
+	// StandaloneDeployment is a deployment where all the components like keys,
+	// provisioners, admins, certificates and others are managed by the user.
+	StandaloneDeployment DeploymentType = iota
+	// LinkedDeployment is a deployment where the keys are managed by the user,
+	// but provisioners, admins and the record of certificates are managed in
+	// the cloud.
+	LinkedDeployment
+	// HostedDeployment is a deployment where all the components are managed in
+	// the cloud by smallstep.com/certificate-manager.
+	HostedDeployment
+)
+
+// String returns the string version of the deployment type.
+func (d DeploymentType) String() string {
+	switch d {
+	case StandaloneDeployment:
+		return "standalone"
+	case LinkedDeployment:
+		return "linked"
+	case HostedDeployment:
+		return "hosted"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
 const (
 	// ConfigPath is the directory name under the step path where the configuration
 	// files will be stored.
@ -134,43 +167,125 @@ func GetProvisionerKey(caURL, rootFile, kid string) (string, error) {
 	return resp.Key, nil
 }

+type options struct {
+	provisioner    string
+	pkiOnly        bool
+	enableACME     bool
+	enableSSH      bool
+	enableAdmin    bool
+	noDB           bool
+	isHelm         bool
+	deploymentType DeploymentType
+}
+
+// Option is the type of a configuration option on the pki constructor.
+type Option func(p *PKI)
+
+// WithAddress sets the listen address of step-ca.
+func WithAddress(s string) Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.Address = s
+	}
+}
+
+// WithCaURL sets the default ca-url of step-ca.
+func WithCaURL(s string) Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.Defaults.CaUrl = s
+	}
+}
+
+// WithDNSNames sets the SANs of step-ca.
+func WithDNSNames(s []string) Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.DnsNames = s
+	}
+}
+
+// WithProvisioner defines the name of the default provisioner.
+func WithProvisioner(s string) Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.provisioner = s
+	}
+}
+
+// WithPKIOnly will only generate the PKI without the step-ca config files.
+func WithPKIOnly() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.pkiOnly = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithACME enables acme provisioner in step-ca.
+func WithACME() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.enableACME = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithSSH enables ssh in step-ca.
+func WithSSH() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.enableSSH = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithAdmin enables the admin api in step-ca.
+func WithAdmin() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.enableAdmin = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithNoDB disables the db in step-ca.
+func WithNoDB() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.noDB = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithHelm configures the pki to create a helm values.yaml.
+func WithHelm() Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.isHelm = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithDeploymentType defines the deployment type of step-ca.
+func WithDeploymentType(dt DeploymentType) Option {
+	return func(p *PKI) {
+		p.options.deploymentType = dt
+	}
+}
+
 // PKI represents the Public Key Infrastructure used by a certificate authority.
 type PKI struct {
-	casOptions                     apiv1.Options
-	caCreator                      apiv1.CertificateAuthorityCreator
-	root, rootKey, rootFingerprint string
-	intermediate, intermediateKey  string
-	sshHostPubKey, sshHostKey      string
-	sshUserPubKey, sshUserKey      string
-	config, defaults               string
-	ottPublicKey                   *jose.JSONWebKey
-	ottPrivateKey                  *jose.JSONWebEncryption
-	provisioner                    string
-	address                        string
-	dnsNames                       []string
-	caURL                          string
-	enableSSH                      bool
+	linkedca.Configuration
+	Defaults      linkedca.Defaults
+	casOptions    apiv1.Options
+	caService     apiv1.CertificateAuthorityService
+	caCreator     apiv1.CertificateAuthorityCreator
+	config        string
+	defaults      string
+	ottPublicKey  *jose.JSONWebKey
+	ottPrivateKey *jose.JSONWebEncryption
+	options       *options
 }

 // New creates a new PKI configuration.
-func New(opts apiv1.Options) (*PKI, error) {
-	caCreator, err := cas.NewCreator(context.Background(), opts)
+func New(o apiv1.Options, opts ...Option) (*PKI, error) {
+	caService, err := cas.New(context.Background(), o)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	public := GetPublicPath()
-	private := GetSecretsPath()
-	config := GetConfigPath()
-
-	// Create directories
-	dirs := []string{public, private, config, GetTemplatesPath()}
-	for _, name := range dirs {
-		if _, err := os.Stat(name); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			if err = os.MkdirAll(name, 0700); err != nil {
-				return nil, errs.FileError(err, name)
-			}
+	var caCreator apiv1.CertificateAuthorityCreator
+	if o.IsCreator {
+		creator, ok := caService.(apiv1.CertificateAuthorityCreator)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("cas type '%s' does not implements CertificateAuthorityCreator", o.Type)
 		}
+		caCreator = creator
 	}

 	// get absolute path for dir/name
@ -180,45 +295,97 @@ func New(opts apiv1.Options) (*PKI, error) {
 	}

 	p := &PKI{
-		casOptions:  opts,
-		caCreator:   caCreator,
-		provisioner: "step-cli",
-		address:     "127.0.0.1:9000",
-		dnsNames:    []string{"127.0.0.1"},
+		Configuration: linkedca.Configuration{
+			Address:   "127.0.0.1:9000",
+			DnsNames:  []string{"127.0.0.1"},
+			Ssh:       &linkedca.SSH{},
+			Authority: &linkedca.Authority{},
+			Files:     make(map[string][]byte),
+		},
+		casOptions: o,
+		caCreator:  caCreator,
+		caService:  caService,
+		options: &options{
+			provisioner: "step-cli",
+		},
 	}
-	if p.root, err = getPath(public, "root_ca.crt"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	for _, fn := range opts {
+		fn(p)
 	}
-	if p.rootKey, err = getPath(private, "root_ca_key"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.intermediate, err = getPath(public, "intermediate_ca.crt"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.intermediateKey, err = getPath(private, "intermediate_ca_key"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.sshHostPubKey, err = getPath(public, "ssh_host_ca_key.pub"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.sshUserPubKey, err = getPath(public, "ssh_user_ca_key.pub"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.sshHostKey, err = getPath(private, "ssh_host_ca_key"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if p.sshUserKey, err = getPath(private, "ssh_user_ca_key"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if len(config) > 0 {
-		if p.config, err = getPath(config, "ca.json"); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if p.defaults, err = getPath(config, "defaults.json"); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+
+	// Use /home/step as the step path in helm configurations.
+	// Use the current step path when creating pki in files.
+	var public, private, config string
+	if p.options.isHelm {
+		public = "/home/step/certs"
+		private = "/home/step/secrets"
+		config = "/home/step/config"
+	} else {
+		public = GetPublicPath()
+		private = GetSecretsPath()
+		config = GetConfigPath()
+		// Create directories
+		dirs := []string{public, private, config, GetTemplatesPath()}
+		for _, name := range dirs {
+			if _, err := os.Stat(name); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				if err = os.MkdirAll(name, 0700); err != nil {
+					return nil, errs.FileError(err, name)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}

+	if p.Defaults.CaUrl == "" {
+		p.Defaults.CaUrl = p.DnsNames[0]
+		_, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(p.Address)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing %s", p.Address)
+		}
+		if port == "443" {
+			p.Defaults.CaUrl = fmt.Sprintf("https://%s", p.Defaults.CaUrl)
+		} else {
+			p.Defaults.CaUrl = fmt.Sprintf("https://%s:%s", p.Defaults.CaUrl, port)
+		}
+	}
+
+	root, err := getPath(public, "root_ca.crt")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	rootKey, err := getPath(private, "root_ca_key")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p.Root = []string{root}
+	p.RootKey = []string{rootKey}
+	p.Defaults.Root = root
+
+	if p.Intermediate, err = getPath(public, "intermediate_ca.crt"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.IntermediateKey, err = getPath(private, "intermediate_ca_key"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.Ssh.HostPublicKey, err = getPath(public, "ssh_host_ca_key.pub"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.Ssh.UserPublicKey, err = getPath(public, "ssh_user_ca_key.pub"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.Ssh.HostKey, err = getPath(private, "ssh_host_ca_key"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.Ssh.UserKey, err = getPath(private, "ssh_user_ca_key"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.defaults, err = getPath(config, "defaults.json"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.config, err = getPath(config, "ca.json"); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p.Defaults.CaConfig = p.config
+
 	return p, nil
 }

@ -229,27 +396,7 @@ func (p *PKI) GetCAConfigPath() string {

 // GetRootFingerprint returns the root fingerprint.
 func (p *PKI) GetRootFingerprint() string {
-	return p.rootFingerprint
-}
-
-// SetProvisioner sets the provisioner name of the OTT keys.
-func (p *PKI) SetProvisioner(s string) {
-	p.provisioner = s
-}
-
-// SetAddress sets the listening address of the CA.
-func (p *PKI) SetAddress(s string) {
-	p.address = s
-}
-
-// SetDNSNames sets the dns names of the CA.
-func (p *PKI) SetDNSNames(s []string) {
-	p.dnsNames = s
-}
-
-// SetCAURL sets the ca-url to use in the defaults.json.
-func (p *PKI) SetCAURL(s string) {
-	p.caURL = s
+	return p.Defaults.Fingerprint
 }

 // GenerateKeyPairs generates the key pairs used by the certificate authority.
@ -261,6 +408,38 @@ func (p *PKI) GenerateKeyPairs(pass []byte) error {
 		return err
 	}

+	var claims *linkedca.Claims
+	if p.options.enableSSH {
+		claims = &linkedca.Claims{
+			Ssh: &linkedca.SSHClaims{
+				Enabled: true,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add JWK provisioner to the configuration.
+	publicKey, err := json.Marshal(p.ottPublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling public key")
+	}
+	encryptedKey, err := p.ottPrivateKey.CompactSerialize()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "error serializing private key")
+	}
+	p.Authority.Provisioners = append(p.Authority.Provisioners, &linkedca.Provisioner{
+		Type:   linkedca.Provisioner_JWK,
+		Name:   p.options.provisioner,
+		Claims: claims,
+		Details: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails{
+			Data: &linkedca.ProvisionerDetails_JWK{
+				JWK: &linkedca.JWKProvisioner{
+					PublicKey:           publicKey,
+					EncryptedPrivateKey: []byte(encryptedKey),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
 	return nil
 }

@ -296,6 +475,21 @@ func (p *PKI) GenerateRootCertificate(name, org, resource string, pass []byte) (
 	return resp, nil
 }

+// WriteRootCertificate writes to the buffer the given certificate and key if given.
+func (p *PKI) WriteRootCertificate(rootCrt *x509.Certificate, rootKey interface{}, pass []byte) error {
+	p.Files[p.Root[0]] = encodeCertificate(rootCrt)
+	if rootKey != nil {
+		var err error
+		p.Files[p.RootKey[0]], err = encodePrivateKey(rootKey, pass)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	sum := sha256.Sum256(rootCrt.Raw)
+	p.Defaults.Fingerprint = strings.ToLower(hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]))
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GenerateIntermediateCertificate generates an intermediate certificate with
 // the given name and using the default key type.
 func (p *PKI) GenerateIntermediateCertificate(name, org, resource string, parent *apiv1.CreateCertificateAuthorityResponse, pass []byte) error {
@ -322,46 +516,9 @@ func (p *PKI) GenerateIntermediateCertificate(name, org, resource string, parent
 	}

 	p.casOptions.CertificateAuthority = resp.Name
-	return p.WriteIntermediateCertificate(resp.Certificate, resp.PrivateKey, pass)
-}
-
-// WriteRootCertificate writes to disk the given certificate and key.
-func (p *PKI) WriteRootCertificate(rootCrt *x509.Certificate, rootKey interface{}, pass []byte) error {
-	if err := fileutil.WriteFile(p.root, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
-		Type:  "CERTIFICATE",
-		Bytes: rootCrt.Raw,
-	}), 0600); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if rootKey != nil {
-		_, err := pemutil.Serialize(rootKey, pemutil.WithPassword(pass), pemutil.ToFile(p.rootKey, 0600))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	sum := sha256.Sum256(rootCrt.Raw)
-	p.rootFingerprint = strings.ToLower(hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]))
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// WriteIntermediateCertificate writes to disk the given certificate and key.
-func (p *PKI) WriteIntermediateCertificate(crt *x509.Certificate, key interface{}, pass []byte) error {
-	if err := fileutil.WriteFile(p.intermediate, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
-		Type:  "CERTIFICATE",
-		Bytes: crt.Raw,
-	}), 0600); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if key != nil {
-		_, err := pemutil.Serialize(key, pemutil.WithPassword(pass), pemutil.ToFile(p.intermediateKey, 0600))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
+	p.Files[p.Intermediate] = encodeCertificate(resp.Certificate)
+	p.Files[p.IntermediateKey], err = encodePrivateKey(resp.PrivateKey, pass)
+	return err
 }

 // CreateCertificateAuthorityResponse returns a
@ -379,7 +536,7 @@ func (p *PKI) CreateCertificateAuthorityResponse(cert *x509.Certificate, key cry
 // GetCertificateAuthority attempts to load the certificate authority from the
 // RA.
 func (p *PKI) GetCertificateAuthority() error {
-	srv, ok := p.caCreator.(apiv1.CertificateAuthorityGetter)
+	srv, ok := p.caService.(apiv1.CertificateAuthorityGetter)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
 	}
@ -396,8 +553,8 @@ func (p *PKI) GetCertificateAuthority() error {
 	}

 	// Issuer is in the RA
-	p.intermediate = ""
-	p.intermediateKey = ""
+	p.Intermediate = ""
+	p.IntermediateKey = ""

 	return nil
 }
@ -405,8 +562,8 @@ func (p *PKI) GetCertificateAuthority() error {
 // GenerateSSHSigningKeys generates and encrypts a private key used for signing
 // SSH user certificates and a private key used for signing host certificates.
 func (p *PKI) GenerateSSHSigningKeys(password []byte) error {
-	var pubNames = []string{p.sshHostPubKey, p.sshUserPubKey}
-	var privNames = []string{p.sshHostKey, p.sshUserKey}
+	var pubNames = []string{p.Ssh.HostPublicKey, p.Ssh.UserPublicKey}
+	var privNames = []string{p.Ssh.HostKey, p.Ssh.UserKey}
 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 		pub, priv, err := keyutil.GenerateDefaultKeyPair()
 		if err != nil {
@ -419,57 +576,65 @@ func (p *PKI) GenerateSSHSigningKeys(password []byte) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting public key")
 		}
-		_, err = pemutil.Serialize(priv, pemutil.WithFilename(privNames[i]), pemutil.WithPassword(password))
+		p.Files[pubNames[i]] = ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(sshKey)
+		p.Files[privNames[i]], err = encodePrivateKey(priv, password)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err = fileutil.WriteFile(pubNames[i], ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(sshKey), 0600); err != nil {
+	}
+	p.options.enableSSH = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WriteFiles writes on disk the previously generated files.
+func (p *PKI) WriteFiles() error {
+	for fn, b := range p.Files {
+		if err := fileutil.WriteFile(fn, b, 0600); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	p.enableSSH = true
 	return nil
 }

 func (p *PKI) askFeedback() {
 	ui.Println()
-	ui.Printf("\033[1mFEEDBACK\033[0m %s %s\n",
-		html.UnescapeString("&#"+strconv.Itoa(128525)+";"),
-		html.UnescapeString("&#"+strconv.Itoa(127867)+";"))
-	ui.Println("      The \033[1mstep\033[0m utility is not instrumented for usage statistics. It does not")
-	ui.Println("      phone home. But your feedback is extremely valuable. Any information you")
-	ui.Println("      can provide regarding how you’re using `step` helps. Please send us a")
-	ui.Println("      sentence or two, good or bad: \033[1mfeedback@smallstep.com\033[0m or join")
-	ui.Println("      \033[1mhttps://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions\033[0m.")
-}
+	ui.Println("\033[1mFEEDBACK\033[0m 😍 🍻")
+	ui.Println("  The \033[1mstep\033[0m utility is not instrumented for usage statistics. It does not phone")
+	ui.Println("  home. But your feedback is extremely valuable. Any information you can provide")
+	ui.Println("  regarding how you’re using `step` helps. Please send us a sentence or two,")
+	ui.Println("  good or bad at \033[1mfeedback@smallstep.com\033[0m or join GitHub Discussions")
+	ui.Println("  \033[1mhttps://github.com/smallstep/certificates/discussions\033[0m and our Discord ")
+	ui.Println("  \033[1mhttps://u.step.sm/discord\033[0m.")

-// TellPKI outputs the locations of public and private keys generated
-// generated for a new PKI. Generally this will consist of a root certificate
-// and key and an intermediate certificate and key.
-func (p *PKI) TellPKI() {
-	p.tellPKI()
-	p.askFeedback()
+	if p.options.deploymentType == LinkedDeployment {
+		ui.Println()
+		ui.Println("\033[1mNEXT STEPS\033[0m")
+		ui.Println("  1. Log in or create a Certificate Manager account at \033[1mhttps://u.step.sm/linked\033[0m")
+		ui.Println("  2. Add a new authority and select \"Link a step-ca instance\"")
+		ui.Println("  3. Follow instructions in browser to start `step-ca` using the `--token` flag")
+		ui.Println()
+	}
 }

 func (p *PKI) tellPKI() {
 	ui.Println()
 	if p.casOptions.Is(apiv1.SoftCAS) {
-		ui.PrintSelected("Root certificate", p.root)
-		ui.PrintSelected("Root private key", p.rootKey)
-		ui.PrintSelected("Root fingerprint", p.rootFingerprint)
-		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate certificate", p.intermediate)
-		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate private key", p.intermediateKey)
-	} else if p.rootFingerprint != "" {
-		ui.PrintSelected("Root certificate", p.root)
-		ui.PrintSelected("Root fingerprint", p.rootFingerprint)
+		ui.PrintSelected("Root certificate", p.Root[0])
+		ui.PrintSelected("Root private key", p.RootKey[0])
+		ui.PrintSelected("Root fingerprint", p.Defaults.Fingerprint)
+		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate certificate", p.Intermediate)
+		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate private key", p.IntermediateKey)
+	} else if p.Defaults.Fingerprint != "" {
+		ui.PrintSelected("Root certificate", p.Root[0])
+		ui.PrintSelected("Root fingerprint", p.Defaults.Fingerprint)
 	} else {
 		ui.Printf(`{{ "%s" | red }} {{ "Root certificate:" | bold }} failed to retrieve it from RA`+"\n", ui.IconBad)
 	}
-	if p.enableSSH {
-		ui.PrintSelected("SSH user root certificate", p.sshUserPubKey)
-		ui.PrintSelected("SSH user root private key", p.sshUserKey)
-		ui.PrintSelected("SSH host root certificate", p.sshHostPubKey)
-		ui.PrintSelected("SSH host root private key", p.sshHostKey)
+	if p.options.enableSSH {
+		ui.PrintSelected("SSH user public key", p.Ssh.UserPublicKey)
+		ui.PrintSelected("SSH user private key", p.Ssh.UserKey)
+		ui.PrintSelected("SSH host public key", p.Ssh.HostPublicKey)
+		ui.PrintSelected("SSH host private key", p.Ssh.HostKey)
 	}
 }

@ -480,176 +645,230 @@ type caDefaults struct {
 	Root        string `json:"root"`
 }

-// Option is the type for modifiers over the auth config object.
-type Option func(c *authconfig.Config) error
-
-// WithDefaultDB is a configuration modifier that adds a default DB stanza to
-// the authority config.
-func WithDefaultDB() Option {
-	return func(c *authconfig.Config) error {
-		c.DB = &db.Config{
-			Type:       "badger",
-			DataSource: GetDBPath(),
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-// WithoutDB is a configuration modifier that adds a default DB stanza to
-// the authority config.
-func WithoutDB() Option {
-	return func(c *authconfig.Config) error {
-		c.DB = nil
-		return nil
-	}
-}
+// ConfigOption is the type for modifiers over the auth config object.
+type ConfigOption func(c *authconfig.Config) error

 // GenerateConfig returns the step certificates configuration.
-func (p *PKI) GenerateConfig(opt ...Option) (*authconfig.Config, error) {
-	key, err := p.ottPrivateKey.CompactSerialize()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error serializing private key")
-	}
-
-	prov := &provisioner.JWK{
-		Name:         p.provisioner,
-		Type:         "JWK",
-		Key:          p.ottPublicKey,
-		EncryptedKey: key,
-	}
-
+func (p *PKI) GenerateConfig(opt ...ConfigOption) (*authconfig.Config, error) {
 	var authorityOptions *apiv1.Options
 	if !p.casOptions.Is(apiv1.SoftCAS) {
 		authorityOptions = &p.casOptions
 	}

 	config := &authconfig.Config{
-		Root:             []string{p.root},
-		FederatedRoots:   []string{},
-		IntermediateCert: p.intermediate,
-		IntermediateKey:  p.intermediateKey,
-		Address:          p.address,
-		DNSNames:         p.dnsNames,
+		Root:             p.Root,
+		FederatedRoots:   p.FederatedRoots,
+		IntermediateCert: p.Intermediate,
+		IntermediateKey:  p.IntermediateKey,
+		Address:          p.Address,
+		DNSNames:         p.DnsNames,
 		Logger:           []byte(`{"format": "text"}`),
 		DB: &db.Config{
-			Type:       "badger",
+			Type:       "badgerv2",
 			DataSource: GetDBPath(),
 		},
 		AuthorityConfig: &authconfig.AuthConfig{
 			Options:              authorityOptions,
 			DisableIssuedAtCheck: false,
-			Provisioners:         provisioner.List{prov},
-		},
-		TLS: &authconfig.TLSOptions{
-			MinVersion:    authconfig.DefaultTLSMinVersion,
-			MaxVersion:    authconfig.DefaultTLSMaxVersion,
-			Renegotiation: authconfig.DefaultTLSRenegotiation,
-			CipherSuites:  authconfig.DefaultTLSCipherSuites,
+			EnableAdmin:          false,
 		},
+		TLS:       &authconfig.DefaultTLSOptions,
 		Templates: p.getTemplates(),
 	}
-	if p.enableSSH {
-		enableSSHCA := true
-		config.SSH = &authconfig.SSHConfig{
-			HostKey: p.sshHostKey,
-			UserKey: p.sshUserKey,
+
+	// Add linked as a deployment type to detect it on start and provide a
+	// message if the token is not given.
+	if p.options.deploymentType == LinkedDeployment {
+		config.AuthorityConfig.DeploymentType = LinkedDeployment.String()
+	}
+
+	// On standalone deployments add the provisioners to either the ca.json or
+	// the database.
+	var provisioners []provisioner.Interface
+	if p.options.deploymentType == StandaloneDeployment {
+		key, err := p.ottPrivateKey.CompactSerialize()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error serializing private key")
 		}
-		// Enable SSH authorization for default JWK provisioner
-		prov.Claims = &provisioner.Claims{
-			EnableSSHCA: &enableSSHCA,
+
+		prov := &provisioner.JWK{
+			Name:         p.options.provisioner,
+			Type:         "JWK",
+			Key:          p.ottPublicKey,
+			EncryptedKey: key,
 		}
-		// Add default SSHPOP provisioner
-		sshpop := &provisioner.SSHPOP{
-			Type: "SSHPOP",
-			Name: "sshpop",
-			Claims: &provisioner.Claims{
+		provisioners = append(provisioners, prov)
+
+		// Add default ACME provisioner if enabled
+		if p.options.enableACME {
+			provisioners = append(provisioners, &provisioner.ACME{
+				Type: "ACME",
+				Name: "acme",
+			})
+		}
+
+		if p.options.enableSSH {
+			enableSSHCA := true
+			config.SSH = &authconfig.SSHConfig{
+				HostKey: p.Ssh.HostKey,
+				UserKey: p.Ssh.UserKey,
+			}
+			// Enable SSH authorization for default JWK provisioner
+			prov.Claims = &provisioner.Claims{
 				EnableSSHCA: &enableSSHCA,
-			},
+			}
+
+			// Add default SSHPOP provisioner
+			provisioners = append(provisioners, &provisioner.SSHPOP{
+				Type: "SSHPOP",
+				Name: "sshpop",
+				Claims: &provisioner.Claims{
+					EnableSSHCA: &enableSSHCA,
+				},
+			})
 		}
-		config.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners = append(config.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners, sshpop)
 	}

 	// Apply configuration modifiers
 	for _, o := range opt {
-		if err = o(config); err != nil {
+		if err := o(config); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

+	// Set authority.enableAdmin to true
+	if p.options.enableAdmin {
+		config.AuthorityConfig.EnableAdmin = true
+	}
+
+	if p.options.deploymentType == StandaloneDeployment {
+		if !config.AuthorityConfig.EnableAdmin {
+			config.AuthorityConfig.Provisioners = provisioners
+		} else {
+			// At this moment this code path is never used because `step ca
+			// init` will always set enableAdmin to false for a standalone
+			// deployment. Once we move `step beta` commands out of the beta we
+			// should probably default to this route.
+			//
+			// Note that we might want to be able to define the database as a
+			// flag in `step ca init` so we can write to the proper place.
+			db, err := db.New(config.DB)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			adminDB, err := admindb.New(db.(nosql.DB), admin.DefaultAuthorityID)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			// Add all the provisioners to the db.
+			var adminID string
+			for i, p := range provisioners {
+				prov, err := authority.ProvisionerToLinkedca(p)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if err := adminDB.CreateProvisioner(context.Background(), prov); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if i == 0 {
+					adminID = prov.Id
+				}
+			}
+			// Add the first provisioner as an admin.
+			if err := adminDB.CreateAdmin(context.Background(), &linkedca.Admin{
+				AuthorityId:   admin.DefaultAuthorityID,
+				Subject:       "step",
+				Type:          linkedca.Admin_SUPER_ADMIN,
+				ProvisionerId: adminID,
+			}); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return config, nil
 }

 // Save stores the pki on a json file that will be used as the certificate
 // authority configuration.
-func (p *PKI) Save(opt ...Option) error {
+func (p *PKI) Save(opt ...ConfigOption) error {
+	// Write generated files
+	if err := p.WriteFiles(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Display the files written
 	p.tellPKI()

 	// Generate and write ca.json
-	config, err := p.GenerateConfig(opt...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(config, "", "\t")
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error marshaling %s", p.config)
-	}
-	if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.config, b, 0644); err != nil {
-		return errs.FileError(err, p.config)
-	}
-
-	// Generate the CA URL.
-	if p.caURL == "" {
-		p.caURL = p.dnsNames[0]
-		var port string
-		_, port, err = net.SplitHostPort(p.address)
+	if !p.options.pkiOnly {
+		config, err := p.GenerateConfig(opt...)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing %s", p.address)
+			return err
 		}
-		if port == "443" {
-			p.caURL = fmt.Sprintf("https://%s", p.caURL)
-		} else {
-			p.caURL = fmt.Sprintf("https://%s:%s", p.caURL, port)
+
+		b, err := json.MarshalIndent(config, "", "\t")
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error marshaling %s", p.config)
+		}
+		if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.config, b, 0644); err != nil {
+			return errs.FileError(err, p.config)
 		}
-	}

-	// Generate and write defaults.json
-	defaults := &caDefaults{
-		Root:        p.root,
-		CAConfig:    p.config,
-		CAUrl:       p.caURL,
-		Fingerprint: p.rootFingerprint,
-	}
-	b, err = json.MarshalIndent(defaults, "", "\t")
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error marshaling %s", p.defaults)
-	}
-	if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.defaults, b, 0644); err != nil {
-		return errs.FileError(err, p.defaults)
-	}
+		// Generate and write defaults.json
+		defaults := &caDefaults{
+			Root:        p.Defaults.Root,
+			CAConfig:    p.Defaults.CaConfig,
+			CAUrl:       p.Defaults.CaUrl,
+			Fingerprint: p.Defaults.Fingerprint,
+		}
+		b, err = json.MarshalIndent(defaults, "", "\t")
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error marshaling %s", p.defaults)
+		}
+		if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.defaults, b, 0644); err != nil {
+			return errs.FileError(err, p.defaults)
+		}

-	// Generate and write templates
-	if err := generateTemplates(config.Templates); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+		// Generate and write templates
+		if err := generateTemplates(config.Templates); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	if config.DB != nil {
-		ui.PrintSelected("Database folder", config.DB.DataSource)
-	}
-	if config.Templates != nil {
-		ui.PrintSelected("Templates folder", GetTemplatesPath())
-	}
+		if config.DB != nil {
+			ui.PrintSelected("Database folder", config.DB.DataSource)
+		}
+		if config.Templates != nil {
+			ui.PrintSelected("Templates folder", GetTemplatesPath())
+		}

-	ui.PrintSelected("Default configuration", p.defaults)
-	ui.PrintSelected("Certificate Authority configuration", p.config)
-	ui.Println()
-	if p.casOptions.Is(apiv1.SoftCAS) {
-		ui.Println("Your PKI is ready to go. To generate certificates for individual services see 'step help ca'.")
-	} else {
-		ui.Println("Your registration authority is ready to go. To generate certificates for individual services see 'step help ca'.")
+		ui.PrintSelected("Default configuration", p.defaults)
+		ui.PrintSelected("Certificate Authority configuration", p.config)
+		if p.options.deploymentType != LinkedDeployment {
+			ui.Println()
+			if p.casOptions.Is(apiv1.SoftCAS) {
+				ui.Println("Your PKI is ready to go. To generate certificates for individual services see 'step help ca'.")
+			} else {
+				ui.Println("Your registration authority is ready to go. To generate certificates for individual services see 'step help ca'.")
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	p.askFeedback()
-
 	return nil
 }
+
+func encodeCertificate(c *x509.Certificate) []byte {
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+		Type:  "CERTIFICATE",
+		Bytes: c.Raw,
+	})
+}
+
+func encodePrivateKey(key crypto.PrivateKey, pass []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	block, err := pemutil.Serialize(key, pemutil.WithPassword(pass))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(block), nil
+}
--- a/pki/templates.go
+++ b/pki/templates.go
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (

 // getTemplates returns all the templates enabled
 func (p *PKI) getTemplates() *templates.Templates {
-	if !p.enableSSH {
+	if !p.options.enableSSH {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return &templates.Templates{
--- a/scripts/README.md
+++ b/scripts/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Scripts folder
+
+Please note that `install-step-ra.sh` is referenced on the `files.smallstep.com` S3 website bucket as a redirect to `raw.githubusercontent.com`. If you move it, please update the S3 redirect.
+
--- a/scripts/install-step-ra.sh
+++ b/scripts/install-step-ra.sh
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+# TODO:
+# - Parse params using argbash (argbash.io). Here's a template that I have tested but have not implemented yet:
+# 
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_SINGLE([ca-url], , [the URL of the upstream (issuing) step-ca server])
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_SINGLE([fingerprint], , [the SHA256 fingerprint of the upstream peer step-ca server])
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_SINGLE([provisioner-name], , [the name of a JWK provisioner on the upstream CA that this RA will use])
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_SINGLE([provisioner-password-file], , [the name a file containing the upstream JWK provisioner password])
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_REPEATED([dns-name], , [DNS name of this RA that will appear on its TLS certificate; you may pass this flag multiple times])
+# ARG_OPTIONAL_SINGLE([listen-address], , [the address (and port #) this RA will listen on, eg. :443 or 127.0.0.1:4443])
+# ARG_HELP([This script will install and configure a Registration Authority that connects to an upstream CA running step-ca.])
+# ARGBASH_GO
+
+echo "This script will install and start a step-ca server running in Registration Authority (RA) mode."
+echo ""
+echo "You will need an upstream CA (URL and fingerprint)"
+echo "Don't have a CA? Sign up for a hosted CA at smallstep.com — or run your own."
+echo ""
+
+# Fail if this script is not run as root.
+if ! [ $(id -u) = 0 ]; then
+  echo "This script must be run as root"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Architecture detection
+arch=$(uname -m)
+case $arch in
+  x86_64) arch="amd64" ;;
+  x86) arch="386" ;;
+  i686) arch="386" ;;
+  i386) arch="386" ;;
+  aarch64) arch="arm64" ;;
+  armv5*) arch="armv5" ;;
+  armv6*) arch="armv6" ;;
+  armv7*) arch="armv7" ;;
+esac
+
+if [ "$arch" = "armv5" ]; then
+  echo "This script doesn't work on armv5 machines"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! hash jq &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "This script requires the jq commmand; please install it."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! hash curl &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "This script requires the curl commmand; please install it."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! hash tar &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "This script requires the tar commmand; please install it."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --ca-url)
+      CA_URL="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --fingerprint)
+      CA_FINGERPRINT="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --provisioner-name)
+      CA_PROVISIONER_NAME="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --provisioner-password-file)
+      CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD_FILE="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --dns-names)
+      RA_DNS_NAMES="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --listen-address)
+      RA_ADDRESS="$2"
+      shift
+      shift
+      ;;
+    *)
+      shift
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+# Install step
+if ! hash step &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "Installing 'step' in /usr/bin..."
+  STEP_VERSION=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/smallstep/cli/releases/latest | jq -r '.tag_name')
+
+  curl -sLO https://github.com/smallstep/cli/releases/download/$STEP_VERSION/step_linux_${STEP_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+  tar xvzf step_linux_${STEP_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+  install -m 0755 -t /usr/bin step_${STEP_VERSION:1}/bin/step
+
+  rm step_linux_${STEP_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+  rm -rf step_${STEP_VERSION:1}
+fi
+
+# Prompt for required parameters
+if [ -z "$CA_URL" ]; then
+  CA_URL=""
+  while [[ $CA_URL = "" ]]; do
+    read -p "Issuing CA URL: " CA_URL < /dev/tty
+  done
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$CA_FINGERPRINT" ]; then
+  CA_FINGERPRINT=""
+  while [[ $CA_FINGERPRINT = "" ]]; do
+    read -p "Issuing CA Fingerprint: " CA_FINGERPRINT < /dev/tty
+  done
+fi
+
+echo "Bootstrapping with the CA..."
+export STEPPATH=$(mktemp -d)
+export STEP_CONSOLE=true
+
+step ca bootstrap --ca-url $CA_URL --fingerprint $CA_FINGERPRINT
+
+if [ -z "$CA_PROVISIONER_NAME" ]; then
+  declare -a provisioners
+  readarray -t provisioners < <(step ca provisioner list | jq -r '.[] | select(.type == "JWK") | .name')
+  provisioners+=("Create provisioner")
+  printf '%s\n' "${provisioners[@]}"
+
+  printf "%b" "\nSelect a JWK provisioner:\n" >&2
+  select provisioner in "${provisioners[@]}"; do
+    if [ "$provisioner" == "Create provisioner" ]; then
+      echo "Creating a JWK provisioner on the upstream CA..."
+      echo ""
+      read -p "Label your provisioner (e.g. example-ra): " CA_PROVISIONER_NAME < /dev/tty
+      step beta ca provisioner add $CA_PROVISIONER_NAME  --type JWK --create
+      break
+    elif [ -n "$provisioner" ]; then
+      echo "Using existing provisioner $provisioner."
+      CA_PROVISIONER_NAME=$provisioner
+      break
+    else
+      echo "Invalid selection!"
+    fi
+  done
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$RA_DNS_NAMES" ]; then
+  RA_DNS_NAMES=""
+  while [[ $RA_DNS_NAMES = "" ]]; do
+    echo "What DNS names or IP addresses will your RA use?"
+    read -p "(e.g. acme.example.com[,1.1.1.1,etc.]): " RA_DNS_NAMES < /dev/tty
+  done
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$RA_ADDRESS" ]; then
+  RA_ADDRESS=""
+  while [[ $RA_ADDRESS = "" ]] ; do
+    echo "What address should your RA listen on?"
+    read -p "(e.g. :443 or 10.2.1.201:4430): " RA_ADDRESS < /dev/tty
+  done
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD_FILE" ]; then
+    read -s -p "Enter the CA Provisioner Password: " CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD < /dev/tty
+    printf "%b" "\n"
+fi
+
+echo "Installing 'step-ca' in /usr/bin..."
+CA_VERSION=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/smallstep/certificates/releases/latest | jq -r '.tag_name')
+
+curl -sLO https://github.com/smallstep/certificates/releases/download/$CA_VERSION/step-ca_linux_${CA_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+tar -xf step-ca_linux_${CA_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+install -m 0755 -t /usr/bin step-ca_${CA_VERSION:1}/bin/step-ca
+setcap CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE=+eip $(which step-ca)
+rm step-ca_linux_${CA_VERSION:1}_$arch.tar.gz
+rm -rf step-ca_${CA_VERSION:1}
+
+echo "Creating 'step' user..."
+export STEPPATH=/etc/step-ca
+
+useradd --system --home $(step path) --shell /bin/false step
+
+echo "Creating RA configuration..."
+mkdir -p $(step path)/db
+mkdir -p $(step path)/config
+
+cat <<EOF > $(step path)/config/ca.json
+{
+  "address": "$RA_ADDRESS",
+  "dnsNames": ["$RA_DNS_NAMES"],
+  "db": {
+    "type": "badgerV2",
+    "dataSource": "/etc/step-ca/db"
+  },
+  "logger": {"format": "text"},
+  "authority": {
+    "type": "stepcas",
+    "certificateAuthority": "$CA_URL",
+    "certificateAuthorityFingerprint": "$CA_FINGERPRINT",
+    "certificateIssuer": {
+      "type" : "jwk",
+      "provisioner": "$CA_PROVISIONER_NAME"
+    },
+    "provisioners": [{
+      "type": "ACME",
+      "name": "acme"
+    }]
+  },
+  "tls": {
+    "cipherSuites": [
+      "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
+       "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256"
+    ],
+    "minVersion": 1.2,
+    "maxVersion": 1.3,
+    "renegotiation": false
+  }
+}
+EOF
+
+if ! [ -z "$CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD" ]; then
+  echo "Saving provisoiner password to $(step path)/password.txt..."
+  echo $CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD > $(step path)/password.txt
+else
+  echo "Copying provisioner password file to $(step path)/password.txt..."
+  cp $CA_PROVISIONER_JWK_PASSWORD_FILE $(step path)/password.txt
+fi
+chmod 440 $(step path)/password.txt
+
+# Add a service to systemd for the RA.
+echo "Creating systemd service step-ca.service..."
+curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/smallstep/certificates/master/systemd/step-ca.service \
+     -o /etc/systemd/system/step-ca.service
+
+echo "Creating RA mode override /etc/systemd/system/step-ca.service.d/local.conf..."
+mkdir /etc/systemd/system/step-ca.service.d
+cat <<EOF > /etc/systemd/system/step-ca.service.d/local.conf 
+[Service]
+; The empty ExecStart= clears the inherited ExecStart= value
+ExecStart=
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/step-ca config/ca.json --issuer-password-file password.txt
+EOF
+
+echo "Starting step-ca.service..."
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+chown -R step:step $(step path)
+
+systemctl enable --now step-ca
+
+echo "Adding STEPPATH export to /root/.bash_profile..."
+echo "export STEPPATH=$STEPPATH" >> /root/.bash_profile
+
+echo "Finished. Check the journal with journalctl -fu step-ca.service"
+
--- a/systemd/cert-renewer@.service
+++ b/systemd/cert-renewer@.service
@ -12,14 +12,10 @@ Environment=STEPPATH=/etc/step-ca \
            CERT_LOCATION=/etc/step/certs/%i.crt \
            KEY_LOCATION=/etc/step/certs/%i.key

-; ExecStartPre checks if the certificate is ready for renewal,
+; ExecCondition checks if the certificate is ready for renewal,
 ; based on the exit status of the command.
-; (In systemd 243 and above, you can use ExecCondition= here.)
-ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env bash -c \
-  'step certificate inspect $CERT_LOCATION --format json --roots "$STEPPATH/certs/root_ca.crt" | \
-  jq -e "(((.validity.start | fromdate) + \
-          ((.validity.end | fromdate) - (.validity.start | fromdate)) * 0.66) \
-           - now) <= 0" > /dev/null'
+; (In systemd 242 or below, you can use ExecStartPre= here.)
+ExecCondition=/usr/bin/step certificate needs-renewal $CERT_LOCATION

 ; ExecStart renews the certificate, if ExecStartPre was successful.
 ExecStart=/usr/bin/step ca renew --force $CERT_LOCATION $KEY_LOCATION