diff --git a/changelog/unreleased/issue-3428 b/changelog/unreleased/issue-3428
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d2b055c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/unreleased/issue-3428
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Bugfix: List snapshots in backend at most once to resolve snapshot ids
+
+Many commands support specifying a list of snapshot ids which are then used to
+determine the snapshot accessed by the command. To resolve snapshot ids or
+"latest" and check that these exist, restic listed all snapshots stored in the
+repository. Depending on the backend this can be a slow and/or expensive
+operation.
+
+Restic now lists the snapshots only once and remembers the result to resolve
+all further snapshot ids.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/3428
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3570
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3395
diff --git a/changelog/unreleased/issue-3432 b/changelog/unreleased/issue-3432
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b874e7da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/unreleased/issue-3432
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Bugfix: Fix rare 'not found in repository' error for copy command
+
+In rare cases copy (and other commands) could report that LoadTree(...)
+returned a `id [...] not found in repository` error. This could be caused by a
+backup or copy command running concurrently. The error is only temporary,
+running the failed restic command a second time as a workaround solves the
+error.
+
+This issue has been fixed by correcting the order in which restic reads data
+from the repository. It is now guaranteed that restic only loads snapshots for
+which all necessary data is already available.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/3432
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3570
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go
index 873fce163..7ce4f52de 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ func collectTargets(opts BackupOptions, args []string) (targets []string, err er
 func findParentSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, opts BackupOptions, targets []string, timeStampLimit time.Time) (parentID *restic.ID, err error) {
 	// Force using a parent
 	if !opts.Force && opts.Parent != "" {
-		id, err := restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Parent)
+		id, err := restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), opts.Parent)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Fatalf("invalid id %q: %v", opts.Parent, err)
 		}
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ func findParentSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, opts Backup
 
 	// Find last snapshot to set it as parent, if not already set
 	if !opts.Force && parentID == nil {
-		id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, targets, []restic.TagList{}, []string{opts.Host}, &timeStampLimit)
+		id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, targets, []restic.TagList{}, []string{opts.Host}, &timeStampLimit)
 		if err == nil {
 			parentID = &id
 		} else if err != restic.ErrNoSnapshotFound {
@@ -571,14 +571,6 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if !gopts.JSON {
-		progressPrinter.V("load index files")
-	}
-	err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	var parentSnapshotID *restic.ID
 	if !opts.Stdin {
 		parentSnapshotID, err = findParentSnapshot(gopts.ctx, repo, opts, targets, timeStamp)
@@ -595,6 +587,14 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 		}
 	}
 
+	if !gopts.JSON {
+		progressPrinter.V("load index files")
+	}
+	err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	selectByNameFilter := func(item string) bool {
 		for _, reject := range rejectByNameFuncs {
 			if reject(item) {
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go
index ec0535db0..86d538e70 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			}
 
 			// find snapshot id with prefix
-			id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(gopts.ctx, repo, args[1])
+			id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), args[1])
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Fatalf("could not find snapshot: %v\n", err)
 			}
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_check.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_check.go
index fa71bdba8..e7edff39e 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_check.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_check.go
@@ -211,6 +211,10 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	chkr := checker.New(repo, opts.CheckUnused)
+	err = chkr.LoadSnapshots(gopts.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	Verbosef("load indexes\n")
 	hints, errs := chkr.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go
index 048210ba8..03b34ecca 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -88,6 +89,16 @@ func runCopy(opts CopyOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	srcSnapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(ctx, srcRepo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	dstSnapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(ctx, dstRepo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	debug.Log("Loading source index")
 	if err := srcRepo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -99,7 +110,7 @@ func runCopy(opts CopyOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	dstSnapshotByOriginal := make(map[restic.ID][]*restic.Snapshot)
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, dstRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, nil) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, dstSnapshotLister, dstRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, nil) {
 		if sn.Original != nil && !sn.Original.IsNull() {
 			dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.Original] = append(dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.Original], sn)
 		}
@@ -110,7 +121,7 @@ func runCopy(opts CopyOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	// remember already processed trees across all snapshots
 	visitedTrees := restic.NewIDSet()
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, srcRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, srcSnapshotLister, srcRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		Verbosef("\nsnapshot %s of %v at %s)\n", sn.ID().Str(), sn.Paths, sn.Time)
 
 		// check whether the destination has a snapshot with the same persistent ID which has similar snapshot fields
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go
index a6e83f98f..7947f789f 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func prettyPrintJSON(wr io.Writer, item interface{}) error {
 }
 
 func debugPrintSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, wr io.Writer) error {
-	return restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, snapshot *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
+	return restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, snapshot *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go
index f83c87132..8099bf296 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ func init() {
 	f.BoolVar(&diffOptions.ShowMetadata, "metadata", false, "print changes in metadata")
 }
 
-func loadSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, desc string) (*restic.Snapshot, error) {
-	id, err := restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo, desc)
+func loadSnapshot(ctx context.Context, be restic.Lister, repo restic.Repository, desc string) (*restic.Snapshot, error) {
+	id, err := restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, be, desc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Fatal(err.Error())
 	}
@@ -334,10 +334,6 @@ func runDiff(opts DiffOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if !gopts.NoLock {
 		lock, err := lockRepo(ctx, repo)
 		defer unlockRepo(lock)
@@ -346,12 +342,17 @@ func runDiff(opts DiffOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	sn1, err := loadSnapshot(ctx, repo, args[0])
+	// cache snapshots listing
+	be, err := backend.MemorizeList(ctx, repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sn1, err := loadSnapshot(ctx, be, repo, args[0])
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	sn2, err := loadSnapshot(ctx, repo, args[1])
+	sn2, err := loadSnapshot(ctx, be, repo, args[1])
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -360,6 +361,10 @@ func runDiff(opts DiffOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		Verbosef("comparing snapshot %v to %v:\n\n", sn1.ID().Str(), sn2.ID().Str())
 	}
 
+	if err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if sn1.Tree == nil {
 		return errors.Errorf("snapshot %v has nil tree", sn1.ID().Str())
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go
index 4449af5ce..b4ce299cd 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go
@@ -144,20 +144,15 @@ func runDump(opts DumpOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	var id restic.ID
 
 	if snapshotIDString == "latest" {
-		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts, nil)
+		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Hosts:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Hosts)
 		}
 	} else {
-		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo, snapshotIDString)
+		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), snapshotIDString)
 		if err != nil {
 			Exitf(1, "invalid id %q: %v", snapshotIDString, err)
 		}
@@ -168,6 +163,11 @@ func runDump(opts DumpOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		Exitf(2, "loading snapshot %q failed: %v", snapshotIDString, err)
 	}
 
+	err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	tree, err := repo.LoadTree(ctx, *sn.Tree)
 	if err != nil {
 		Exitf(2, "loading tree for snapshot %q failed: %v", snapshotIDString, err)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_find.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_find.go
index 033915ab0..7171314e2 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_find.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_find.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/filter"
@@ -584,6 +585,11 @@ func runFind(opts FindOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	snapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -618,7 +624,7 @@ func runFind(opts FindOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, opts.Snapshots) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, snapshotLister, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, opts.Snapshots) {
 		if f.blobIDs != nil || f.treeIDs != nil {
 			if err = f.findIDs(ctx, sn); err != nil && err.Error() != "OK" {
 				return err
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go
index c814472f7..1feb39994 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func runForget(opts ForgetOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	var snapshots restic.Snapshots
 	removeSnIDs := restic.NewIDSet()
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		snapshots = append(snapshots, sn)
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go
index 71a44949e..ec6695714 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/fs"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -169,6 +170,11 @@ func runLs(opts LsOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	snapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -211,7 +217,7 @@ func runLs(opts LsOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args[:1]) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, snapshotLister, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args[:1]) {
 		printSnapshot(sn)
 
 		err := walker.Walk(ctx, repo, *sn.Tree, nil, func(_ restic.ID, nodepath string, node *restic.Node, err error) (bool, error) {
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go
index 76d7d7ea9..195b2554d 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ func runPruneWithRepo(opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, repo *repository.R
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("loading indexes...\n")
+	// loading the index before the snapshots is ok, as we use an exclusive lock here
 	err := repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -554,7 +555,7 @@ func getUsedBlobs(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, ignoreSnapshots r
 
 	var snapshotTrees restic.IDs
 	Verbosef("loading all snapshots...\n")
-	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(gopts.ctx, repo, ignoreSnapshots,
+	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, ignoreSnapshots,
 		func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
 			debug.Log("add snapshot %v (tree %v, error %v)", id, *sn.Tree, err)
 			if err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go
index 860c45a57..93810ce0f 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -50,6 +51,11 @@ func runRecover(gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	snapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	Verbosef("load index files\n")
 	if err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -84,7 +90,7 @@ func runRecover(gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 	bar.Done()
 
 	Verbosef("load snapshots\n")
-	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(gopts.ctx, repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
+	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(gopts.ctx, snapshotLister, repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
 		trees[*sn.Tree] = true
 		return nil
 	})
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go
index 4d5818593..3c7baeb0f 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go
@@ -110,25 +110,25 @@ func runRestore(opts RestoreOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	var id restic.ID
 
 	if snapshotIDString == "latest" {
-		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts, nil)
+		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Hosts:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Hosts)
 		}
 	} else {
-		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo, snapshotIDString)
+		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo.Backend(), snapshotIDString)
 		if err != nil {
 			Exitf(1, "invalid id %q: %v", snapshotIDString, err)
 		}
 	}
 
+	err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	res, err := restorer.NewRestorer(ctx, repo, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		Exitf(2, "creating restorer failed: %v\n", err)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go
index 70db09417..d305878da 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func runSnapshots(opts SnapshotOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) erro
 	defer cancel()
 
 	var snapshots restic.Snapshots
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		snapshots = append(snapshots, sn)
 	}
 	snapshotGroups, grouped, err := restic.GroupSnapshots(snapshots, opts.GroupBy)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go
index deb649e26..59dc75852 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/walker"
 
@@ -86,10 +87,6 @@ func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if !gopts.NoLock {
 		lock, err := lockRepo(ctx, repo)
 		defer unlockRepo(lock)
@@ -98,6 +95,15 @@ func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	snapshotLister, err := backend.MemorizeList(gopts.ctx, repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = repo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if !gopts.JSON {
 		Printf("scanning...\n")
 	}
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		snapshotsCount: 0,
 	}
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, statsOptions.Hosts, statsOptions.Tags, statsOptions.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, snapshotLister, repo, statsOptions.Hosts, statsOptions.Tags, statsOptions.Paths, args) {
 		err = statsWalkSnapshot(ctx, sn, repo, stats)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error walking snapshot: %v", err)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go b/cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go
index 13842c077..e6688b2fc 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func runTag(opts TagOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	changeCnt := 0
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(gopts.ctx)
 	defer cancel()
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		changed, err := changeTags(ctx, repo, sn, opts.SetTags.Flatten(), opts.AddTags.Flatten(), opts.RemoveTags.Flatten())
 		if err != nil {
 			Warnf("unable to modify the tags for snapshot ID %q, ignoring: %v\n", sn.ID(), err)
diff --git a/cmd/restic/find.go b/cmd/restic/find.go
index 792f1f6a2..f93f37278 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/find.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/find.go
@@ -3,33 +3,39 @@ package main
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 )
 
 // FindFilteredSnapshots yields Snapshots, either given explicitly by `snapshotIDs` or filtered from the list of all snapshots.
-func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hosts []string, tags []restic.TagList, paths []string, snapshotIDs []string) <-chan *restic.Snapshot {
+func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, be restic.Lister, loader restic.LoadJSONUnpackeder, hosts []string, tags []restic.TagList, paths []string, snapshotIDs []string) <-chan *restic.Snapshot {
 	out := make(chan *restic.Snapshot)
 	go func() {
 		defer close(out)
 		if len(snapshotIDs) != 0 {
+			// memorize snapshots list to prevent repeated backend listings
+			be, err := backend.MemorizeList(ctx, be, restic.SnapshotFile)
+			if err != nil {
+				Warnf("could not load snapshots: %v\n", err)
+				return
+			}
+
 			var (
 				id         restic.ID
 				usedFilter bool
-				err        error
 			)
 			ids := make(restic.IDs, 0, len(snapshotIDs))
 			// Process all snapshot IDs given as arguments.
 			for _, s := range snapshotIDs {
 				if s == "latest" {
 					usedFilter = true
-					id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, paths, tags, hosts, nil)
+					id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, be, loader, paths, tags, hosts, nil)
 					if err != nil {
 						Warnf("Ignoring %q, no snapshot matched given filter (Paths:%v Tags:%v Hosts:%v)\n", s, paths, tags, hosts)
 						continue
 					}
 				} else {
-					id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, repo, s)
+					id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(ctx, be, s)
 					if err != nil {
 						Warnf("Ignoring %q: %v\n", s, err)
 						continue
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@ func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hos
 			}
 
 			for _, id := range ids.Uniq() {
-				sn, err := restic.LoadSnapshot(ctx, repo, id)
+				sn, err := restic.LoadSnapshot(ctx, loader, id)
 				if err != nil {
 					Warnf("Ignoring %q, could not load snapshot: %v\n", id, err)
 					continue
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hos
 			return
 		}
 
-		snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, hosts, tags, paths)
+		snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, be, loader, hosts, tags, paths)
 		if err != nil {
 			Warnf("could not load snapshots: %v\n", err)
 			return
diff --git a/cmd/restic/integration_fuse_test.go b/cmd/restic/integration_fuse_test.go
index 1337be88e..156a8abae 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/integration_fuse_test.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/integration_fuse_test.go
@@ -154,6 +154,8 @@ func TestMount(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	env, cleanup := withTestEnvironment(t)
+	// must list snapshots more than once
+	env.gopts.backendTestHook = nil
 	defer cleanup()
 
 	testRunInit(t, env.gopts)
@@ -197,6 +199,8 @@ func TestMountSameTimestamps(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	env, cleanup := withTestEnvironment(t)
+	// must list snapshots more than once
+	env.gopts.backendTestHook = nil
 	defer cleanup()
 
 	rtest.SetupTarTestFixture(t, env.base, filepath.Join("testdata", "repo-same-timestamps.tar.gz"))
diff --git a/cmd/restic/integration_helpers_test.go b/cmd/restic/integration_helpers_test.go
index df9893350..e87baddca 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/integration_helpers_test.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/integration_helpers_test.go
@@ -198,6 +198,9 @@ func withTestEnvironment(t testing.TB) (env *testEnvironment, cleanup func()) {
 		stdout:   os.Stdout,
 		stderr:   os.Stderr,
 		extended: make(options.Options),
+
+		// replace this hook with "nil" if listing a filetype more than once is necessary
+		backendTestHook: func(r restic.Backend) (restic.Backend, error) { return newOrderedListOnceBackend(r), nil },
 	}
 
 	// always overwrite global options
diff --git a/cmd/restic/integration_test.go b/cmd/restic/integration_test.go
index f926306eb..49121bb1d 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/integration_test.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/integration_test.go
@@ -275,6 +275,11 @@ func testRunForgetJSON(t testing.TB, gopts GlobalOptions, args ...string) {
 }
 
 func testRunPrune(t testing.TB, gopts GlobalOptions, opts PruneOptions) {
+	oldHook := gopts.backendTestHook
+	gopts.backendTestHook = func(r restic.Backend) (restic.Backend, error) { return newListOnceBackend(r), nil }
+	defer func() {
+		gopts.backendTestHook = oldHook
+	}()
 	rtest.OK(t, runPrune(opts, gopts))
 }
 
@@ -1065,6 +1070,8 @@ func TestKeyAddRemove(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	env, cleanup := withTestEnvironment(t)
+	// must list keys more than once
+	env.gopts.backendTestHook = nil
 	defer cleanup()
 
 	testRunInit(t, env.gopts)
@@ -1659,6 +1666,11 @@ func TestPruneWithDamagedRepository(t *testing.T) {
 	rtest.Assert(t, len(snapshotIDs) == 1,
 		"expected one snapshot, got %v", snapshotIDs)
 
+	oldHook := env.gopts.backendTestHook
+	env.gopts.backendTestHook = func(r restic.Backend) (restic.Backend, error) { return newListOnceBackend(r), nil }
+	defer func() {
+		env.gopts.backendTestHook = oldHook
+	}()
 	// prune should fail
 	rtest.Assert(t, runPrune(pruneDefaultOptions, env.gopts) == errorPacksMissing,
 		"prune should have reported index not complete error")
@@ -1752,12 +1764,22 @@ func testEdgeCaseRepo(t *testing.T, tarfile string, optionsCheck CheckOptions, o
 type listOnceBackend struct {
 	restic.Backend
 	listedFileType map[restic.FileType]bool
+	strictOrder    bool
 }
 
 func newListOnceBackend(be restic.Backend) *listOnceBackend {
 	return &listOnceBackend{
 		Backend:        be,
 		listedFileType: make(map[restic.FileType]bool),
+		strictOrder:    false,
+	}
+}
+
+func newOrderedListOnceBackend(be restic.Backend) *listOnceBackend {
+	return &listOnceBackend{
+		Backend:        be,
+		listedFileType: make(map[restic.FileType]bool),
+		strictOrder:    true,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1765,6 +1787,9 @@ func (be *listOnceBackend) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(
 	if t != restic.LockFile && be.listedFileType[t] {
 		return errors.Errorf("tried listing type %v the second time", t)
 	}
+	if be.strictOrder && t == restic.SnapshotFile && be.listedFileType[restic.IndexFile] {
+		return errors.Errorf("tried listing type snapshots after index")
+	}
 	be.listedFileType[t] = true
 	return be.Backend.List(ctx, t, fn)
 }
@@ -2136,3 +2161,37 @@ func TestBackendLoadWriteTo(t *testing.T) {
 	rtest.Assert(t, len(firstSnapshot) == 1,
 		"expected one snapshot, got %v", firstSnapshot)
 }
+
+func TestFindListOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	env, cleanup := withTestEnvironment(t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	env.gopts.backendTestHook = func(r restic.Backend) (restic.Backend, error) {
+		return newListOnceBackend(r), nil
+	}
+
+	testSetupBackupData(t, env)
+	opts := BackupOptions{}
+
+	testRunBackup(t, "", []string{filepath.Join(env.testdata, "0", "0", "9")}, opts, env.gopts)
+	testRunBackup(t, "", []string{filepath.Join(env.testdata, "0", "0", "9", "2")}, opts, env.gopts)
+	secondSnapshot := testRunList(t, "snapshots", env.gopts)
+	testRunBackup(t, "", []string{filepath.Join(env.testdata, "0", "0", "9", "3")}, opts, env.gopts)
+	thirdSnapshot := restic.NewIDSet(testRunList(t, "snapshots", env.gopts)...)
+
+	repo, err := OpenRepository(env.gopts)
+	rtest.OK(t, err)
+
+	snapshotIDs := restic.NewIDSet()
+	// specify the two oldest snapshots explicitly and use "latest" to reference the newest one
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(context.TODO(), repo.Backend(), repo, nil, nil, nil, []string{
+		secondSnapshot[0].String(),
+		secondSnapshot[1].String()[:8],
+		"latest",
+	}) {
+		snapshotIDs.Insert(*sn.ID())
+	}
+
+	// the snapshots can only be listed once, if both lists match then the there has been only a single List() call
+	rtest.Equals(t, thirdSnapshot, snapshotIDs)
+}
diff --git a/internal/backend/utils.go b/internal/backend/utils.go
index 39c68b4ce..be1c2a9e0 100644
--- a/internal/backend/utils.go
+++ b/internal/backend/utils.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package backend
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -57,3 +58,44 @@ func DefaultLoad(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64,
 	}
 	return rd.Close()
 }
+
+type memorizedLister struct {
+	fileInfos []restic.FileInfo
+	tpe       restic.FileType
+}
+
+func (m *memorizedLister) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error {
+	if t != m.tpe {
+		return fmt.Errorf("filetype mismatch, expected %s got %s", m.tpe, t)
+	}
+	for _, fi := range m.fileInfos {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		err := fn(fi)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return ctx.Err()
+}
+
+func MemorizeList(ctx context.Context, be restic.Lister, t restic.FileType) (restic.Lister, error) {
+	if _, ok := be.(*memorizedLister); ok {
+		return be, nil
+	}
+
+	var fileInfos []restic.FileInfo
+	err := be.List(ctx, t, func(fi restic.FileInfo) error {
+		fileInfos = append(fileInfos, fi)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &memorizedLister{
+		fileInfos: fileInfos,
+		tpe:       t,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/backend/utils_test.go b/internal/backend/utils_test.go
index 1030537bc..0841a57e4 100644
--- a/internal/backend/utils_test.go
+++ b/internal/backend/utils_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package backend_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/rand"
 	"testing"
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/mem"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/mock"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
 )
@@ -157,3 +159,47 @@ func TestDefaultLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	rtest.Equals(t, true, rd.closed)
 	rtest.Equals(t, "consumer error", err.Error())
 }
+
+func TestMemoizeList(t *testing.T) {
+	// setup backend to serve as data source for memoized list
+	be := mock.NewBackend()
+	files := []restic.FileInfo{
+		{Size: 42, Name: restic.NewRandomID().String()},
+		{Size: 45, Name: restic.NewRandomID().String()},
+	}
+	be.ListFn = func(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error {
+		for _, fi := range files {
+			if err := fn(fi); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	mem, err := backend.MemorizeList(context.TODO(), be, restic.SnapshotFile)
+	rtest.OK(t, err)
+
+	err = mem.List(context.TODO(), restic.IndexFile, func(fi restic.FileInfo) error {
+		t.Fatal("file type mismatch")
+		return nil // the memoized lister must return an error by itself
+	})
+	rtest.Assert(t, err != nil, "missing error on file typ mismatch")
+
+	var memFiles []restic.FileInfo
+	err = mem.List(context.TODO(), restic.SnapshotFile, func(fi restic.FileInfo) error {
+		memFiles = append(memFiles, fi)
+		return nil
+	})
+	rtest.OK(t, err)
+	rtest.Equals(t, files, memFiles)
+}
+
+func TestMemoizeListError(t *testing.T) {
+	// setup backend to serve as data source for memoized list
+	be := mock.NewBackend()
+	be.ListFn = func(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error {
+		return fmt.Errorf("list error")
+	}
+	_, err := backend.MemorizeList(context.TODO(), be, restic.SnapshotFile)
+	rtest.Assert(t, err != nil, "missing error on list error")
+}
diff --git a/internal/checker/checker.go b/internal/checker/checker.go
index ebf38b632..8e49209f5 100644
--- a/internal/checker/checker.go
+++ b/internal/checker/checker.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/minio/sha256-simd"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/hashing"
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ type Checker struct {
 	trackUnused bool
 
 	masterIndex *repository.MasterIndex
+	snapshots   restic.Lister
 
 	repo restic.Repository
 }
@@ -75,6 +77,12 @@ func (err ErrOldIndexFormat) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("index %v has old format", err.ID.Str())
 }
 
+func (c *Checker) LoadSnapshots(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var err error
+	c.snapshots, err = backend.MemorizeList(ctx, c.repo.Backend(), restic.SnapshotFile)
+	return err
+}
+
 // LoadIndex loads all index files.
 func (c *Checker) LoadIndex(ctx context.Context) (hints []error, errs []error) {
 	debug.Log("Start")
@@ -278,8 +286,8 @@ func (c *Checker) checkTreeWorker(ctx context.Context, trees <-chan restic.TreeI
 	}
 }
 
-func loadSnapshotTreeIDs(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) (ids restic.IDs, errs []error) {
-	err := restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
+func loadSnapshotTreeIDs(ctx context.Context, lister restic.Lister, repo restic.Repository) (ids restic.IDs, errs []error) {
+	err := restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, lister, repo, nil, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			errs = append(errs, err)
 			return nil
@@ -300,7 +308,7 @@ func loadSnapshotTreeIDs(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository) (ids resti
 // subtrees are available in the index. errChan is closed after all trees have
 // been traversed.
 func (c *Checker) Structure(ctx context.Context, p *progress.Counter, errChan chan<- error) {
-	trees, errs := loadSnapshotTreeIDs(ctx, c.repo)
+	trees, errs := loadSnapshotTreeIDs(ctx, c.snapshots, c.repo)
 	p.SetMax(uint64(len(trees)))
 	debug.Log("need to check %d trees from snapshots, %d errs returned", len(trees), len(errs))
 
diff --git a/internal/checker/checker_test.go b/internal/checker/checker_test.go
index 6d17a4593..1330211eb 100644
--- a/internal/checker/checker_test.go
+++ b/internal/checker/checker_test.go
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ func checkPacks(chkr *checker.Checker) []error {
 }
 
 func checkStruct(chkr *checker.Checker) []error {
+	err := chkr.LoadSnapshots(context.TODO())
+	if err != nil {
+		return []error{err}
+	}
 	return collectErrors(context.TODO(), func(ctx context.Context, errChan chan<- error) {
 		chkr.Structure(ctx, nil, errChan)
 	})
@@ -587,7 +591,7 @@ func benchmarkSnapshotScaling(t *testing.B, newSnapshots int) {
 	chkr, repo, cleanup := loadBenchRepository(t)
 	defer cleanup()
 
-	snID, err := restic.FindSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo, "51d249d2")
+	snID, err := restic.FindSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo.Backend(), "51d249d2")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/checker/testing.go b/internal/checker/testing.go
index d672911b1..0668406d8 100644
--- a/internal/checker/testing.go
+++ b/internal/checker/testing.go
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ func TestCheckRepo(t testing.TB, repo restic.Repository) {
 		t.Fatalf("errors loading index: %v", hints)
 	}
 
+	err := chkr.LoadSnapshots(context.TODO())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
 	// packs
 	errChan := make(chan error)
 	go chkr.Packs(context.TODO(), errChan)
diff --git a/internal/fuse/snapshots_dir.go b/internal/fuse/snapshots_dir.go
index 40854082e..88638d50c 100644
--- a/internal/fuse/snapshots_dir.go
+++ b/internal/fuse/snapshots_dir.go
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func updateSnapshots(ctx context.Context, root *Root) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, root.repo, root.cfg.Hosts, root.cfg.Tags, root.cfg.Paths)
+	snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, root.repo.Backend(), root.repo, root.cfg.Hosts, root.cfg.Tags, root.cfg.Paths)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/internal/repository/master_index_test.go b/internal/repository/master_index_test.go
index f1fe9af7e..2470dadfc 100644
--- a/internal/repository/master_index_test.go
+++ b/internal/repository/master_index_test.go
@@ -369,6 +369,11 @@ func TestIndexSave(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	checker := checker.New(repo, false)
+	err = checker.LoadSnapshots(context.TODO())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
 	hints, errs := checker.LoadIndex(context.TODO())
 	for _, h := range hints {
 		t.Logf("hint: %v\n", h)
diff --git a/internal/restic/repository.go b/internal/restic/repository.go
index 35f2f997b..61654fa1d 100644
--- a/internal/restic/repository.go
+++ b/internal/restic/repository.go
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ type Lister interface {
 	List(context.Context, FileType, func(FileInfo) error) error
 }
 
+// LoadJSONUnpackeder allows loading a JSON file not stored in a pack file
+type LoadJSONUnpackeder interface {
+	LoadJSONUnpacked(ctx context.Context, t FileType, id ID, dest interface{}) error
+}
+
 type PackBlobs struct {
 	PackID ID
 	Blobs  []Blob
diff --git a/internal/restic/snapshot.go b/internal/restic/snapshot.go
index ac5f2cf44..a74893778 100644
--- a/internal/restic/snapshot.go
+++ b/internal/restic/snapshot.go
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ func NewSnapshot(paths []string, tags []string, hostname string, time time.Time)
 }
 
 // LoadSnapshot loads the snapshot with the id and returns it.
-func LoadSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, id ID) (*Snapshot, error) {
+func LoadSnapshot(ctx context.Context, loader LoadJSONUnpackeder, id ID) (*Snapshot, error) {
 	sn := &Snapshot{id: &id}
-	err := repo.LoadJSONUnpacked(ctx, SnapshotFile, id, sn)
+	err := loader.LoadJSONUnpacked(ctx, SnapshotFile, id, sn)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ const loadSnapshotParallelism = 5
 // If the called function returns an error, this function is cancelled and
 // also returns this error.
 // If a snapshot ID is in excludeIDs, it will be ignored.
-func ForAllSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, excludeIDs IDSet, fn func(ID, *Snapshot, error) error) error {
+func ForAllSnapshots(ctx context.Context, be Lister, loader LoadJSONUnpackeder, excludeIDs IDSet, fn func(ID, *Snapshot, error) error) error {
 	var m sync.Mutex
 
 	// track spawned goroutines using wg, create a new context which is
@@ -88,7 +88,13 @@ func ForAllSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, excludeIDs IDSet, fn
 	// send list of snapshot files through ch, which is closed afterwards
 	wg.Go(func() error {
 		defer close(ch)
-		return repo.List(ctx, SnapshotFile, func(id ID, size int64) error {
+		return be.List(ctx, SnapshotFile, func(fi FileInfo) error {
+			id, err := ParseID(fi.Name)
+			if err != nil {
+				debug.Log("unable to parse %v as an ID", fi.Name)
+				return nil
+			}
+
 			if excludeIDs.Has(id) {
 				return nil
 			}
@@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ func ForAllSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, excludeIDs IDSet, fn
 	worker := func() error {
 		for id := range ch {
 			debug.Log("load snapshot %v", id)
-			sn, err := LoadSnapshot(ctx, repo, id)
+			sn, err := LoadSnapshot(ctx, loader, id)
 
 			m.Lock()
 			err = fn(id, sn, err)
diff --git a/internal/restic/snapshot_find.go b/internal/restic/snapshot_find.go
index 1f309f0bd..74275b552 100644
--- a/internal/restic/snapshot_find.go
+++ b/internal/restic/snapshot_find.go
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ import (
 var ErrNoSnapshotFound = errors.New("no snapshot found")
 
 // FindLatestSnapshot finds latest snapshot with optional target/directory, tags, hostname, and timestamp filters.
-func FindLatestSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, targets []string, tagLists []TagList, hostnames []string, timeStampLimit *time.Time) (ID, error) {
+func FindLatestSnapshot(ctx context.Context, be Lister, loader LoadJSONUnpackeder, targets []string,
+	tagLists []TagList, hostnames []string, timeStampLimit *time.Time) (ID, error) {
+
 	var err error
 	absTargets := make([]string, 0, len(targets))
 	for _, target := range targets {
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ func FindLatestSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, targets []string,
 		found    bool
 	)
 
-	err = ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo, nil, func(id ID, snapshot *Snapshot, err error) error {
+	err = ForAllSnapshots(ctx, be, loader, nil, func(id ID, snapshot *Snapshot, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Errorf("Error loading snapshot %v: %v", id.Str(), err)
 		}
@@ -77,10 +79,10 @@ func FindLatestSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, targets []string,
 
 // FindSnapshot takes a string and tries to find a snapshot whose ID matches
 // the string as closely as possible.
-func FindSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, s string) (ID, error) {
+func FindSnapshot(ctx context.Context, be Lister, s string) (ID, error) {
 
 	// find snapshot id with prefix
-	name, err := Find(ctx, repo.Backend(), SnapshotFile, s)
+	name, err := Find(ctx, be, SnapshotFile, s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ID{}, err
 	}
@@ -90,10 +92,10 @@ func FindSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, s string) (ID, error) {
 
 // FindFilteredSnapshots yields Snapshots filtered from the list of all
 // snapshots.
-func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, hosts []string, tags []TagList, paths []string) (Snapshots, error) {
+func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, be Lister, loader LoadJSONUnpackeder, hosts []string, tags []TagList, paths []string) (Snapshots, error) {
 	results := make(Snapshots, 0, 20)
 
-	err := ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo, nil, func(id ID, sn *Snapshot, err error) error {
+	err := ForAllSnapshots(ctx, be, loader, nil, func(id ID, sn *Snapshot, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "could not load snapshot %v: %v\n", id.Str(), err)
 			return nil
diff --git a/internal/restic/snapshot_find_test.go b/internal/restic/snapshot_find_test.go
index d4fedcc9d..534eb456d 100644
--- a/internal/restic/snapshot_find_test.go
+++ b/internal/restic/snapshot_find_test.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ func TestFindLatestSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	restic.TestCreateSnapshot(t, repo, parseTimeUTC("2017-07-07 07:07:07"), 1, 0)
 	latestSnapshot := restic.TestCreateSnapshot(t, repo, parseTimeUTC("2019-09-09 09:09:09"), 1, 0)
 
-	id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo, []string{}, []restic.TagList{}, []string{"foo"}, nil)
+	id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo.Backend(), repo, []string{}, []restic.TagList{}, []string{"foo"}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("FindLatestSnapshot returned error: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func TestFindLatestSnapshotWithMaxTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
 
 	maxTimestamp := parseTimeUTC("2018-08-08 08:08:08")
 
-	id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo, []string{}, []restic.TagList{}, []string{"foo"}, &maxTimestamp)
+	id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(context.TODO(), repo.Backend(), repo, []string{}, []restic.TagList{}, []string{"foo"}, &maxTimestamp)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("FindLatestSnapshot returned error: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/restic/testing_test.go b/internal/restic/testing_test.go
index 5607dc5fa..7ee7461a5 100644
--- a/internal/restic/testing_test.go
+++ b/internal/restic/testing_test.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const (
 // LoadAllSnapshots returns a list of all snapshots in the repo.
 // If a snapshot ID is in excludeIDs, it will not be included in the result.
 func loadAllSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, excludeIDs restic.IDSet) (snapshots restic.Snapshots, err error) {
-	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo, excludeIDs, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
+	err = restic.ForAllSnapshots(ctx, repo.Backend(), repo, excludeIDs, func(id restic.ID, sn *restic.Snapshot, err error) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}