diff --git a/pkg/compiler/codegen.go b/pkg/compiler/codegen.go
index cdb7a0ab5..29127d02e 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/codegen.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/codegen.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/loader"
 )
 
@@ -720,7 +721,7 @@ func (c *codegen) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
 			// For now we will assume that there are only byte slice conversions.
 			// E.g. []byte("foobar") or []byte(scriptHash).
 			ast.Walk(c, n.Args[0])
-			c.emitConvert(vm.BufferT)
+			c.emitConvert(stackitem.BufferT)
 			return nil
 		}
 
@@ -1091,12 +1092,12 @@ func (c *codegen) convertBuiltin(expr *ast.CallExpr) {
 			c.prog.Err = errors.New("panic should have string or nil argument")
 		}
 	case "ToInteger", "ToByteArray", "ToBool":
-		typ := vm.IntegerT
+		typ := stackitem.IntegerT
 		switch name {
 		case "ToByteArray":
-			typ = vm.ByteArrayT
+			typ = stackitem.ByteArrayT
 		case "ToBool":
-			typ = vm.BooleanT
+			typ = stackitem.BooleanT
 		}
 		c.emitConvert(typ)
 	case "SHA256":
@@ -1123,7 +1124,7 @@ func (c *codegen) convertBuiltin(expr *ast.CallExpr) {
 		}
 		bytes := uint160.BytesBE()
 		emit.Bytes(c.prog.BinWriter, bytes)
-		c.emitConvert(vm.BufferT)
+		c.emitConvert(stackitem.BufferT)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1150,7 +1151,7 @@ func transformArgs(fun ast.Expr, args []ast.Expr) []ast.Expr {
 }
 
 // emitConvert converts top stack item to the specified type.
-func (c *codegen) emitConvert(typ vm.StackItemType) {
+func (c *codegen) emitConvert(typ stackitem.Type) {
 	emit.Instruction(c.prog.BinWriter, opcode.CONVERT, []byte{byte(typ)})
 }
 
@@ -1162,7 +1163,7 @@ func (c *codegen) convertByteArray(lit *ast.CompositeLit) {
 		buf[i] = byte(val)
 	}
 	emit.Bytes(c.prog.BinWriter, buf)
-	c.emitConvert(vm.BufferT)
+	c.emitConvert(stackitem.BufferT)
 }
 
 func (c *codegen) convertMap(lit *ast.CompositeLit) {
diff --git a/pkg/compiler/for_test.go b/pkg/compiler/for_test.go
index f3ea262f3..df2fa06df 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/for_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/for_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 func TestEntryPointWithMethod(t *testing.T) {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestEntryPointWithArgs(t *testing.T) {
 			return 2 + args[1].(int)
 		}
 	`
-	args := []vm.StackItem{vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)), vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}
+	args := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}
 	evalWithArgs(t, src, nil, args, big.NewInt(3))
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestEntryPointWithMethodAndArgs(t *testing.T) {
 			return 0
 		}
 	`
-	args := []vm.StackItem{vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)), vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}
+	args := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}
 	evalWithArgs(t, src, []byte("foobar"), args, big.NewInt(3))
 }
 
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ func TestStringArray(t *testing.T) {
 			return x
 		}
 	`
-	eval(t, src, []vm.StackItem{
-		vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("foo")),
-		vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("bar")),
-		vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("foobar")),
+	eval(t, src, []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("foo")),
+		stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("bar")),
+		stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("foobar")),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ func TestIntArray(t *testing.T) {
 			return arr
 		}
 	`
-	eval(t, src, []vm.StackItem{
-		vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-		vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-		vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(3)),
+	eval(t, src, []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(3)),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func TestSimpleString(t *testing.T) {
 			return x
 		}
 	`
-	eval(t, src, vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("NEO")).Value())
+	eval(t, src, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("NEO")).Value())
 }
 
 func TestBoolAssign(t *testing.T) {
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ func TestAppendString(t *testing.T) {
 			return arr[3]
 		}
 	`
-	eval(t, src, vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("d")).Value())
+	eval(t, src, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("d")).Value())
 }
 
 func TestAppendInt(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/pkg/compiler/slice_test.go b/pkg/compiler/slice_test.go
index 326fe0e72..b90283a2a 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/slice_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/slice_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 var sliceTestCases = []testCase{
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ var sliceTestCases = []testCase{
 			a = append(a, "b")
 			return a
 		}`,
-		[]vm.StackItem{
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("a")),
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("b")),
+		[]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("a")),
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("b")),
 		},
 	},
 	{
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ var sliceTestCases = []testCase{
 			a = append(a, "b")
 			return a
 		}`,
-		[]vm.StackItem{
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("a")),
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("b")),
+		[]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("a")),
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("b")),
 		},
 	},
 	{
diff --git a/pkg/compiler/struct_test.go b/pkg/compiler/struct_test.go
index 208f6a11b..b11b55ac0 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/struct_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/struct_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 var structTestCases = []testCase{
@@ -281,11 +281,11 @@ var structTestCases = []testCase{
 			return newToken()
 		}
 		`,
-		[]vm.StackItem{
-			vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("hello")),
-			vm.NewBoolItem(false),
+		[]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("hello")),
+			stackitem.NewBool(false),
 		},
 	},
 	{
diff --git a/pkg/compiler/syscall_test.go b/pkg/compiler/syscall_test.go
index d3fc3f14f..353b6efb7 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/syscall_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/syscall_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ func TestNotify(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, v.Run())
 	require.Equal(t, 3, len(s.events))
 
-	exp0 := []vm.StackItem{vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(11)), vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("sum")), vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(12))}
+	exp0 := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(11)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("sum")), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(12))}
 	assert.Equal(t, exp0, s.events[0].Value())
-	assert.Equal(t, []vm.StackItem{}, s.events[1].Value())
-	assert.Equal(t, []vm.StackItem{vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("single"))}, s.events[2].Value())
+	assert.Equal(t, []stackitem.Item{}, s.events[1].Value())
+	assert.Equal(t, []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("single"))}, s.events[2].Value())
 }
diff --git a/pkg/compiler/vm_test.go b/pkg/compiler/vm_test.go
index c180bf55a..f841318d2 100644
--- a/pkg/compiler/vm_test.go
+++ b/pkg/compiler/vm_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/compiler"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ func eval(t *testing.T, src string, result interface{}) {
 	assertResult(t, vm, result)
 }
 
-func evalWithArgs(t *testing.T, src string, op []byte, args []vm.StackItem, result interface{}) {
+func evalWithArgs(t *testing.T, src string, op []byte, args []stackitem.Item, result interface{}) {
 	vm := vmAndCompile(t, src)
 	vm.LoadArgs(op, args)
 	err := vm.Run()
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ func vmAndCompileInterop(t *testing.T, src string) (*vm.VM, *storagePlugin) {
 type storagePlugin struct {
 	mem      map[string][]byte
 	interops map[uint32]vm.InteropFunc
-	events   []vm.StackItem
+	events   []stackitem.Item
 }
 
 func newStoragePlugin() *storagePlugin {
diff --git a/pkg/core/blockchain.go b/pkg/core/blockchain.go
index 1979b39d6..982886bcc 100644
--- a/pkg/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/pkg/core/blockchain.go
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/storage"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
@@ -573,7 +575,7 @@ func (bc *Blockchain) storeBlock(block *block.Block) error {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to persist invocation results")
 			}
 			for _, note := range systemInterop.Notifications {
-				arr, ok := note.Item.Value().([]vm.StackItem)
+				arr, ok := note.Item.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 				if !ok || len(arr) != 4 {
 					continue
 				}
@@ -605,7 +607,7 @@ func (bc *Blockchain) storeBlock(block *block.Block) error {
 					if !ok {
 						continue
 					}
-					amount = emit.BytesToInt(bs)
+					amount = bigint.FromBytes(bs)
 				}
 				bc.processNEP5Transfer(cache, tx, block, note.ScriptHash, from, to, amount.Int64())
 			}
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/context.go b/pkg/core/interop/context.go
index 61e56ad59..b1e400624 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/context.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/context.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ type Function struct {
 }
 
 // Method is a signature for a native method.
-type Method = func(ic *Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem
+type Method = func(ic *Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item
 
 // MethodAndPrice is a native-contract method descriptor.
 type MethodAndPrice struct {
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
index 9e634f5ea..d80d67578 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // ECDSAVerify checks ECDSA signature.
@@ -48,12 +49,12 @@ func ECDSACheckMultisig(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func getMessage(ic *interop.Context, item vm.StackItem) []byte {
+func getMessage(ic *interop.Context, item stackitem.Item) []byte {
 	var msg []byte
 	switch val := item.(type) {
-	case *vm.InteropItem:
+	case *stackitem.Interop:
 		msg = val.Value().(crypto.Verifiable).GetSignedPart()
-	case vm.NullItem:
+	case stackitem.Null:
 		msg = ic.Container.GetSignedPart()
 	default:
 		var err error
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa_test.go b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa_test.go
index da652ca97..8dfa856ef 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop/crypto/ecdsa_test.go
@@ -9,16 +9,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func initCHECKMULTISIG(msg []byte, n int) ([]vm.StackItem, []vm.StackItem, map[string]*keys.PublicKey, error) {
+func initCHECKMULTISIG(msg []byte, n int) ([]stackitem.Item, []stackitem.Item, map[string]*keys.PublicKey, error) {
 	var err error
 
 	keyMap := make(map[string]*keys.PublicKey)
 	pkeys := make([]*keys.PrivateKey, n)
-	pubs := make([]vm.StackItem, n)
+	pubs := make([]stackitem.Item, n)
 	for i := range pubs {
 		pkeys[i], err = keys.NewPrivateKey()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -27,25 +28,25 @@ func initCHECKMULTISIG(msg []byte, n int) ([]vm.StackItem, []vm.StackItem, map[s
 
 		pk := pkeys[i].PublicKey()
 		data := pk.Bytes()
-		pubs[i] = vm.NewByteArrayItem(data)
+		pubs[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray(data)
 		keyMap[string(data)] = pk
 	}
 
-	sigs := make([]vm.StackItem, n)
+	sigs := make([]stackitem.Item, n)
 	for i := range sigs {
 		sig := pkeys[i].Sign(msg)
-		sigs[i] = vm.NewByteArrayItem(sig)
+		sigs[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray(sig)
 	}
 
 	return pubs, sigs, keyMap, nil
 }
 
-func subSlice(arr []vm.StackItem, indices []int) []vm.StackItem {
+func subSlice(arr []stackitem.Item, indices []int) []stackitem.Item {
 	if indices == nil {
 		return arr
 	}
 
-	result := make([]vm.StackItem, len(indices))
+	result := make([]stackitem.Item, len(indices))
 	for i, j := range indices {
 		result[i] = arr[j]
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_neo.go b/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
index 5997a8764..5295d922b 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_neo.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -66,9 +67,9 @@ func txGetAttributes(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if len(tx.Attributes) > vm.MaxArraySize {
 		return errors.New("too many attributes")
 	}
-	attrs := make([]vm.StackItem, 0, len(tx.Attributes))
+	attrs := make([]stackitem.Item, 0, len(tx.Attributes))
 	for i := range tx.Attributes {
-		attrs = append(attrs, vm.NewInteropItem(&tx.Attributes[i]))
+		attrs = append(attrs, stackitem.NewInterop(&tx.Attributes[i]))
 	}
 	v.Estack().PushVal(attrs)
 	return nil
@@ -84,9 +85,9 @@ func txGetWitnesses(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if len(tx.Scripts) > vm.MaxArraySize {
 		return errors.New("too many outputs")
 	}
-	scripts := make([]vm.StackItem, 0, len(tx.Scripts))
+	scripts := make([]stackitem.Item, 0, len(tx.Scripts))
 	for i := range tx.Scripts {
-		scripts = append(scripts, vm.NewInteropItem(&tx.Scripts[i]))
+		scripts = append(scripts, stackitem.NewInterop(&tx.Scripts[i]))
 	}
 	v.Estack().PushVal(scripts)
 	return nil
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func bcGetAccount(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(acc))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(acc))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -204,13 +205,13 @@ func storageFind(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	filteredMap := vm.NewMapItem()
+	filteredMap := stackitem.NewMap()
 	for k, v := range siMap {
-		filteredMap.Add(vm.NewByteArrayItem(append(prefix, []byte(k)...)), vm.NewByteArrayItem(v.Value))
+		filteredMap.Add(stackitem.NewByteArray(append(prefix, []byte(k)...)), stackitem.NewByteArray(v.Value))
 	}
-	sort.Slice(filteredMap.Value().([]vm.MapElement), func(i, j int) bool {
-		return bytes.Compare(filteredMap.Value().([]vm.MapElement)[i].Key.Value().([]byte),
-			filteredMap.Value().([]vm.MapElement)[j].Key.Value().([]byte)) == -1
+	sort.Slice(filteredMap.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement), func(i, j int) bool {
+		return bytes.Compare(filteredMap.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[i].Key.Value().([]byte),
+			filteredMap.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[j].Key.Value().([]byte)) == -1
 	})
 
 	item := vm.NewMapIterator(filteredMap)
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ func contractCreate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(contract))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(contract))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ func contractMigrate(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(contract))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(contract))
 	return contractDestroy(ic, v)
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go b/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
index 90e1ce2ae..50cb0d9f4 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_neo_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -70,12 +71,12 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("normal invocation", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: scriptHash}))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: scriptHash}))
 
 		err := storageFind(context, v)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		var iter *vm.InteropItem
+		var iter *stackitem.Interop
 		require.NotPanics(t, func() { iter = v.Estack().Top().Interop() })
 
 		require.NoError(t, enumerator.Next(context, v))
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("normal invocation, empty result", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x03})
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: scriptHash}))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: scriptHash}))
 
 		err := storageFind(context, v)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("invalid type for StorageContext", func(t *testing.T) {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(nil))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(nil))
 
 		require.Error(t, storageFind(context, v))
 	})
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ func TestStorageFind(t *testing.T) {
 		invalidHash[0] = ^invalidHash[0]
 
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{0x01})
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: invalidHash}))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&StorageContext{ScriptHash: invalidHash}))
 
 		require.Error(t, storageFind(context, v))
 	})
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ func TestHeaderGetVersion_Negative(t *testing.T) {
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore()), block, nil)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewBoolItem(false))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewBool(false))
 
 	err := headerGetVersion(context, v)
 	require.Errorf(t, err, "value is not a header or block")
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ func TestTxGetAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := txGetAttributes(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	value := v.Estack().Pop().Value().([]vm.StackItem)
+	value := v.Estack().Pop().Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 	require.Equal(t, tx.Attributes[0].Usage, value[0].Value().(*transaction.Attribute).Usage)
 }
 
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ func TestWitnessGetVerificationScript(t *testing.T) {
 	defer chain.Close()
 
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore()), nil, nil)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&witness))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&witness))
 	err := witnessGetVerificationScript(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	value := v.Estack().Pop().Value().([]byte)
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ func TestECDSAVerify(t *testing.T) {
 		tx := transaction.New([]byte{0, 1, 2}, 1)
 		msg := tx.GetSignedPart()
 		sign := priv.Sign(msg)
-		runCase(t, false, true, sign, priv.PublicKey().Bytes(), vm.NewInteropItem(tx))
+		runCase(t, false, true, sign, priv.PublicKey().Bytes(), stackitem.NewInterop(tx))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("signed script container", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ func TestECDSAVerify(t *testing.T) {
 		msg := tx.GetSignedPart()
 		sign := priv.Sign(msg)
 		ic.Container = tx
-		runCase(t, false, true, sign, priv.PublicKey().Bytes(), vm.NullItem{})
+		runCase(t, false, true, sign, priv.PublicKey().Bytes(), stackitem.Null{})
 	})
 
 	t.Run("missing arguments", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ func TestECDSAVerify(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAttrGetData(t *testing.T) {
 	v, tx, context, chain := createVMAndTX(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&tx.Attributes[0]))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&tx.Attributes[0]))
 
 	err := attrGetData(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ func TestAttrGetData(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAttrGetUsage(t *testing.T) {
 	v, tx, context, chain := createVMAndTX(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(&tx.Attributes[0]))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(&tx.Attributes[0]))
 
 	err := attrGetUsage(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ func TestAttrGetUsage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAccountGetScriptHash(t *testing.T) {
 	v, accState, context, chain := createVMAndAccState(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(accState))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(accState))
 
 	err := accountGetScriptHash(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ func TestAccountGetScriptHash(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContractGetScript(t *testing.T) {
 	v, contractState, context, chain := createVMAndContractState(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(contractState))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(contractState))
 
 	err := contractGetScript(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ func TestContractGetScript(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContractIsPayable(t *testing.T) {
 	v, contractState, context, chain := createVMAndContractState(t)
 	defer chain.Close()
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(contractState))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(contractState))
 
 	err := contractIsPayable(context, v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -341,13 +342,13 @@ func createVMAndPushBlock(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *block.Block, *interop.Context,
 	block := newDumbBlock()
 	chain := newTestChain(t)
 	context := chain.newInteropContext(trigger.Application, dao.NewSimple(storage.NewMemoryStore()), block, nil)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(block))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(block))
 	return v, block, context, chain
 }
 
 func createVMAndPushTX(t *testing.T) (*vm.VM, *transaction.Transaction, *interop.Context, *Blockchain) {
 	v, tx, context, chain := createVMAndTX(t)
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(tx))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(tx))
 	return v, tx, context, chain
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/core/interop_system.go b/pkg/core/interop_system.go
index b6dc95aa6..55b57fa09 100644
--- a/pkg/core/interop_system.go
+++ b/pkg/core/interop_system.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ func bcGetBlock(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{})
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(block))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(block))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ func bcGetContract(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{})
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(cs))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(cs))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ func bcGetHeader(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		v.Estack().PushVal([]byte{})
 	} else {
-		v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(header))
+		v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(header))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ func bcGetTransaction(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(tx))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(tx))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -208,9 +209,9 @@ func blockGetTransactions(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	if len(block.Transactions) > vm.MaxArraySize {
 		return errors.New("too many transactions")
 	}
-	txes := make([]vm.StackItem, 0, len(block.Transactions))
+	txes := make([]stackitem.Item, 0, len(block.Transactions))
 	for _, tx := range block.Transactions {
-		txes = append(txes, vm.NewInteropItem(tx))
+		txes = append(txes, stackitem.NewInterop(tx))
 	}
 	v.Estack().PushVal(txes)
 	return nil
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ func blockGetTransaction(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		return errors.New("wrong transaction index")
 	}
 	tx := block.Transactions[index]
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(tx))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(tx))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ func txGetHash(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 // engineGetScriptContainer returns transaction that contains the script being
 // run.
 func engineGetScriptContainer(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(ic.Container))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(ic.Container))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -289,9 +290,9 @@ func runtimeNotify(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	// outside of the interop subsystem anyway. I'd probably fail transactions
 	// that emit such broken notifications, but that might break compatibility
 	// with testnet/mainnet, so we're replacing these with error messages.
-	_, err := vm.SerializeItem(item)
+	_, err := stackitem.SerializeItem(item)
 	if err != nil {
-		item = vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("bad notification: %v", err)))
+		item = stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("bad notification: %v", err)))
 	}
 	ne := state.NotificationEvent{ScriptHash: v.GetCurrentScriptHash(), Item: item}
 	ic.Notifications = append(ic.Notifications, ne)
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ func storageGetContext(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		ScriptHash: v.GetCurrentScriptHash(),
 		ReadOnly:   false,
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(sc))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(sc))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ func storageGetReadOnlyContext(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		ScriptHash: v.GetCurrentScriptHash(),
 		ReadOnly:   true,
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(sc))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(sc))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ func storageContextAsReadOnly(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 		}
 		stc = stx
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(stc))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(stc))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -488,7 +489,7 @@ func contractCallEx(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	return contractCallExInternal(ic, v, h, method, args, flags)
 }
 
-func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, method vm.StackItem, args vm.StackItem, _ smartcontract.CallFlag) error {
+func contractCallExInternal(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM, h []byte, method stackitem.Item, args stackitem.Item, _ smartcontract.CallFlag) error {
 	u, err := util.Uint160DecodeBytesBE(h)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.New("invalid contract hash")
@@ -548,6 +549,6 @@ func contractGetStorageContext(ic *interop.Context, v *vm.VM) error {
 	stc := &StorageContext{
 		ScriptHash: cs.ScriptHash(),
 	}
-	v.Estack().PushVal(vm.NewInteropItem(stc))
+	v.Estack().PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(stc))
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/native/native_neo.go b/pkg/core/native/native_neo.go
index 0c9506e60..84b85cf74 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native/native_neo.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native/native_neo.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/manifest"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func (n *NEO) distributeGas(ic *interop.Context, h util.Uint160, acc *state.NEOB
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) unclaimedGas(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) unclaimedGas(ic *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	u := toUint160(args[0])
 	end := uint32(toBigInt(args[1]).Int64())
 	bs, err := ic.DAO.GetNEP5Balances(u)
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@ func (n *NEO) unclaimedGas(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackIte
 	tr := bs.Trackers[n.Hash]
 
 	gen := ic.Chain.CalculateClaimable(tr.Balance, tr.LastUpdatedBlock, end)
-	return vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(int64(gen)))
+	return stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(int64(gen)))
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) registerValidator(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) registerValidator(ic *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	err := n.registerValidatorInternal(ic, toPublicKey(args[0]))
-	return vm.NewBoolItem(err == nil)
+	return stackitem.NewBool(err == nil)
 }
 
 func (n *NEO) registerValidatorInternal(ic *interop.Context, pub *keys.PublicKey) error {
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@ func (n *NEO) registerValidatorInternal(ic *interop.Context, pub *keys.PublicKey
 	return ic.DAO.PutStorageItem(n.Hash, key, si)
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) vote(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) vote(ic *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	acc := toUint160(args[0])
-	arr := args[1].Value().([]vm.StackItem)
+	arr := args[1].Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 	var pubs keys.PublicKeys
 	for i := range arr {
 		pub := new(keys.PublicKey)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func (n *NEO) vote(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
 		pubs = append(pubs, pub)
 	}
 	err := n.VoteInternal(ic, acc, pubs)
-	return vm.NewBoolItem(err == nil)
+	return stackitem.NewBool(err == nil)
 }
 
 // VoteInternal votes from account h for validarors specified in pubs.
@@ -361,19 +361,19 @@ func (n *NEO) GetRegisteredValidators(d dao.DAO) ([]state.Validator, error) {
 	return arr, nil
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) getRegisteredValidatorsCall(ic *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) getRegisteredValidatorsCall(ic *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	validators, err := n.getRegisteredValidators(ic.DAO)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	arr := make([]vm.StackItem, len(validators))
+	arr := make([]stackitem.Item, len(validators))
 	for i := range validators {
-		arr[i] = vm.NewStructItem([]vm.StackItem{
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte(validators[i].Key)),
-			vm.NewBigIntegerItem(validators[i].Votes),
+		arr[i] = stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(validators[i].Key)),
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(validators[i].Votes),
 		})
 	}
-	return vm.NewArrayItem(arr)
+	return stackitem.NewArray(arr)
 }
 
 // GetValidatorsInternal returns a list of current validators.
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ func (n *NEO) GetValidatorsInternal(bc blockchainer.Blockchainer, d dao.DAO) (ke
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) getValidators(ic *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) getValidators(ic *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	result, err := n.GetValidatorsInternal(ic.Chain, ic.DAO)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ func (n *NEO) getValidators(ic *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem
 	return pubsToArray(result)
 }
 
-func (n *NEO) getNextBlockValidators(ic *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (n *NEO) getNextBlockValidators(ic *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	result, err := n.GetNextBlockValidatorsInternal(ic.Chain, ic.DAO)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -460,15 +460,15 @@ func (n *NEO) GetNextBlockValidatorsInternal(bc blockchainer.Blockchainer, d dao
 	return pubs, nil
 }
 
-func pubsToArray(pubs keys.PublicKeys) vm.StackItem {
-	arr := make([]vm.StackItem, len(pubs))
+func pubsToArray(pubs keys.PublicKeys) stackitem.Item {
+	arr := make([]stackitem.Item, len(pubs))
 	for i := range pubs {
-		arr[i] = vm.NewByteArrayItem(pubs[i].Bytes())
+		arr[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray(pubs[i].Bytes())
 	}
-	return vm.NewArrayItem(arr)
+	return stackitem.NewArray(arr)
 }
 
-func toPublicKey(s vm.StackItem) *keys.PublicKey {
+func toPublicKey(s stackitem.Item) *keys.PublicKey {
 	buf, err := s.TryBytes()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
diff --git a/pkg/core/native/native_nep5.go b/pkg/core/native/native_nep5.go
index eb8c0ef23..66d9fbd3d 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native/native_nep5.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native/native_nep5.go
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/interop/runtime"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/manifest"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // prefixAccount is the standard prefix used to store account data.
@@ -86,20 +86,20 @@ func (c *nep5TokenNative) Initialize(_ *interop.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) Name(_ *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
-	return vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte(c.name))
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) Name(_ *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(c.name))
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) Symbol(_ *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
-	return vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte(c.symbol))
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) Symbol(_ *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(c.symbol))
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) Decimals(_ *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
-	return vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(c.decimals))
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) Decimals(_ *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(c.decimals))
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) TotalSupply(ic *interop.Context, _ []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
-	return vm.NewBigIntegerItem(c.getTotalSupply(ic))
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) TotalSupply(ic *interop.Context, _ []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.NewBigInteger(c.getTotalSupply(ic))
 }
 
 func (c *nep5TokenNative) getTotalSupply(ic *interop.Context) *big.Int {
@@ -107,37 +107,37 @@ func (c *nep5TokenNative) getTotalSupply(ic *interop.Context) *big.Int {
 	if si == nil {
 		return big.NewInt(0)
 	}
-	return emit.BytesToInt(si.Value)
+	return bigint.FromBytes(si.Value)
 }
 
 func (c *nep5TokenNative) saveTotalSupply(ic *interop.Context, supply *big.Int) error {
-	si := &state.StorageItem{Value: emit.IntToBytes(supply)}
+	si := &state.StorageItem{Value: bigint.ToBytes(supply)}
 	return ic.DAO.PutStorageItem(c.Hash, totalSupplyKey, si)
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) Transfer(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) Transfer(ic *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	from := toUint160(args[0])
 	to := toUint160(args[1])
 	amount := toBigInt(args[2])
 	err := c.transfer(ic, from, to, amount)
-	return vm.NewBoolItem(err == nil)
+	return stackitem.NewBool(err == nil)
 }
 
-func addrToStackItem(u *util.Uint160) vm.StackItem {
+func addrToStackItem(u *util.Uint160) stackitem.Item {
 	if u == nil {
-		return vm.NullItem{}
+		return stackitem.Null{}
 	}
-	return vm.NewByteArrayItem(u.BytesBE())
+	return stackitem.NewByteArray(u.BytesBE())
 }
 
 func (c *nep5TokenNative) emitTransfer(ic *interop.Context, from, to *util.Uint160, amount *big.Int) {
 	ne := state.NotificationEvent{
 		ScriptHash: c.Hash,
-		Item: vm.NewArrayItem([]vm.StackItem{
-			vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte("Transfer")),
+		Item: stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("Transfer")),
 			addrToStackItem(from),
 			addrToStackItem(to),
-			vm.NewBigIntegerItem(amount),
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(amount),
 		}),
 	}
 	ic.Notifications = append(ic.Notifications, ne)
@@ -197,14 +197,14 @@ func (c *nep5TokenNative) transfer(ic *interop.Context, from, to util.Uint160, a
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *nep5TokenNative) balanceOf(ic *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (c *nep5TokenNative) balanceOf(ic *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	h := toUint160(args[0])
 	bs, err := ic.DAO.GetNEP5Balances(h)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	balance := bs.Trackers[c.Hash].Balance
-	return vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(balance))
+	return stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(balance))
 }
 
 func (c *nep5TokenNative) mint(ic *interop.Context, h util.Uint160, amount *big.Int) {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func newMethodAndPrice(f interop.Method, price int64, flags smartcontract.CallFl
 	}
 }
 
-func toBigInt(s vm.StackItem) *big.Int {
+func toBigInt(s stackitem.Item) *big.Int {
 	bi, err := s.TryInteger()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func toBigInt(s vm.StackItem) *big.Int {
 	return bi
 }
 
-func toUint160(s vm.StackItem) util.Uint160 {
+func toUint160(s stackitem.Item) util.Uint160 {
 	buf, err := s.TryBytes()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
diff --git a/pkg/core/native/validators_count.go b/pkg/core/native/validators_count.go
index 25cfe3c7c..d3b0feccf 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native/validators_count.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native/validators_count.go
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package native
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 )
 
 // MaxValidatorsVoted limits the number of validators that one can vote for.
@@ -41,19 +42,25 @@ func (vc *ValidatorsCount) Bytes() []byte {
 
 // EncodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (vc *ValidatorsCount) EncodeBinary(w *io.BinWriter) {
+	w.WriteVarUint(uint64(MaxValidatorsVoted))
 	for i := range vc {
-		w.WriteVarBytes(emit.IntToBytes(&vc[i]))
+		w.WriteVarBytes(bigint.ToBytes(&vc[i]))
 	}
 }
 
 // DecodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (vc *ValidatorsCount) DecodeBinary(r *io.BinReader) {
-	for i := range vc {
+	count := r.ReadVarUint()
+	if count < 0 || count > MaxValidatorsVoted {
+		r.Err = errors.New("invalid validators count")
+		return
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < int(count); i++ {
 		buf := r.ReadVarBytes()
 		if r.Err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		vc[i] = *emit.BytesToInt(buf)
+		vc[i] = *bigint.FromBytes(buf)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go b/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
index a95e8cd0b..855803125 100644
--- a/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/native_contract_test.go
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/manifest"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func newTestNative() *testNative {
 	return tn
 }
 
-func (tn *testNative) sum(_ *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem {
+func (tn *testNative) sum(_ *interop.Context, args []stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	s1, err := args[0].TryInteger()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (tn *testNative) sum(_ *interop.Context, args []vm.StackItem) vm.StackItem
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	return vm.NewBigIntegerItem(s1.Add(s1, s2))
+	return stackitem.NewBigInteger(s1.Add(s1, s2))
 }
 
 func TestNativeContract_Invoke(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/pkg/core/state/native_state.go b/pkg/core/state/native_state.go
index f1377f460..d551c6711 100644
--- a/pkg/core/state/native_state.go
+++ b/pkg/core/state/native_state.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // NEP5BalanceState represents balance state of a NEP5-token.
@@ -44,18 +44,27 @@ func (s *NEP5BalanceState) Bytes() []byte {
 	return w.Bytes()
 }
 
+func (s *NEP5BalanceState) toStackItem() stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(&s.Balance)})
+}
+
+func (s *NEP5BalanceState) fromStackItem(item stackitem.Item) {
+	s.Balance = *item.(*stackitem.Struct).Value().([]stackitem.Item)[0].Value().(*big.Int)
+}
+
 // EncodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (s *NEP5BalanceState) EncodeBinary(w *io.BinWriter) {
-	w.WriteVarBytes(emit.IntToBytes(&s.Balance))
+	si := s.toStackItem()
+	stackitem.EncodeBinaryStackItem(si, w)
 }
 
 // DecodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (s *NEP5BalanceState) DecodeBinary(r *io.BinReader) {
-	buf := r.ReadVarBytes()
+	si := stackitem.DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
 	if r.Err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	s.Balance = *emit.BytesToInt(buf)
+	s.fromStackItem(si)
 }
 
 // NEOBalanceStateFromBytes converts serialized NEOBalanceState to structure.
@@ -85,14 +94,37 @@ func (s *NEOBalanceState) Bytes() []byte {
 
 // EncodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (s *NEOBalanceState) EncodeBinary(w *io.BinWriter) {
-	s.NEP5BalanceState.EncodeBinary(w)
-	w.WriteU32LE(s.BalanceHeight)
-	w.WriteArray(s.Votes)
+	si := s.toStackItem()
+	stackitem.EncodeBinaryStackItem(si, w)
 }
 
 // DecodeBinary implements io.Serializable interface.
 func (s *NEOBalanceState) DecodeBinary(r *io.BinReader) {
-	s.NEP5BalanceState.DecodeBinary(r)
-	s.BalanceHeight = r.ReadU32LE()
-	r.ReadArray(&s.Votes)
+	si := stackitem.DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+	if r.Err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.fromStackItem(si)
+}
+
+func (s *NEOBalanceState) toStackItem() stackitem.Item {
+	result := s.NEP5BalanceState.toStackItem().(*stackitem.Struct)
+	result.Append(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(int64(s.BalanceHeight))))
+	votes := make([]stackitem.Item, len(s.Votes))
+	for i, v := range s.Votes {
+		votes[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray(v.Bytes())
+	}
+	result.Append(stackitem.NewArray(votes))
+	return result
+}
+
+func (s *NEOBalanceState) fromStackItem(item stackitem.Item) {
+	structItem := item.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
+	s.Balance = *structItem[0].Value().(*big.Int)
+	s.BalanceHeight = uint32(structItem[1].Value().(*big.Int).Int64())
+	votes := structItem[2].Value().([]stackitem.Item)
+	s.Votes = make([]*keys.PublicKey, len(votes))
+	for i, v := range votes {
+		s.Votes[i].DecodeBytes(v.Value().([]byte))
+	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/core/state/notification_event.go b/pkg/core/state/notification_event.go
index 06e634464..b7efe327f 100644
--- a/pkg/core/state/notification_event.go
+++ b/pkg/core/state/notification_event.go
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract/trigger"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
-// NotificationEvent is a tuple of scripthash that emitted the StackItem as a
+// NotificationEvent is a tuple of scripthash that emitted the Item as a
 // notification and that item itself.
 type NotificationEvent struct {
 	ScriptHash util.Uint160
-	Item       vm.StackItem
+	Item       stackitem.Item
 }
 
 // AppExecResult represent the result of the script execution, gathering together
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ type AppExecResult struct {
 // EncodeBinary implements the Serializable interface.
 func (ne *NotificationEvent) EncodeBinary(w *io.BinWriter) {
 	ne.ScriptHash.EncodeBinary(w)
-	vm.EncodeBinaryStackItem(ne.Item, w)
+	stackitem.EncodeBinaryStackItem(ne.Item, w)
 }
 
 // DecodeBinary implements the Serializable interface.
 func (ne *NotificationEvent) DecodeBinary(r *io.BinReader) {
 	ne.ScriptHash.DecodeBinary(r)
-	ne.Item = vm.DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+	ne.Item = stackitem.DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
 }
 
 // EncodeBinary implements the Serializable interface.
diff --git a/pkg/core/state/notification_event_test.go b/pkg/core/state/notification_event_test.go
index 1e17e40e9..c88e2d5ff 100644
--- a/pkg/core/state/notification_event_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/state/notification_event_test.go
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/internal/random"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/internal/testserdes"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 func TestEncodeDecodeNotificationEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	event := &NotificationEvent{
 		ScriptHash: random.Uint160(),
-		Item:       vm.NewBoolItem(true),
+		Item:       stackitem.NewBool(true),
 	}
 
 	testserdes.EncodeDecodeBinary(t, event, new(NotificationEvent))
diff --git a/pkg/vm/emit/bigint.go b/pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint.go
similarity index 84%
rename from pkg/vm/emit/bigint.go
rename to pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint.go
index c3fc6fb18..33cdc00c2 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/emit/bigint.go
+++ b/pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package emit
+package bigint
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import (
 // wordSizeBytes is a size of a big.Word (uint) in bytes.`
 const wordSizeBytes = bits.UintSize / 8
 
-// BytesToInt converts data in little-endian format to
+// FromBytes converts data in little-endian format to
 // an integer.
-func BytesToInt(data []byte) *big.Int {
+func FromBytes(data []byte) *big.Int {
 	n := new(big.Int)
 	size := len(data)
 	if size == 0 {
@@ -79,15 +79,17 @@ func getEffectiveSize(buf []byte, isNeg bool) int {
 	return size
 }
 
-// IntToBytes converts integer to a slice in little-endian format.
+// ToBytes converts integer to a slice in little-endian format.
 // Note: NEO3 serialization differs from default C# BigInteger.ToByteArray()
 //   when n == 0. For zero is equal to empty slice in NEO3.
 // https://github.com/neo-project/neo-vm/blob/master/src/neo-vm/Types/Integer.cs#L16
-func IntToBytes(n *big.Int) []byte {
-	return intToBytes(n, []byte{})
+func ToBytes(n *big.Int) []byte {
+	return ToPreallocatedBytes(n, []byte{})
 }
 
-func intToBytes(n *big.Int, data []byte) []byte {
+// ToPreallocatedBytes converts integer to a slice in little-endian format using given
+// byte array for conversion result.
+func ToPreallocatedBytes(n *big.Int, data []byte) []byte {
 	sign := n.Sign()
 	if sign == 0 {
 		return data
diff --git a/pkg/vm/emit/bigint_test.go b/pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint_test.go
similarity index 97%
rename from pkg/vm/emit/bigint_test.go
rename to pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint_test.go
index 71ec2326a..7b0455c34 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/emit/bigint_test.go
+++ b/pkg/encoding/bigint/bigint_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package emit
+package bigint
 
 import (
 	"math"
@@ -106,19 +106,19 @@ var testCases = []struct {
 
 func TestIntToBytes(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		buf := IntToBytes(big.NewInt(tc.number))
+		buf := ToBytes(big.NewInt(tc.number))
 		assert.Equal(t, tc.buf, buf, "error while converting %d", tc.number)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestBytesToInt(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		num := BytesToInt(tc.buf)
+		num := FromBytes(tc.buf)
 		assert.Equal(t, tc.number, num.Int64(), "error while converting %d", tc.number)
 	}
 
 	t.Run("empty array", func(t *testing.T) {
-		require.EqualValues(t, 0, BytesToInt([]byte{}).Int64())
+		require.EqualValues(t, 0, FromBytes([]byte{}).Int64())
 	})
 }
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestEquivalentRepresentations(t *testing.T) {
 			buf = append(buf, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF)
 		}
 
-		num := BytesToInt(buf)
+		num := FromBytes(buf)
 		assert.Equal(t, tc.number, num.Int64(), "error while converting %d", tc.number)
 	}
 }
@@ -170,16 +170,16 @@ func TestVeryBigInts(t *testing.T) {
 		num, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(tc.numStr, 10)
 		assert.True(t, ok)
 
-		result := BytesToInt(tc.buf)
+		result := FromBytes(tc.buf)
 		assert.Equal(t, num, result, "error while converting %s from bytes", tc.numStr)
-		assert.Equal(t, tc.buf, IntToBytes(result), "error while converting %s to bytes", tc.numStr)
+		assert.Equal(t, tc.buf, ToBytes(result), "error while converting %s to bytes", tc.numStr)
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range stdlibCases {
 		num, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(tc.numStr, 10)
 		assert.True(t, ok)
 
-		result := BytesToInt(util.ArrayReverse(tc.buf))
+		result := FromBytes(util.ArrayReverse(tc.buf))
 		assert.Equal(t, num, result, "error while converting %s from bytes", tc.numStr)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/rpc/client/nep5.go b/pkg/rpc/client/nep5.go
index 95fcf83ec..ee06343e3 100644
--- a/pkg/rpc/client/nep5.go
+++ b/pkg/rpc/client/nep5.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/transaction"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ func topIntFromStack(st []smartcontract.Parameter) (int64, error) {
 		if !ok {
 			return 0, errors.New("invalid ByteArray item")
 		}
-		decimals = emit.BytesToInt(data).Int64()
+		decimals = bigint.FromBytes(data).Int64()
 	default:
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid stack item type: %s", typ)
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/rpc/response/result/application_log.go b/pkg/rpc/response/result/application_log.go
index ee59fc43d..8852cb773 100644
--- a/pkg/rpc/response/result/application_log.go
+++ b/pkg/rpc/response/result/application_log.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/core/state"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // ApplicationLog wrapper used for the representation of the
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ type NotificationEvent struct {
 // StateEventToResultNotification converts state.NotificationEvent to
 // result.NotificationEvent.
 func StateEventToResultNotification(event state.NotificationEvent) NotificationEvent {
-	seen := make(map[vm.StackItem]bool)
-	item := event.Item.ToContractParameter(seen)
+	seen := make(map[stackitem.Item]bool)
+	item := smartcontract.ParameterFromStackItem(event.Item, seen)
 	return NotificationEvent{
 		Contract: event.ScriptHash,
 		Item:     item,
diff --git a/pkg/rpc/server/server.go b/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
index dbed9ab8b..8006b7293 100644
--- a/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
+++ b/pkg/rpc/server/server.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/address"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/network"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpc"
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/rpc/response/result"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ func (s *Server) getDecimals(h util.Uint160, cache map[util.Uint160]int64) (int6
 	case smartcontract.IntegerType:
 		d = item.Value.(int64)
 	case smartcontract.ByteArrayType:
-		d = emit.BytesToInt(item.Value.([]byte)).Int64()
+		d = bigint.FromBytes(item.Value.([]byte)).Int64()
 	default:
 		return 0, response.NewInternalServerError("invalid result", errors.New("not an integer"))
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/smartcontract/convertor.go b/pkg/smartcontract/convertor.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..680238f29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/smartcontract/convertor.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package smartcontract
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+)
+
+// ParameterFromStackItem converts stackitem.Item to Parameter
+func ParameterFromStackItem(i stackitem.Item, seen map[stackitem.Item]bool) Parameter {
+	switch t := i.(type) {
+	case stackitem.Null, *stackitem.Pointer:
+		return NewParameter(AnyType)
+	case *stackitem.BigInteger:
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  IntegerType,
+			Value: i.Value().(*big.Int).Int64(),
+		}
+	case *stackitem.Bool:
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  BoolType,
+			Value: i.Value().(bool),
+		}
+	case *stackitem.ByteArray:
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  ByteArrayType,
+			Value: i.Value().([]byte),
+		}
+	case *stackitem.Interop:
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  InteropInterfaceType,
+			Value: nil,
+		}
+	case *stackitem.Buffer:
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  ByteArrayType,
+			Value: i.Value().([]byte),
+		}
+	case *stackitem.Struct, *stackitem.Array:
+		var value []Parameter
+
+		if !seen[i] {
+			seen[i] = true
+			for _, stackItem := range i.Value().([]stackitem.Item) {
+				parameter := ParameterFromStackItem(stackItem, seen)
+				value = append(value, parameter)
+			}
+		}
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  ArrayType,
+			Value: value,
+		}
+	case *stackitem.Map:
+		value := make([]ParameterPair, 0)
+		if !seen[i] {
+			seen[i] = true
+			for _, element := range i.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+				value = append(value, ParameterPair{
+					Key:   ParameterFromStackItem(element.Key, seen),
+					Value: ParameterFromStackItem(element.Value, seen),
+				})
+			}
+		}
+		return Parameter{
+			Type:  MapType,
+			Value: value,
+		}
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown stack item type: %v", t))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/smartcontract/convertor_test.go b/pkg/smartcontract/convertor_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd1585609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/smartcontract/convertor_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package smartcontract
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+var toContractParameterTestCases = []struct {
+	input  stackitem.Item
+	result Parameter
+}{
+	{
+		input: stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			stackitem.NewBool(true),
+		}),
+		result: Parameter{Type: ArrayType, Value: []Parameter{
+			{Type: IntegerType, Value: int64(1)},
+			{Type: BoolType, Value: true},
+		}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  stackitem.NewBool(false),
+		result: Parameter{Type: BoolType, Value: false},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}),
+		result: Parameter{Type: ByteArrayType, Value: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}),
+		result: Parameter{Type: ByteArrayType, Value: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)), stackitem.NewBool(true)}),
+		result: Parameter{Type: ArrayType, Value: []Parameter{
+			{Type: IntegerType, Value: int64(2)},
+			{Type: BoolType, Value: true},
+		}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  stackitem.NewInterop(nil),
+		result: Parameter{Type: InteropInterfaceType, Value: nil},
+	},
+	{
+		input: stackitem.NewMapWithValue([]stackitem.MapElement{
+			{Key: stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), Value: stackitem.NewBool(true)},
+			{Key: stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte("qwerty")), Value: stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(3))},
+			{Key: stackitem.NewBool(true), Value: stackitem.NewBool(false)},
+		}),
+		result: Parameter{
+			Type: MapType,
+			Value: []ParameterPair{
+				{
+					Key:   Parameter{Type: IntegerType, Value: int64(1)},
+					Value: Parameter{Type: BoolType, Value: true},
+				}, {
+					Key:   Parameter{Type: ByteArrayType, Value: []byte("qwerty")},
+					Value: Parameter{Type: IntegerType, Value: int64(3)},
+				}, {
+
+					Key:   Parameter{Type: BoolType, Value: true},
+					Value: Parameter{Type: BoolType, Value: false},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestToContractParameter(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range toContractParameterTestCases {
+		seen := make(map[stackitem.Item]bool)
+		res := ParameterFromStackItem(tc.input, seen)
+		assert.Equal(t, res, tc.result)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/cli/cli.go b/pkg/vm/cli/cli.go
index 0e3bee234..433917335 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/cli/cli.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/cli/cli.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/compiler"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"gopkg.in/abiosoft/ishell.v2"
 )
 
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ func handleRun(c *ishell.Context) {
 	if len(c.Args) != 0 {
 		var (
 			method []byte
-			params []vm.StackItem
+			params []stackitem.Item
 			err    error
 		)
 		method = []byte(c.Args[0])
@@ -406,8 +407,8 @@ func isMethodArg(s string) bool {
 	return len(strings.Split(s, ":")) == 1
 }
 
-func parseArgs(args []string) ([]vm.StackItem, error) {
-	items := make([]vm.StackItem, len(args))
+func parseArgs(args []string) ([]stackitem.Item, error) {
+	items := make([]stackitem.Item, len(args))
 	for i, arg := range args {
 		var typ, value string
 		typeAndVal := strings.Split(arg, ":")
@@ -428,9 +429,9 @@ func parseArgs(args []string) ([]vm.StackItem, error) {
 		switch typ {
 		case boolType:
 			if value == boolFalse {
-				items[i] = vm.NewBoolItem(false)
+				items[i] = stackitem.NewBool(false)
 			} else if value == boolTrue {
-				items[i] = vm.NewBoolItem(true)
+				items[i] = stackitem.NewBool(true)
 			} else {
 				return nil, errors.New("failed to parse bool parameter")
 			}
@@ -439,9 +440,9 @@ func parseArgs(args []string) ([]vm.StackItem, error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			items[i] = vm.NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(val))
+			items[i] = stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(val))
 		case stringType:
-			items[i] = vm.NewByteArrayItem([]byte(value))
+			items[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte(value))
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/pkg/vm/context.go b/pkg/vm/context.go
index 1cecbc4f9..a32942893 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/context.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/context.go
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // Context represents the current execution context of the VM.
@@ -170,50 +170,42 @@ func (c *Context) ScriptHash() util.Uint160 {
 	return c.scriptHash
 }
 
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
+// Value implements stackitem.Item interface.
 func (c *Context) Value() interface{} {
 	return c
 }
 
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (c *Context) Dup() StackItem {
+// Dup implements stackitem.Item interface.
+func (c *Context) Dup() stackitem.Item {
 	return c
 }
 
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
+// Bool implements stackitem.Item interface.
 func (c *Context) Bool() bool { panic("can't convert Context to Bool") }
 
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
+// TryBytes implements stackitem.Item interface.
 func (c *Context) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Context to ByteArray")
 }
 
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
+// TryInteger implements stackitem.Item interface.
 func (c *Context) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Context to Integer")
 }
 
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (c *Context) Type() StackItemType { panic("Context cannot appear on evaluation stack") }
+// Type implements stackitem.Item interface.
+func (c *Context) Type() stackitem.Type { panic("Context cannot appear on evaluation stack") }
 
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (c *Context) Convert(_ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
+// Convert implements stackitem.Item interface.
+func (c *Context) Convert(_ stackitem.Type) (stackitem.Item, error) {
 	panic("Context cannot be converted to anything")
 }
 
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (c *Context) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
+// Equals implements stackitem.Item interface.
+func (c *Context) Equals(s stackitem.Item) bool {
 	return c == s
 }
 
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (c *Context) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.StringType,
-		Value: c.String(),
-	}
-}
-
 func (c *Context) atBreakPoint() bool {
 	for _, n := range c.breakPoints {
 		if n == c.ip {
diff --git a/pkg/vm/contract_checks.go b/pkg/vm/contract_checks.go
index e4acc3766..9622d2781 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/contract_checks.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/contract_checks.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package vm
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
 )
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ func getNumOfThingsFromInstr(instr opcode.Opcode, param []byte) (int, bool) {
 	case opcode.PUSH1 <= instr && instr <= opcode.PUSH16:
 		nthings = int(instr-opcode.PUSH1) + 1
 	case instr <= opcode.PUSHINT256:
-		n := emit.BytesToInt(param)
+		n := bigint.FromBytes(param)
 		if !n.IsInt64() || n.Int64() > MaxArraySize {
 			return 0, false
 		}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/emit/emit.go b/pkg/vm/emit/emit.go
index b962efb99..0d3fbd38a 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/emit/emit.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/emit/emit.go
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"math/bits"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // Instruction emits a VM Instruction with data to the given buffer.
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ func Bool(w *io.BinWriter, ok bool) {
 		return
 	}
 	Opcode(w, opcode.PUSHF)
-	Instruction(w, opcode.CONVERT, []byte{0x20}) // 0x20 for Boolean type
+	Instruction(w, opcode.CONVERT, []byte{byte(stackitem.BooleanT)})
 }
 
 func padRight(s int, buf []byte) []byte {
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ func Int(w *io.BinWriter, i int64) {
 		val := opcode.Opcode(int(opcode.PUSH1) - 1 + int(i))
 		Opcode(w, val)
 	default:
-		buf := intToBytes(big.NewInt(i), make([]byte, 0, 32))
+		buf := bigint.ToPreallocatedBytes(big.NewInt(i), make([]byte, 0, 32))
 		// l != 0 becase of switch
 		padSize := byte(8 - bits.LeadingZeros8(byte(len(buf)-1)))
 		Opcode(w, opcode.PUSHINT8+opcode.Opcode(padSize))
diff --git a/pkg/vm/emit/emit_test.go b/pkg/vm/emit/emit_test.go
index 8d76f4170..bb0024fb9 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/emit/emit_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/emit/emit_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ func TestEmitInt(t *testing.T) {
 		result := buf.Bytes()
 		assert.Equal(t, 3, len(result))
 		assert.EqualValues(t, opcode.PUSHINT16, result[0])
-		assert.EqualValues(t, 300, BytesToInt(result[1:]).Int64())
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 300, bigint.FromBytes(result[1:]).Int64())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("3-byte int", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ func TestEmitInt(t *testing.T) {
 		result := buf.Bytes()
 		assert.Equal(t, 5, len(result))
 		assert.EqualValues(t, opcode.PUSHINT32, result[0])
-		assert.EqualValues(t, 1<<20, BytesToInt(result[1:]).Int64())
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 1<<20, bigint.FromBytes(result[1:]).Int64())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("4-byte int", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ func TestEmitInt(t *testing.T) {
 		result := buf.Bytes()
 		assert.Equal(t, 5, len(result))
 		assert.EqualValues(t, opcode.PUSHINT32, result[0])
-		assert.EqualValues(t, 1<<28, BytesToInt(result[1:]).Int64())
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 1<<28, bigint.FromBytes(result[1:]).Int64())
 	})
 
 	t.Run("negative 3-byte int with padding", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func TestEmitInt(t *testing.T) {
 		result := buf.Bytes()
 		assert.Equal(t, 5, len(result))
 		assert.EqualValues(t, opcode.PUSHINT32, result[0])
-		assert.EqualValues(t, num, BytesToInt(result[1:]).Int64())
+		assert.EqualValues(t, num, bigint.FromBytes(result[1:]).Int64())
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/vm/interop.go b/pkg/vm/interop.go
index 930892f27..8003d6a76 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/interop.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/interop.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // InteropFunc allows to hook into the VM.
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ func runtimeNotify(vm *VM) error {
 // RuntimeSerialize handles syscalls System.Runtime.Serialize and Neo.Runtime.Serialize.
 func RuntimeSerialize(vm *VM) error {
 	item := vm.Estack().Pop()
-	data, err := SerializeItem(item.value)
+	data, err := stackitem.SerializeItem(item.value)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if len(data) > MaxItemSize {
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ func RuntimeSerialize(vm *VM) error {
 func RuntimeDeserialize(vm *VM) error {
 	data := vm.Estack().Pop().Bytes()
 
-	item, err := DeserializeItem(data)
+	item, err := stackitem.DeserializeItem(data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ func init() {
 func EnumeratorCreate(v *VM) error {
 	data := v.Estack().Pop().Array()
 	v.Estack().Push(&Element{
-		value: NewInteropItem(&arrayWrapper{
+		value: stackitem.NewInterop(&arrayWrapper{
 			index: -1,
 			value: data,
 		}),
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ func EnumeratorCreate(v *VM) error {
 // EnumeratorNext handles syscall Neo.Enumerator.Next.
 func EnumeratorNext(v *VM) error {
 	iop := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	arr := iop.value.(enumerator)
+	arr := iop.Value().(enumerator)
 	v.Estack().PushVal(arr.Next())
 
 	return nil
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ func EnumeratorNext(v *VM) error {
 // EnumeratorValue handles syscall Neo.Enumerator.Value.
 func EnumeratorValue(v *VM) error {
 	iop := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	arr := iop.value.(enumerator)
+	arr := iop.Value().(enumerator)
 	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: arr.Value()})
 
 	return nil
@@ -154,12 +155,12 @@ func EnumeratorValue(v *VM) error {
 // EnumeratorConcat handles syscall Neo.Enumerator.Concat.
 func EnumeratorConcat(v *VM) error {
 	iop1 := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	arr1 := iop1.value.(enumerator)
+	arr1 := iop1.Value().(enumerator)
 	iop2 := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	arr2 := iop2.value.(enumerator)
+	arr2 := iop2.Value().(enumerator)
 
 	v.Estack().Push(&Element{
-		value: NewInteropItem(&concatEnum{
+		value: stackitem.NewInterop(&concatEnum{
 			current: arr1,
 			second:  arr2,
 		}),
@@ -171,14 +172,14 @@ func EnumeratorConcat(v *VM) error {
 // IteratorCreate handles syscall Neo.Iterator.Create.
 func IteratorCreate(v *VM) error {
 	data := v.Estack().Pop()
-	var item StackItem
+	var item stackitem.Item
 	switch t := data.value.(type) {
-	case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-		item = NewInteropItem(&arrayWrapper{
+	case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+		item = stackitem.NewInterop(&arrayWrapper{
 			index: -1,
-			value: t.Value().([]StackItem),
+			value: t.Value().([]stackitem.Item),
 		})
-	case *MapItem:
+	case *stackitem.Map:
 		item = NewMapIterator(t)
 	default:
 		return errors.New("non-iterable type")
@@ -189,21 +190,21 @@ func IteratorCreate(v *VM) error {
 }
 
 // NewMapIterator returns new interop item containing iterator over m.
-func NewMapIterator(m *MapItem) *InteropItem {
-	return NewInteropItem(&mapWrapper{
+func NewMapIterator(m *stackitem.Map) *stackitem.Interop {
+	return stackitem.NewInterop(&mapWrapper{
 		index: -1,
-		m:     m.value,
+		m:     m.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement),
 	})
 }
 
 // IteratorConcat handles syscall Neo.Iterator.Concat.
 func IteratorConcat(v *VM) error {
 	iop1 := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	iter1 := iop1.value.(iterator)
+	iter1 := iop1.Value().(iterator)
 	iop2 := v.Estack().Pop().Interop()
-	iter2 := iop2.value.(iterator)
+	iter2 := iop2.Value().(iterator)
 
-	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: NewInteropItem(
+	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewInterop(
 		&concatIter{
 			current: iter1,
 			second:  iter2,
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ func IteratorConcat(v *VM) error {
 // IteratorKey handles syscall Neo.Iterator.Key.
 func IteratorKey(v *VM) error {
 	iop := v.estack.Pop().Interop()
-	iter := iop.value.(iterator)
+	iter := iop.Value().(iterator)
 	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: iter.Key()})
 
 	return nil
@@ -225,8 +226,8 @@ func IteratorKey(v *VM) error {
 // IteratorKeys handles syscall Neo.Iterator.Keys.
 func IteratorKeys(v *VM) error {
 	iop := v.estack.Pop().Interop()
-	iter := iop.value.(iterator)
-	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: NewInteropItem(
+	iter := iop.Value().(iterator)
+	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewInterop(
 		&keysWrapper{iter},
 	)})
 
@@ -236,8 +237,8 @@ func IteratorKeys(v *VM) error {
 // IteratorValues handles syscall Neo.Iterator.Values.
 func IteratorValues(v *VM) error {
 	iop := v.estack.Pop().Interop()
-	iter := iop.value.(iterator)
-	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: NewInteropItem(
+	iter := iop.Value().(iterator)
+	v.Estack().Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewInterop(
 		&valuesWrapper{iter},
 	)})
 
diff --git a/pkg/vm/interop_iterators.go b/pkg/vm/interop_iterators.go
index 8ecf69b83..473acf65c 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/interop_iterators.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/interop_iterators.go
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 package vm
 
+import (
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+)
+
 type (
 	enumerator interface {
 		Next() bool
-		Value() StackItem
+		Value() stackitem.Item
 	}
 
 	arrayWrapper struct {
 		index int
-		value []StackItem
+		value []stackitem.Item
 	}
 
 	concatEnum struct {
@@ -20,12 +24,12 @@ type (
 type (
 	iterator interface {
 		enumerator
-		Key() StackItem
+		Key() stackitem.Item
 	}
 
 	mapWrapper struct {
 		index int
-		m     []MapElement
+		m     []stackitem.MapElement
 	}
 
 	concatIter struct {
@@ -51,12 +55,12 @@ func (a *arrayWrapper) Next() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (a *arrayWrapper) Value() StackItem {
+func (a *arrayWrapper) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return a.value[a.index]
 }
 
-func (a *arrayWrapper) Key() StackItem {
-	return makeStackItem(a.index)
+func (a *arrayWrapper) Key() stackitem.Item {
+	return stackitem.Make(a.index)
 }
 
 func (c *concatEnum) Next() bool {
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ func (c *concatEnum) Next() bool {
 	return c.current.Next()
 }
 
-func (c *concatEnum) Value() StackItem {
+func (c *concatEnum) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return c.current.Value()
 }
 
@@ -81,11 +85,11 @@ func (i *concatIter) Next() bool {
 	return i.second.Next()
 }
 
-func (i *concatIter) Value() StackItem {
+func (i *concatIter) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return i.current.Value()
 }
 
-func (i *concatIter) Key() StackItem {
+func (i *concatIter) Key() stackitem.Item {
 	return i.current.Key()
 }
 
@@ -98,11 +102,11 @@ func (m *mapWrapper) Next() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (m *mapWrapper) Value() StackItem {
+func (m *mapWrapper) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return m.m[m.index].Value
 }
 
-func (m *mapWrapper) Key() StackItem {
+func (m *mapWrapper) Key() stackitem.Item {
 	return m.m[m.index].Key
 }
 
@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ func (e *keysWrapper) Next() bool {
 	return e.iter.Next()
 }
 
-func (e *keysWrapper) Value() StackItem {
+func (e *keysWrapper) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return e.iter.Key()
 }
 
@@ -118,6 +122,6 @@ func (e *valuesWrapper) Next() bool {
 	return e.iter.Next()
 }
 
-func (e *valuesWrapper) Value() StackItem {
+func (e *valuesWrapper) Value() stackitem.Item {
 	return e.iter.Value()
 }
diff --git a/pkg/vm/json_test.go b/pkg/vm/json_test.go
index 00eb106a2..ee2823d49 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/json_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/json_test.go
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ func TestUT(t *testing.T) {
 func getTestingInterop(id uint32) *InteropFuncPrice {
 	if id == binary.LittleEndian.Uint32([]byte{0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77}) {
 		return &InteropFuncPrice{InteropFunc(func(v *VM) error {
-			v.estack.PushVal(&InteropItem{new(int)})
+			v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewInterop(new(int)))
 			return nil
 		}), 0}
 	}
@@ -174,17 +175,17 @@ func testFile(t *testing.T, filename string) {
 	})
 }
 
-func compareItems(t *testing.T, a, b StackItem) {
+func compareItems(t *testing.T, a, b stackitem.Item) {
 	switch si := a.(type) {
-	case *BigIntegerItem:
-		val := si.value.Int64()
+	case *stackitem.BigInteger:
+		val := si.Value().(*big.Int).Int64()
 		switch ac := b.(type) {
-		case *BigIntegerItem:
-			require.Equal(t, val, ac.value.Int64())
-		case *ByteArrayItem:
-			require.Equal(t, val, emit.BytesToInt(ac.value).Int64())
-		case *BoolItem:
-			if ac.value {
+		case *stackitem.BigInteger:
+			require.Equal(t, val, ac.Value().(*big.Int).Int64())
+		case *stackitem.ByteArray:
+			require.Equal(t, val, bigint.FromBytes(ac.Value().([]byte)).Int64())
+		case *stackitem.Bool:
+			if ac.Value().(bool) {
 				require.Equal(t, val, int64(1))
 			} else {
 				require.Equal(t, val, int64(0))
@@ -192,17 +193,17 @@ func compareItems(t *testing.T, a, b StackItem) {
 		default:
 			require.Fail(t, "wrong type")
 		}
-	case *PointerItem:
-		p, ok := b.(*PointerItem)
+	case *stackitem.Pointer:
+		p, ok := b.(*stackitem.Pointer)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, si.pos, p.pos) // there no script in test files
+		require.Equal(t, si.Position(), p.Position()) // there no script in test files
 	default:
 		require.Equal(t, a, b)
 	}
 }
 
 func compareStacks(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, actual *Stack) {
-	compareItemArrays(t, expected, actual.Len(), func(i int) StackItem { return actual.Peek(i).Item() })
+	compareItemArrays(t, expected, actual.Len(), func(i int) stackitem.Item { return actual.Peek(i).Item() })
 }
 
 func compareSlots(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, actual *Slot) {
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ func compareSlots(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, actual *Slot) {
 	compareItemArrays(t, expected, actual.Size(), actual.Get)
 }
 
-func compareItemArrays(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, n int, getItem func(i int) StackItem) {
+func compareItemArrays(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, n int, getItem func(i int) stackitem.Item) {
 	if expected == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -224,57 +225,47 @@ func compareItemArrays(t *testing.T, expected []vmUTStackItem, n int, getItem fu
 		require.NotNil(t, it)
 
 		if item.Type == typeInterop {
-			require.IsType(t, (*InteropItem)(nil), it)
+			require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.Interop)(nil), it)
 			continue
 		}
 		compareItems(t, item.toStackItem(), it)
 	}
 }
 
-func (v *vmUTStackItem) toStackItem() StackItem {
+func (v *vmUTStackItem) toStackItem() stackitem.Item {
 	switch v.Type.toLower() {
 	case typeArray:
 		items := v.Value.([]vmUTStackItem)
-		result := make([]StackItem, len(items))
+		result := make([]stackitem.Item, len(items))
 		for i := range items {
 			result[i] = items[i].toStackItem()
 		}
-		return &ArrayItem{
-			value: result,
-		}
+		return stackitem.NewArray(result)
 	case typeString:
 		panic("not implemented")
 	case typeMap:
-		return v.Value.(*MapItem)
+		return v.Value.(*stackitem.Map)
 	case typeInterop:
 		panic("not implemented")
 	case typeByteString:
-		return &ByteArrayItem{
-			v.Value.([]byte),
-		}
+		return stackitem.NewByteArray(v.Value.([]byte))
 	case typeBuffer:
-		return &BufferItem{v.Value.([]byte)}
+		return stackitem.NewBuffer(v.Value.([]byte))
 	case typePointer:
-		return NewPointerItem(v.Value.(int), nil)
+		return stackitem.NewPointer(v.Value.(int), nil)
 	case typeNull:
-		return NullItem{}
+		return stackitem.Null{}
 	case typeBoolean:
-		return &BoolItem{
-			v.Value.(bool),
-		}
+		return stackitem.NewBool(v.Value.(bool))
 	case typeInteger:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: v.Value.(*big.Int),
-		}
+		return stackitem.NewBigInteger(v.Value.(*big.Int))
 	case typeStruct:
 		items := v.Value.([]vmUTStackItem)
-		result := make([]StackItem, len(items))
+		result := make([]stackitem.Item, len(items))
 		for i := range items {
 			result[i] = items[i].toStackItem()
 		}
-		return &StructItem{
-			value: result,
-		}
+		return stackitem.NewStruct(result)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid type: %s", v.Type))
 	}
@@ -303,10 +294,10 @@ func execStep(t *testing.T, v *VM, step vmUTStep) {
 	}
 }
 
-func jsonStringToInteger(s string) StackItem {
+func jsonStringToInteger(s string) stackitem.Item {
 	b, err := decodeHex(s)
 	if err == nil {
-		return NewBigIntegerItem(new(big.Int).SetBytes(b))
+		return stackitem.NewBigInteger(new(big.Int).SetBytes(b))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -418,7 +409,7 @@ func (v *vmUTStackItem) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid map start")
 		}
 
-		result := NewMapItem()
+		result := stackitem.NewMap()
 		for {
 			tok, err := d.Token()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -438,7 +429,7 @@ func (v *vmUTStackItem) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 
 			item := jsonStringToInteger(key)
 			if item == nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal StackItem %s", key)
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal Item %s", key)
 			}
 			result.Add(item, it.toStackItem())
 		}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/ref_counter.go b/pkg/vm/ref_counter.go
index c89f07983..0d176cadf 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/ref_counter.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/ref_counter.go
@@ -1,46 +1,50 @@
 package vm
 
+import (
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+)
+
 // refCounter represents reference counter for the VM.
 type refCounter struct {
-	items map[StackItem]int
+	items map[stackitem.Item]int
 	size  int
 }
 
 func newRefCounter() *refCounter {
 	return &refCounter{
-		items: make(map[StackItem]int),
+		items: make(map[stackitem.Item]int),
 	}
 }
 
 // Add adds an item to the reference counter.
-func (r *refCounter) Add(item StackItem) {
+func (r *refCounter) Add(item stackitem.Item) {
 	r.size++
 
 	switch item.(type) {
-	case *ArrayItem, *StructItem, *MapItem:
+	case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct, *stackitem.Map:
 		if r.items[item]++; r.items[item] > 1 {
 			return
 		}
 
 		switch t := item.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			for _, it := range item.Value().([]StackItem) {
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			for _, it := range item.Value().([]stackitem.Item) {
 				r.Add(it)
 			}
-		case *MapItem:
-			for i := range t.value {
-				r.Add(t.value[i].Value)
+		case *stackitem.Map:
+			for i := range t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+				r.Add(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[i].Value)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // Remove removes item from the reference counter.
-func (r *refCounter) Remove(item StackItem) {
+func (r *refCounter) Remove(item stackitem.Item) {
 	r.size--
 
 	switch item.(type) {
-	case *ArrayItem, *StructItem, *MapItem:
+	case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct, *stackitem.Map:
 		if r.items[item] > 1 {
 			r.items[item]--
 			return
@@ -49,13 +53,13 @@ func (r *refCounter) Remove(item StackItem) {
 		delete(r.items, item)
 
 		switch t := item.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			for _, it := range item.Value().([]StackItem) {
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			for _, it := range item.Value().([]stackitem.Item) {
 				r.Remove(it)
 			}
-		case *MapItem:
-			for i := range t.value {
-				r.Remove(t.value[i].Value)
+		case *stackitem.Map:
+			for i := range t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+				r.Remove(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[i].Value)
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/ref_counter_test.go b/pkg/vm/ref_counter_test.go
index 731a5c46a..b50390609 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/ref_counter_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/ref_counter_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package vm
 import (
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -11,13 +12,13 @@ func TestRefCounter_Add(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 0, r.size)
 
-	r.Add(NullItem{})
+	r.Add(stackitem.Null{})
 	require.Equal(t, 1, r.size)
 
-	r.Add(NullItem{})
+	r.Add(stackitem.Null{})
 	require.Equal(t, 2, r.size) // count scalar items twice
 
-	arr := NewArrayItem([]StackItem{NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1}), NewBoolItem(false)})
+	arr := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1}), stackitem.NewBool(false)})
 	r.Add(arr)
 	require.Equal(t, 5, r.size) // array + 2 elements
 
diff --git a/pkg/vm/serialization.go b/pkg/vm/serialization.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 52bd38445..000000000
--- a/pkg/vm/serialization.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-package vm
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
-)
-
-// StackItemType represents type of the stack item.
-type StackItemType byte
-
-// This block defines all known stack item types.
-const (
-	AnyT       StackItemType = 0x00
-	PointerT   StackItemType = 0x10
-	BooleanT   StackItemType = 0x20
-	IntegerT   StackItemType = 0x21
-	ByteArrayT StackItemType = 0x28
-	BufferT    StackItemType = 0x30
-	ArrayT     StackItemType = 0x40
-	StructT    StackItemType = 0x41
-	MapT       StackItemType = 0x48
-	InteropT   StackItemType = 0x60
-)
-
-// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
-func (t StackItemType) String() string {
-	switch t {
-	case AnyT:
-		return "Any"
-	case PointerT:
-		return "Pointer"
-	case BooleanT:
-		return "Boolean"
-	case IntegerT:
-		return "Integer"
-	case ByteArrayT:
-		return "ByteArray"
-	case BufferT:
-		return "Buffer"
-	case ArrayT:
-		return "Array"
-	case StructT:
-		return "Struct"
-	case MapT:
-		return "Map"
-	case InteropT:
-		return "Interop"
-	default:
-		return "INVALID"
-	}
-}
-
-// IsValid checks if s is a well defined stack item type.
-func (t StackItemType) IsValid() bool {
-	switch t {
-	case AnyT, PointerT, BooleanT, IntegerT, ByteArrayT, BufferT, ArrayT, StructT, MapT, InteropT:
-		return true
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-// SerializeItem encodes given StackItem into the byte slice.
-func SerializeItem(item StackItem) ([]byte, error) {
-	w := io.NewBufBinWriter()
-	EncodeBinaryStackItem(item, w.BinWriter)
-	if w.Err != nil {
-		return nil, w.Err
-	}
-	return w.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// EncodeBinaryStackItem encodes given StackItem into the given BinWriter. It's
-// similar to io.Serializable's EncodeBinary, but works with StackItem
-// interface.
-func EncodeBinaryStackItem(item StackItem, w *io.BinWriter) {
-	serializeItemTo(item, w, make(map[StackItem]bool))
-}
-
-func serializeItemTo(item StackItem, w *io.BinWriter, seen map[StackItem]bool) {
-	if seen[item] {
-		w.Err = errors.New("recursive structures can't be serialized")
-		return
-	}
-
-	switch t := item.(type) {
-	case *ByteArrayItem:
-		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(ByteArrayT)})
-		w.WriteVarBytes(t.value)
-	case *BufferItem:
-		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(BufferT)})
-		w.WriteVarBytes(t.value)
-	case *BoolItem:
-		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(BooleanT)})
-		w.WriteBool(t.value)
-	case *BigIntegerItem:
-		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(IntegerT)})
-		w.WriteVarBytes(emit.IntToBytes(t.value))
-	case *InteropItem:
-		w.Err = errors.New("interop item can't be serialized")
-	case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-		seen[item] = true
-
-		_, isArray := t.(*ArrayItem)
-		if isArray {
-			w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(ArrayT)})
-		} else {
-			w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(StructT)})
-		}
-
-		arr := t.Value().([]StackItem)
-		w.WriteVarUint(uint64(len(arr)))
-		for i := range arr {
-			serializeItemTo(arr[i], w, seen)
-		}
-	case *MapItem:
-		seen[item] = true
-
-		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(MapT)})
-		w.WriteVarUint(uint64(len(t.value)))
-		for i := range t.value {
-			serializeItemTo(t.value[i].Key, w, seen)
-			serializeItemTo(t.value[i].Value, w, seen)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// DeserializeItem decodes StackItem from the given byte slice.
-func DeserializeItem(data []byte) (StackItem, error) {
-	r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(data)
-	item := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
-	if r.Err != nil {
-		return nil, r.Err
-	}
-	return item, nil
-}
-
-// DecodeBinaryStackItem decodes previously serialized StackItem from the given
-// reader. It's similar to the io.Serializable's DecodeBinary(), but implemented
-// as a function because StackItem itself is an interface. Caveat: always check
-// reader's error value before using the returned StackItem.
-func DecodeBinaryStackItem(r *io.BinReader) StackItem {
-	var t = r.ReadB()
-	if r.Err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	switch StackItemType(t) {
-	case ByteArrayT:
-		data := r.ReadVarBytes()
-		return NewByteArrayItem(data)
-	case BooleanT:
-		var b = r.ReadBool()
-		return NewBoolItem(b)
-	case IntegerT:
-		data := r.ReadVarBytes()
-		num := emit.BytesToInt(data)
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: num,
-		}
-	case ArrayT, StructT:
-		size := int(r.ReadVarUint())
-		arr := make([]StackItem, size)
-		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-			arr[i] = DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
-		}
-
-		if StackItemType(t) == ArrayT {
-			return &ArrayItem{value: arr}
-		}
-		return &StructItem{value: arr}
-	case MapT:
-		size := int(r.ReadVarUint())
-		m := NewMapItem()
-		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-			key := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
-			value := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
-			if r.Err != nil {
-				break
-			}
-			m.Add(key, value)
-		}
-		return m
-	default:
-		r.Err = errors.New("unknown type")
-		return nil
-	}
-}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/slot.go b/pkg/vm/slot.go
index 279cb3f39..1f4107ee2 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/slot.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/slot.go
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 package vm
 
+import (
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
+)
+
 // Slot is a fixed-size slice of stack items.
 type Slot struct {
-	storage []StackItem
+	storage []stackitem.Item
 	refs    *refCounter
 }
 
 // newSlot returns new slot of n items.
 func newSlot(n int, refs *refCounter) *Slot {
 	return &Slot{
-		storage: make([]StackItem, n),
+		storage: make([]stackitem.Item, n),
 		refs:    refs,
 	}
 }
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ func (v *VM) newSlot(n int) *Slot {
 }
 
 // Set sets i-th storage slot.
-func (s *Slot) Set(i int, item StackItem) {
+func (s *Slot) Set(i int, item stackitem.Item) {
 	if s.storage[i] == item {
 		return
 	}
@@ -32,11 +36,11 @@ func (s *Slot) Set(i int, item StackItem) {
 }
 
 // Get returns item contained in i-th slot.
-func (s *Slot) Get(i int) StackItem {
+func (s *Slot) Get(i int) stackitem.Item {
 	if item := s.storage[i]; item != nil {
 		return item
 	}
-	return NullItem{}
+	return stackitem.Null{}
 }
 
 // Size returns slot size.
diff --git a/pkg/vm/slot_test.go b/pkg/vm/slot_test.go
index 65781b7af..19186cdee 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/slot_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/slot_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -12,10 +13,10 @@ func TestSlot_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotNil(t, s)
 	require.Equal(t, 3, s.Size())
 
-	// NullItem is the default
+	// Null is the default
 	item := s.Get(2)
-	require.Equal(t, NullItem{}, item)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.Null{}, item)
 
-	s.Set(1, NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)))
-	require.Equal(t, NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)), s.Get(1))
+	s.Set(1, stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)))
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)), s.Get(1))
 }
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stack.go b/pkg/vm/stack.go
index 19e9e9e8f..44e9d6d94 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/stack.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/stack.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 )
 
 // Stack implementation for the neo-go virtual machine. The stack implements
@@ -29,9 +30,9 @@ import (
 // [ 0 ]
 
 // Element represents an element in the double linked list (the stack),
-// which will hold the underlying StackItem.
+// which will hold the underlying stackitem.Item.
 type Element struct {
-	value      StackItem
+	value      stackitem.Item
 	next, prev *Element
 	stack      *Stack
 }
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ type Element struct {
 // to the corresponding type.
 func NewElement(v interface{}) *Element {
 	return &Element{
-		value: makeStackItem(v),
+		value: stackitem.Make(v),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -60,12 +61,12 @@ func (e *Element) Prev() *Element {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Item returns StackItem contained in the element.
-func (e *Element) Item() StackItem {
+// Item returns Item contained in the element.
+func (e *Element) Item() stackitem.Item {
 	return e.value
 }
 
-// Value returns value of the StackItem contained in the element.
+// Value returns value of the Item contained in the element.
 func (e *Element) Value() interface{} {
 	return e.value.Value()
 }
@@ -98,12 +99,12 @@ func (e *Element) Bytes() []byte {
 // Array attempts to get the underlying value of the element as an array of
 // other items. Will panic if the item type is different which will be caught
 // by the VM.
-func (e *Element) Array() []StackItem {
+func (e *Element) Array() []stackitem.Item {
 	switch t := e.value.(type) {
-	case *ArrayItem:
-		return t.value
-	case *StructItem:
-		return t.value
+	case *stackitem.Array:
+		return t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
+	case *stackitem.Struct:
+		return t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 	default:
 		panic("element is not an array")
 	}
@@ -111,9 +112,9 @@ func (e *Element) Array() []StackItem {
 
 // Interop attempts to get the underlying value of the element
 // as an interop item.
-func (e *Element) Interop() *InteropItem {
+func (e *Element) Interop() *stackitem.Interop {
 	switch t := e.value.(type) {
-	case *InteropItem:
+	case *stackitem.Interop:
 		return t
 	default:
 		panic("element is not an interop")
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ func (s *Stack) Push(e *Element) {
 }
 
 // PushVal pushes the given value on the stack. It will infer the
-// underlying StackItem to its corresponding type.
+// underlying Item to its corresponding type.
 func (s *Stack) PushVal(v interface{}) {
 	s.Push(NewElement(v))
 }
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ func (s *Stack) PopSigElements() ([][]byte, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nothing on the stack")
 	}
 	switch item.value.(type) {
-	case *ArrayItem:
+	case *stackitem.Array:
 		num = len(item.Array())
 		if num < 1 {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("less than one element in the array")
@@ -400,8 +401,8 @@ func (s *Stack) ToContractParameters() []smartcontract.Parameter {
 	items := make([]smartcontract.Parameter, 0, s.Len())
 	s.IterBack(func(e *Element) {
 		// Each item is independent.
-		seen := make(map[StackItem]bool)
-		items = append(items, e.value.ToContractParameter(seen))
+		seen := make(map[stackitem.Item]bool)
+		items = append(items, smartcontract.ParameterFromStackItem(e.value, seen))
 	})
 	return items
 }
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stack_item.go b/pkg/vm/stack_item.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b2a857fa5..000000000
--- a/pkg/vm/stack_item.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1034 +0,0 @@
-package vm
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
-	"reflect"
-
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
-)
-
-// A StackItem represents the "real" value that is pushed on the stack.
-type StackItem interface {
-	fmt.Stringer
-	Value() interface{}
-	// Dup duplicates current StackItem.
-	Dup() StackItem
-	// Bool converts StackItem to a boolean value.
-	Bool() bool
-	// TryBytes converts StackItem to a byte slice.
-	TryBytes() ([]byte, error)
-	// TryInteger converts StackItem to an integer.
-	TryInteger() (*big.Int, error)
-	// Equals checks if 2 StackItems are equal.
-	Equals(s StackItem) bool
-	// ToContractParameter converts StackItem to smartcontract.Parameter
-	ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter
-	// Type returns stack item type.
-	Type() StackItemType
-	// Convert converts StackItem to another type.
-	Convert(StackItemType) (StackItem, error)
-}
-
-var errInvalidConversion = errors.New("invalid conversion type")
-
-func makeStackItem(v interface{}) StackItem {
-	switch val := v.(type) {
-	case int:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
-		}
-	case int64:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: big.NewInt(val),
-		}
-	case uint8:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
-		}
-	case uint16:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
-		}
-	case uint32:
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
-		}
-	case uint64:
-		b := make([]byte, 8)
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, val)
-		bigInt := big.NewInt(0)
-		bigInt.SetBytes(b)
-		return &BigIntegerItem{
-			value: bigInt,
-		}
-	case []byte:
-		return &ByteArrayItem{
-			value: val,
-		}
-	case string:
-		return &ByteArrayItem{
-			value: []byte(val),
-		}
-	case bool:
-		return &BoolItem{
-			value: val,
-		}
-	case []StackItem:
-		return &ArrayItem{
-			value: val,
-		}
-	case *big.Int:
-		return NewBigIntegerItem(val)
-	case StackItem:
-		return val
-	case []int:
-		var a []StackItem
-		for _, i := range val {
-			a = append(a, makeStackItem(i))
-		}
-		return makeStackItem(a)
-	default:
-		i64T := reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
-		if reflect.TypeOf(val).ConvertibleTo(i64T) {
-			i64Val := reflect.ValueOf(val).Convert(i64T).Interface()
-			return makeStackItem(i64Val)
-		}
-		panic(
-			fmt.Sprintf(
-				"invalid stack item type: %v (%v)",
-				val,
-				reflect.TypeOf(val),
-			),
-		)
-	}
-}
-
-// convertPrimitive converts primitive item to a specified type.
-func convertPrimitive(item StackItem, typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	if item.Type() == typ {
-		return item, nil
-	}
-	switch typ {
-	case IntegerT:
-		bi, err := item.TryInteger()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		return NewBigIntegerItem(bi), nil
-	case ByteArrayT, BufferT:
-		b, err := item.TryBytes()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if typ == BufferT {
-			return NewBufferItem(b), nil
-		}
-		return NewByteArrayItem(b), nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(item.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// StructItem represents a struct on the stack.
-type StructItem struct {
-	value []StackItem
-}
-
-// NewStructItem returns an new StructItem object.
-func NewStructItem(items []StackItem) *StructItem {
-	return &StructItem{
-		value: items,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-func (i *StructItem) String() string {
-	return "Struct"
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	// it's a reference type, so no copying here.
-	return i
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Bool() bool { return true }
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Struct to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Struct to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if i == s {
-		return true
-	} else if s == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	val, ok := s.(*StructItem)
-	if !ok || len(i.value) != len(val.value) {
-		return false
-	}
-	for j := range i.value {
-		if !i.value[j].Equals(val.value[j]) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) ToContractParameter(seen map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	var value []smartcontract.Parameter
-
-	if !seen[i] {
-		seen[i] = true
-		for _, stackItem := range i.value {
-			parameter := stackItem.ToContractParameter(seen)
-			value = append(value, parameter)
-		}
-	}
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.ArrayType,
-		Value: value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Type() StackItemType { return StructT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *StructItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case StructT:
-		return i, nil
-	case ArrayT:
-		arr := make([]StackItem, len(i.value))
-		copy(arr, i.value)
-		return NewArrayItem(arr), nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(i.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// Clone returns a Struct with all Struct fields copied by value.
-// Array fields are still copied by reference.
-func (i *StructItem) Clone() *StructItem {
-	ret := &StructItem{make([]StackItem, len(i.value))}
-	for j := range i.value {
-		switch t := i.value[j].(type) {
-		case *StructItem:
-			ret.value[j] = t.Clone()
-		default:
-			ret.value[j] = t
-		}
-	}
-	return ret
-}
-
-// NullItem represents null on the stack.
-type NullItem struct{}
-
-// String implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) String() string {
-	return "Null"
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-// There is no need to perform a real copy here,
-// as NullItem has no internal state.
-func (i NullItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	return i
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) Bool() bool { return false }
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Null to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Null to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	_, ok := s.(NullItem)
-	return ok
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type: smartcontract.AnyType,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) Type() StackItemType { return AnyT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i NullItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	if typ == AnyT || !typ.IsValid() {
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-	return i, nil
-}
-
-// BigIntegerItem represents a big integer on the stack.
-type BigIntegerItem struct {
-	value *big.Int
-}
-
-// NewBigIntegerItem returns an new BigIntegerItem object.
-func NewBigIntegerItem(value *big.Int) *BigIntegerItem {
-	if value.BitLen() > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits {
-		panic("integer is too big")
-	}
-	return &BigIntegerItem{
-		value: value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Bytes converts i to a slice of bytes.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Bytes() []byte {
-	return emit.IntToBytes(i.value)
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Bool() bool {
-	return i.value.Sign() != 0
-}
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return i.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return i.value, nil
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if i == s {
-		return true
-	} else if s == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	val, ok := s.(*BigIntegerItem)
-	if ok {
-		return i.value.Cmp(val.value) == 0
-	}
-	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
-	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.Bytes(), bs)
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) String() string {
-	return "BigInteger"
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	n := new(big.Int)
-	return &BigIntegerItem{n.Set(i.value)}
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.IntegerType,
-		Value: i.value.Int64(),
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Type() StackItemType { return IntegerT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *BigIntegerItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(i.value)
-}
-
-// BoolItem represents a boolean StackItem.
-type BoolItem struct {
-	value bool
-}
-
-// NewBoolItem returns an new BoolItem object.
-func NewBoolItem(val bool) *BoolItem {
-	return &BoolItem{
-		value: val,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(i.value)
-}
-
-func (i *BoolItem) String() string {
-	return "Boolean"
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	return &BoolItem{i.value}
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Bool() bool { return i.value }
-
-// Bytes converts BoolItem to bytes.
-func (i *BoolItem) Bytes() []byte {
-	if i.value {
-		return []byte{1}
-	}
-	return []byte{0}
-}
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return i.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	if i.value {
-		return big.NewInt(1), nil
-	}
-	return big.NewInt(0), nil
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if i == s {
-		return true
-	} else if s == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	val, ok := s.(*BoolItem)
-	if ok {
-		return i.value == val.value
-	}
-	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
-	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.Bytes(), bs)
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.BoolType,
-		Value: i.value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Type() StackItemType { return BooleanT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BoolItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
-}
-
-// ByteArrayItem represents a byte array on the stack.
-type ByteArrayItem struct {
-	value []byte
-}
-
-// NewByteArrayItem returns an new ByteArrayItem object.
-func NewByteArrayItem(b []byte) *ByteArrayItem {
-	return &ByteArrayItem{
-		value: b,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(hex.EncodeToString(i.value))
-}
-
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) String() string {
-	return "ByteArray"
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Bool() bool {
-	if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
-		return true
-	}
-	for _, b := range i.value {
-		if b != 0 {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
-	copy(val, i.value)
-	return val, nil
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
-		return nil, errors.New("integer is too big")
-	}
-	return emit.BytesToInt(i.value), nil
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if i == s {
-		return true
-	} else if s == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
-	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.value, bs)
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	a := make([]byte, len(i.value))
-	copy(a, i.value)
-	return &ByteArrayItem{a}
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.ByteArrayType,
-		Value: i.value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Type() StackItemType { return ByteArrayT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ByteArrayItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
-}
-
-// ArrayItem represents a new ArrayItem object.
-type ArrayItem struct {
-	value []StackItem
-}
-
-// NewArrayItem returns a new ArrayItem object.
-func NewArrayItem(items []StackItem) *ArrayItem {
-	return &ArrayItem{
-		value: items,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(i.value)
-}
-
-func (i *ArrayItem) String() string {
-	return "Array"
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Bool() bool { return true }
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Array to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Array to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	return i == s
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	// reference type
-	return i
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) ToContractParameter(seen map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	var value []smartcontract.Parameter
-
-	if !seen[i] {
-		seen[i] = true
-		for _, stackItem := range i.value {
-			parameter := stackItem.ToContractParameter(seen)
-			value = append(value, parameter)
-		}
-	}
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.ArrayType,
-		Value: value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Type() StackItemType { return ArrayT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *ArrayItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case ArrayT:
-		return i, nil
-	case StructT:
-		arr := make([]StackItem, len(i.value))
-		copy(arr, i.value)
-		return NewStructItem(arr), nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(i.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// MapElement is a key-value pair of StackItems.
-type MapElement struct {
-	Key   StackItem
-	Value StackItem
-}
-
-// MapItem represents Map object. It's ordered, so we use slice representation
-// which should be fine for maps with less than 32 or so elements. Given that
-// our VM has quite low limit of overall stack items, it should be good enough,
-// but it can be extended with a real map for fast random access in the future
-// if need be.
-type MapItem struct {
-	value []MapElement
-}
-
-// NewMapItem returns new MapItem object.
-func NewMapItem() *MapItem {
-	return &MapItem{
-		value: make([]MapElement, 0),
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Bool() bool { return true }
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Map to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Map to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	return i == s
-}
-
-func (i *MapItem) String() string {
-	return "Map"
-}
-
-// Index returns an index of the key in map.
-func (i *MapItem) Index(key StackItem) int {
-	for k := range i.value {
-		if i.value[k].Key.Equals(key) {
-			return k
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
-}
-
-// Has checks if map has specified key.
-func (i *MapItem) Has(key StackItem) bool {
-	return i.Index(key) >= 0
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	// reference type
-	return i
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) ToContractParameter(seen map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	value := make([]smartcontract.ParameterPair, 0)
-	if !seen[i] {
-		seen[i] = true
-		for k := range i.value {
-			value = append(value, smartcontract.ParameterPair{
-				Key:   i.value[k].Key.ToContractParameter(seen),
-				Value: i.value[k].Value.ToContractParameter(seen),
-			})
-		}
-	}
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.MapType,
-		Value: value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Type() StackItemType { return MapT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *MapItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case MapT:
-		return i, nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(i.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// Add adds key-value pair to the map.
-func (i *MapItem) Add(key, value StackItem) {
-	if !isValidMapKey(key) {
-		panic("wrong key type")
-	}
-	index := i.Index(key)
-	if index >= 0 {
-		i.value[index].Value = value
-	} else {
-		i.value = append(i.value, MapElement{key, value})
-	}
-}
-
-// Drop removes given index from the map (no bounds check done here).
-func (i *MapItem) Drop(index int) {
-	copy(i.value[index:], i.value[index+1:])
-	i.value = i.value[:len(i.value)-1]
-}
-
-// isValidMapKey checks whether it's possible to use given StackItem as a Map
-// key.
-func isValidMapKey(key StackItem) bool {
-	switch key.(type) {
-	case *BoolItem, *BigIntegerItem, *ByteArrayItem:
-		return true
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-// InteropItem represents interop data on the stack.
-type InteropItem struct {
-	value interface{}
-}
-
-// NewInteropItem returns new InteropItem object.
-func NewInteropItem(value interface{}) *InteropItem {
-	return &InteropItem{
-		value: value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// String implements stringer interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) String() string {
-	return "InteropItem"
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	// reference type
-	return i
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Bool() bool { return true }
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Interop to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Interop to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if i == s {
-		return true
-	} else if s == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	val, ok := s.(*InteropItem)
-	return ok && i.value == val.value
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.InteropInterfaceType,
-		Value: nil,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Type() StackItemType { return InteropT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case InteropT:
-		return i, nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(i.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *InteropItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(i.value)
-}
-
-// PointerItem represents VM-level instruction pointer.
-type PointerItem struct {
-	pos    int
-	script []byte
-	hash   util.Uint160
-}
-
-// NewPointerItem returns new pointer on the specified position.
-func NewPointerItem(pos int, script []byte) *PointerItem {
-	return &PointerItem{
-		pos:    pos,
-		script: script,
-		hash:   hash.Hash160(script),
-	}
-}
-
-// String implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) String() string {
-	return "Pointer"
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return p.pos
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	return &PointerItem{
-		pos:    p.pos,
-		script: p.script,
-		hash:   p.hash,
-	}
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Bool() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to ByteArray")
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	if p == s {
-		return true
-	}
-	ptr, ok := s.(*PointerItem)
-	return ok && p.pos == ptr.pos && p.hash == ptr.hash
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.NewParameter(smartcontract.AnyType)
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Type() StackItemType {
-	return PointerT
-}
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (p *PointerItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case PointerT:
-		return p, nil
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(p.Bool()), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
-
-// BufferItem represents represents Buffer stack item.
-type BufferItem struct {
-	value []byte
-}
-
-// NewBufferItem returns a new BufferItem object.
-func NewBufferItem(b []byte) *BufferItem {
-	return &BufferItem{
-		value: b,
-	}
-}
-
-// Value implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Value() interface{} {
-	return i.value
-}
-
-// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) String() string {
-	return "Buffer"
-}
-
-// Bool implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Bool() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-// TryBytes implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
-	copy(val, i.value)
-	return val, nil
-}
-
-// TryInteger implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Buffer to Integer")
-}
-
-// Equals implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Equals(s StackItem) bool {
-	return i == s
-}
-
-// Dup implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Dup() StackItem {
-	return i
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(hex.EncodeToString(i.value))
-}
-
-// ToContractParameter implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) ToContractParameter(map[StackItem]bool) smartcontract.Parameter {
-	return smartcontract.Parameter{
-		Type:  smartcontract.ByteArrayType,
-		Value: i.value,
-	}
-}
-
-// Type implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Type() StackItemType { return BufferT }
-
-// Convert implements StackItem interface.
-func (i *BufferItem) Convert(typ StackItemType) (StackItem, error) {
-	switch typ {
-	case BooleanT:
-		return NewBoolItem(i.Bool()), nil
-	case BufferT:
-		return i, nil
-	case ByteArrayT:
-		val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
-		copy(val, i.value)
-		return NewByteArrayItem(val), nil
-	case IntegerT:
-		if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
-			return nil, errInvalidConversion
-		}
-		return NewBigIntegerItem(emit.BytesToInt(i.value)), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidConversion
-	}
-}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stack_item_test.go b/pkg/vm/stack_item_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 06db6ee61..000000000
--- a/pkg/vm/stack_item_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,485 +0,0 @@
-package vm
-
-import (
-	"math/big"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/smartcontract"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-var makeStackItemTestCases = []struct {
-	input  interface{}
-	result StackItem
-}{
-	{
-		input:  int64(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  int16(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  3,
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  uint8(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  uint16(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  uint32(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  uint64(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  big.NewInt(3),
-		result: &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
-		result: &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  []byte{},
-		result: &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  "bla",
-		result: &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte("bla")},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  "",
-		result: &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  true,
-		result: &BoolItem{value: true},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  false,
-		result: &BoolItem{value: false},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  []StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}},
-		result: &ArrayItem{value: []StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  []int{1, 2, 3},
-		result: &ArrayItem{value: []StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(1)}, &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(2)}, &BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)}}},
-	},
-}
-
-var makeStackItemErrorCases = []struct {
-	input interface{}
-}{
-	{
-		input: nil,
-	},
-}
-
-func TestMakeStackItem(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, testCase := range makeStackItemTestCases {
-		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, makeStackItem(testCase.input))
-	}
-	for _, errorCase := range makeStackItemErrorCases {
-		assert.Panics(t, func() { makeStackItem(errorCase.input) })
-	}
-}
-
-var stringerTestCases = []struct {
-	input  StackItem
-	result string
-}{
-	{
-		input:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{}),
-		result: "Struct",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(3)),
-		result: "BigInteger",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBoolItem(true),
-		result: "Boolean",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}),
-		result: "ByteArray",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{}),
-		result: "Array",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewMapItem(),
-		result: "Map",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewInteropItem(nil),
-		result: "InteropItem",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewPointerItem(0, nil),
-		result: "Pointer",
-	},
-}
-
-func TestStringer(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, testCase := range stringerTestCases {
-		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, testCase.input.String())
-	}
-}
-
-var equalsTestCases = map[string][]struct {
-	item1  StackItem
-	item2  StackItem
-	result bool
-}{
-	"struct": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewStructItem(nil),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewStructItem(nil),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewStructItem(nil),
-			item2:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}),
-			item2:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2))}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}),
-			item2:  NewStructItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}),
-			result: true,
-		},
-	},
-	"bigint": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			item2:  NewBoolItem(false),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)),
-			item2:  NewBoolItem(false),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-			item2:  makeStackItem(int32(2)),
-			result: true,
-		},
-	},
-	"bool": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			item2:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			item2:  NewBoolItem(false),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewBoolItem(true),
-			item2:  makeStackItem(true),
-			result: true,
-		},
-	},
-	"bytearray": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewByteArrayItem(nil),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			item2:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1}),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			item2:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 4}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			item2:  makeStackItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			result: true,
-		},
-	},
-	"array": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewArrayItem(nil),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(3)}}),
-			item2:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(3)}}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(1)}}),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(3)}}),
-			item2:  NewArrayItem([]StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigIntegerItem{big.NewInt(4)}}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-	},
-	"map": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewMapItem(),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewMapItem(),
-			item2:  NewMapItem(),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  &MapItem{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArrayItem([]byte("first")), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBoolItem(true), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{2})}}},
-			item2:  &MapItem{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArrayItem([]byte("first")), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBoolItem(true), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{2})}}},
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  &MapItem{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArrayItem([]byte("first")), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBoolItem(true), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{2})}}},
-			item2:  &MapItem{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArrayItem([]byte("first")), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBoolItem(true), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{3})}}},
-			result: false,
-		},
-	},
-	"interop": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewInteropItem(nil),
-			item2:  nil,
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewInteropItem(nil),
-			item2:  NewInteropItem(nil),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewInteropItem(2),
-			item2:  NewInteropItem(3),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewInteropItem(3),
-			item2:  NewInteropItem(3),
-			result: true,
-		},
-	},
-	"pointer": {
-		{
-			item1:  NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
-			item2:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
-			result: true,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
-			item2:  NewPointerItem(2, []byte{1}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1}),
-			item2:  NewPointerItem(1, []byte{2}),
-			result: false,
-		},
-		{
-			item1:  NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
-			item2:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)),
-			result: false,
-		},
-	},
-}
-
-func TestEquals(t *testing.T) {
-	for name, testBatch := range equalsTestCases {
-		for _, testCase := range testBatch {
-			t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, testCase.item1.Equals(testCase.item2))
-				// Reference equals
-				assert.Equal(t, true, testCase.item1.Equals(testCase.item1))
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-var marshalJSONTestCases = []struct {
-	input  StackItem
-	result []byte
-}{
-	{
-		input:  NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)),
-		result: []byte(`2`),
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBoolItem(true),
-		result: []byte(`true`),
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-		result: []byte(`"010203"`),
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBufferItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-		result: []byte(`"010203"`),
-	},
-	{
-		input:  &ArrayItem{value: []StackItem{&BigIntegerItem{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArrayItem{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}}},
-		result: []byte(`[3,"010203"]`),
-	},
-	{
-		input:  &InteropItem{value: 3},
-		result: []byte(`3`),
-	},
-}
-
-func TestMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		actual []byte
-		err    error
-	)
-	for _, testCase := range marshalJSONTestCases {
-		switch testCase.input.(type) {
-		case *BigIntegerItem:
-			actual, err = testCase.input.(*BigIntegerItem).MarshalJSON()
-		case *BoolItem:
-			actual, err = testCase.input.(*BoolItem).MarshalJSON()
-		case *ByteArrayItem:
-			actual, err = testCase.input.(*ByteArrayItem).MarshalJSON()
-		case *ArrayItem:
-			actual, err = testCase.input.(*ArrayItem).MarshalJSON()
-		case *InteropItem:
-			actual, err = testCase.input.(*InteropItem).MarshalJSON()
-		default:
-			continue
-		}
-
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, actual)
-	}
-}
-
-var toContractParameterTestCases = []struct {
-	input  StackItem
-	result smartcontract.Parameter
-}{
-	{
-		input: NewStructItem([]StackItem{
-			NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)),
-			NewBoolItem(true),
-		}),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.ArrayType, Value: []smartcontract.Parameter{
-			{Type: smartcontract.IntegerType, Value: int64(1)},
-			{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: true},
-		}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBoolItem(false),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: false},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewByteArrayItem([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.ByteArrayType, Value: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewBufferItem([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.ByteArrayType, Value: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03}},
-	},
-	{
-		input: NewArrayItem([]StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)), NewBoolItem(true)}),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.ArrayType, Value: []smartcontract.Parameter{
-			{Type: smartcontract.IntegerType, Value: int64(2)},
-			{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: true},
-		}},
-	},
-	{
-		input:  NewInteropItem(nil),
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.InteropInterfaceType, Value: nil},
-	},
-	{
-		input: &MapItem{value: []MapElement{
-			{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewBoolItem(true)},
-			{NewByteArrayItem([]byte("qwerty")), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(3))},
-			{NewBoolItem(true), NewBoolItem(false)},
-		}},
-		result: smartcontract.Parameter{
-			Type: smartcontract.MapType,
-			Value: []smartcontract.ParameterPair{
-				{
-					Key:   smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.IntegerType, Value: int64(1)},
-					Value: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: true},
-				}, {
-					Key:   smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.ByteArrayType, Value: []byte("qwerty")},
-					Value: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.IntegerType, Value: int64(3)},
-				}, {
-
-					Key:   smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: true},
-					Value: smartcontract.Parameter{Type: smartcontract.BoolType, Value: false},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	},
-}
-
-func TestToContractParameter(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, tc := range toContractParameterTestCases {
-		seen := make(map[StackItem]bool)
-		res := tc.input.ToContractParameter(seen)
-		assert.Equal(t, res, tc.result)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stack_test.go b/pkg/vm/stack_test.go
index 24a0671f6..82c15e962 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/stack_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/stack_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -231,9 +232,9 @@ func TestPushVal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, true, elem.Bool())
 
 	// array
-	s.PushVal([]StackItem{&BoolItem{true}, &BoolItem{false}, &BoolItem{true}})
+	s.PushVal([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBool(true), stackitem.NewBool(false), stackitem.NewBool(true)})
 	elem = s.Pop()
-	assert.IsType(t, elem.value, &ArrayItem{})
+	assert.IsType(t, elem.value, &stackitem.Array{})
 }
 
 func TestSwapElemValues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -320,17 +321,17 @@ func TestPopSigElements(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := s.PopSigElements()
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 
-	s.PushVal([]StackItem{})
+	s.PushVal([]stackitem.Item{})
 	_, err = s.PopSigElements()
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 
-	s.PushVal([]StackItem{NewBoolItem(false)})
+	s.PushVal([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBool(false)})
 	_, err = s.PopSigElements()
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 
 	b1 := []byte("smth")
 	b2 := []byte("strange")
-	s.PushVal([]StackItem{NewByteArrayItem(b1), NewByteArrayItem(b2)})
+	s.PushVal([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewByteArray(b1), stackitem.NewByteArray(b2)})
 	z, err := s.PopSigElements()
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, z, [][]byte{b1, b2})
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stackitem/item.go b/pkg/vm/stackitem/item.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07304b037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/vm/stackitem/item.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@
+package stackitem
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/hash"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
+)
+
+// MaxBigIntegerSizeBits is the maximum size of BigInt item in bits.
+const MaxBigIntegerSizeBits = 32 * 8
+
+// Item represents the "real" value that is pushed on the stack.
+type Item interface {
+	fmt.Stringer
+	Value() interface{}
+	// Dup duplicates current Item.
+	Dup() Item
+	// Bool converts Item to a boolean value.
+	Bool() bool
+	// TryBytes converts Item to a byte slice.
+	TryBytes() ([]byte, error)
+	// TryInteger converts Item to an integer.
+	TryInteger() (*big.Int, error)
+	// Equals checks if 2 StackItems are equal.
+	Equals(s Item) bool
+	// Type returns stack item type.
+	Type() Type
+	// Convert converts Item to another type.
+	Convert(Type) (Item, error)
+}
+
+var errInvalidConversion = errors.New("invalid conversion type")
+
+// Make tries to make appropriate stack item from provided value.
+// It will panic if it's not possible.
+func Make(v interface{}) Item {
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case int:
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
+		}
+	case int64:
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: big.NewInt(val),
+		}
+	case uint8:
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
+		}
+	case uint16:
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
+		}
+	case uint32:
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: big.NewInt(int64(val)),
+		}
+	case uint64:
+		b := make([]byte, 8)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, val)
+		bigInt := big.NewInt(0)
+		bigInt.SetBytes(b)
+		return &BigInteger{
+			value: bigInt,
+		}
+	case []byte:
+		return &ByteArray{
+			value: val,
+		}
+	case string:
+		return &ByteArray{
+			value: []byte(val),
+		}
+	case bool:
+		return &Bool{
+			value: val,
+		}
+	case []Item:
+		return &Array{
+			value: val,
+		}
+	case *big.Int:
+		return NewBigInteger(val)
+	case Item:
+		return val
+	case []int:
+		var a []Item
+		for _, i := range val {
+			a = append(a, Make(i))
+		}
+		return Make(a)
+	default:
+		i64T := reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
+		if reflect.TypeOf(val).ConvertibleTo(i64T) {
+			i64Val := reflect.ValueOf(val).Convert(i64T).Interface()
+			return Make(i64Val)
+		}
+		panic(
+			fmt.Sprintf(
+				"invalid stack item type: %v (%v)",
+				val,
+				reflect.TypeOf(val),
+			),
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// convertPrimitive converts primitive item to a specified type.
+func convertPrimitive(item Item, typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	if item.Type() == typ {
+		return item, nil
+	}
+	switch typ {
+	case IntegerT:
+		bi, err := item.TryInteger()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return NewBigInteger(bi), nil
+	case ByteArrayT, BufferT:
+		b, err := item.TryBytes()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if typ == BufferT {
+			return NewBuffer(b), nil
+		}
+		return NewByteArray(b), nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(item.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// Struct represents a struct on the stack.
+type Struct struct {
+	value []Item
+}
+
+// NewStruct returns an new Struct object.
+func NewStruct(items []Item) *Struct {
+	return &Struct{
+		value: items,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// Remove removes element at `pos` index from Struct value.
+// It will panics on bad index.
+func (i *Struct) Remove(pos int) {
+	i.value = append(i.value[:pos], i.value[pos+1:]...)
+}
+
+// Append adds Item at the end of Struct value.
+func (i *Struct) Append(item Item) {
+	i.value = append(i.value, item)
+}
+
+// Clear removes all elements from Struct item value.
+func (i *Struct) Clear() {
+	i.value = i.value[:0]
+}
+
+// Len returns length of Struct value.
+func (i *Struct) Len() int {
+	return len(i.value)
+}
+
+// String implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) String() string {
+	return "Struct"
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Dup() Item {
+	// it's a reference type, so no copying here.
+	return i
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Bool() bool { return true }
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Struct to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Struct to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if i == s {
+		return true
+	} else if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	val, ok := s.(*Struct)
+	if !ok || len(i.value) != len(val.value) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for j := range i.value {
+		if !i.value[j].Equals(val.value[j]) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Type() Type { return StructT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Struct) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case StructT:
+		return i, nil
+	case ArrayT:
+		arr := make([]Item, len(i.value))
+		copy(arr, i.value)
+		return NewArray(arr), nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(i.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// Clone returns a Struct with all Struct fields copied by value.
+// Array fields are still copied by reference.
+func (i *Struct) Clone() *Struct {
+	ret := &Struct{make([]Item, len(i.value))}
+	for j := range i.value {
+		switch t := i.value[j].(type) {
+		case *Struct:
+			ret.value[j] = t.Clone()
+		default:
+			ret.value[j] = t
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Null represents null on the stack.
+type Null struct{}
+
+// String implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) String() string {
+	return "Null"
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) Value() interface{} {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+// There is no need to perform a real copy here,
+// as Null has no internal state.
+func (i Null) Dup() Item {
+	return i
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) Bool() bool { return false }
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Null to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Null to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	_, ok := s.(Null)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) Type() Type { return AnyT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i Null) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	if typ == AnyT || !typ.IsValid() {
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+	return i, nil
+}
+
+// BigInteger represents a big integer on the stack.
+type BigInteger struct {
+	value *big.Int
+}
+
+// NewBigInteger returns an new BigInteger object.
+func NewBigInteger(value *big.Int) *BigInteger {
+	if value.BitLen() > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits {
+		panic("integer is too big")
+	}
+	return &BigInteger{
+		value: value,
+	}
+}
+
+// Bytes converts i to a slice of bytes.
+func (i *BigInteger) Bytes() []byte {
+	return bigint.ToBytes(i.value)
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Bool() bool {
+	return i.value.Sign() != 0
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return i.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return i.value, nil
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if i == s {
+		return true
+	} else if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	val, ok := s.(*BigInteger)
+	if ok {
+		return i.value.Cmp(val.value) == 0
+	}
+	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
+	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.Bytes(), bs)
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+func (i *BigInteger) String() string {
+	return "BigInteger"
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Dup() Item {
+	n := new(big.Int)
+	return &BigInteger{n.Set(i.value)}
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Type() Type { return IntegerT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *BigInteger) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(i.value)
+}
+
+// Bool represents a boolean Item.
+type Bool struct {
+	value bool
+}
+
+// NewBool returns an new Bool object.
+func NewBool(val bool) *Bool {
+	return &Bool{
+		value: val,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *Bool) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(i.value)
+}
+
+func (i *Bool) String() string {
+	return "Boolean"
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Dup() Item {
+	return &Bool{i.value}
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Bool() bool { return i.value }
+
+// Bytes converts Bool to bytes.
+func (i *Bool) Bytes() []byte {
+	if i.value {
+		return []byte{1}
+	}
+	return []byte{0}
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return i.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	if i.value {
+		return big.NewInt(1), nil
+	}
+	return big.NewInt(0), nil
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if i == s {
+		return true
+	} else if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	val, ok := s.(*Bool)
+	if ok {
+		return i.value == val.value
+	}
+	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
+	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.Bytes(), bs)
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Type() Type { return BooleanT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Bool) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
+}
+
+// ByteArray represents a byte array on the stack.
+type ByteArray struct {
+	value []byte
+}
+
+// NewByteArray returns an new ByteArray object.
+func NewByteArray(b []byte) *ByteArray {
+	return &ByteArray{
+		value: b,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(hex.EncodeToString(i.value))
+}
+
+func (i *ByteArray) String() string {
+	return "ByteArray"
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Bool() bool {
+	if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, b := range i.value {
+		if b != 0 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
+	copy(val, i.value)
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
+		return nil, errors.New("integer is too big")
+	}
+	return bigint.FromBytes(i.value), nil
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if i == s {
+		return true
+	} else if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	bs, err := s.TryBytes()
+	return err == nil && bytes.Equal(i.value, bs)
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Dup() Item {
+	a := make([]byte, len(i.value))
+	copy(a, i.value)
+	return &ByteArray{a}
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Type() Type { return ByteArrayT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *ByteArray) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	return convertPrimitive(i, typ)
+}
+
+// Array represents a new Array object.
+type Array struct {
+	value []Item
+}
+
+// NewArray returns a new Array object.
+func NewArray(items []Item) *Array {
+	return &Array{
+		value: items,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// Remove removes element at `pos` index from Array value.
+// It will panics on bad index.
+func (i *Array) Remove(pos int) {
+	i.value = append(i.value[:pos], i.value[pos+1:]...)
+}
+
+// Append adds Item at the end of Array value.
+func (i *Array) Append(item Item) {
+	i.value = append(i.value, item)
+}
+
+// Clear removes all elements from Array item value.
+func (i *Array) Clear() {
+	i.value = i.value[:0]
+}
+
+// Len returns length of Array value.
+func (i *Array) Len() int {
+	return len(i.value)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *Array) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(i.value)
+}
+
+func (i *Array) String() string {
+	return "Array"
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Bool() bool { return true }
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Array to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Array to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	return i == s
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Dup() Item {
+	// reference type
+	return i
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Type() Type { return ArrayT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Array) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case ArrayT:
+		return i, nil
+	case StructT:
+		arr := make([]Item, len(i.value))
+		copy(arr, i.value)
+		return NewStruct(arr), nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(i.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// MapElement is a key-value pair of StackItems.
+type MapElement struct {
+	Key   Item
+	Value Item
+}
+
+// Map represents Map object. It's ordered, so we use slice representation
+// which should be fine for maps with less than 32 or so elements. Given that
+// our VM has quite low limit of overall stack items, it should be good enough,
+// but it can be extended with a real map for fast random access in the future
+// if need be.
+type Map struct {
+	value []MapElement
+}
+
+// NewMap returns new Map object.
+func NewMap() *Map {
+	return &Map{
+		value: make([]MapElement, 0),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewMapWithValue returns new Map object filled with specified value.
+func NewMapWithValue(value []MapElement) *Map {
+	if value != nil {
+		return &Map{
+			value: value,
+		}
+	}
+	return NewMap()
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// Clear removes all elements from Map item value.
+func (i *Map) Clear() {
+	i.value = i.value[:0]
+}
+
+// Len returns length of Map value.
+func (i *Map) Len() int {
+	return len(i.value)
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Bool() bool { return true }
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Map to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Map to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	return i == s
+}
+
+func (i *Map) String() string {
+	return "Map"
+}
+
+// Index returns an index of the key in map.
+func (i *Map) Index(key Item) int {
+	for k := range i.value {
+		if i.value[k].Key.Equals(key) {
+			return k
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// Has checks if map has specified key.
+func (i *Map) Has(key Item) bool {
+	return i.Index(key) >= 0
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Dup() Item {
+	// reference type
+	return i
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Type() Type { return MapT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Map) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case MapT:
+		return i, nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(i.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// Add adds key-value pair to the map.
+func (i *Map) Add(key, value Item) {
+	if !IsValidMapKey(key) {
+		panic("wrong key type")
+	}
+	index := i.Index(key)
+	if index >= 0 {
+		i.value[index].Value = value
+	} else {
+		i.value = append(i.value, MapElement{key, value})
+	}
+}
+
+// Drop removes given index from the map (no bounds check done here).
+func (i *Map) Drop(index int) {
+	copy(i.value[index:], i.value[index+1:])
+	i.value = i.value[:len(i.value)-1]
+}
+
+// IsValidMapKey checks whether it's possible to use given Item as a Map
+// key.
+func IsValidMapKey(key Item) bool {
+	switch key.(type) {
+	case *Bool, *BigInteger, *ByteArray:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// Interop represents interop data on the stack.
+type Interop struct {
+	value interface{}
+}
+
+// NewInterop returns new Interop object.
+func NewInterop(value interface{}) *Interop {
+	return &Interop{
+		value: value,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// String implements stringer interface.
+func (i *Interop) String() string {
+	return "Interop"
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Dup() Item {
+	// reference type
+	return i
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Bool() bool { return true }
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Interop to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Interop to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if i == s {
+		return true
+	} else if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	val, ok := s.(*Interop)
+	return ok && i.value == val.value
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Type() Type { return InteropT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Interop) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case InteropT:
+		return i, nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(i.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *Interop) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(i.value)
+}
+
+// Pointer represents VM-level instruction pointer.
+type Pointer struct {
+	pos    int
+	script []byte
+	hash   util.Uint160
+}
+
+// NewPointer returns new pointer on the specified position.
+func NewPointer(pos int, script []byte) *Pointer {
+	return &Pointer{
+		pos:    pos,
+		script: script,
+		hash:   hash.Hash160(script),
+	}
+}
+
+// String implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) String() string {
+	return "Pointer"
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Value() interface{} {
+	return p.pos
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Dup() Item {
+	return &Pointer{
+		pos:    p.pos,
+		script: p.script,
+		hash:   p.hash,
+	}
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Bool() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to ByteArray")
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Pointer to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	if p == s {
+		return true
+	}
+	ptr, ok := s.(*Pointer)
+	return ok && p.pos == ptr.pos && p.hash == ptr.hash
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Type() Type {
+	return PointerT
+}
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (p *Pointer) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case PointerT:
+		return p, nil
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(p.Bool()), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// ScriptHash returns pointer item hash
+func (p *Pointer) ScriptHash() util.Uint160 {
+	return p.hash
+}
+
+// Position returns pointer item position
+func (p *Pointer) Position() int {
+	return p.pos
+}
+
+// Buffer represents represents Buffer stack item.
+type Buffer struct {
+	value []byte
+}
+
+// NewBuffer returns a new Buffer object.
+func NewBuffer(b []byte) *Buffer {
+	return &Buffer{
+		value: b,
+	}
+}
+
+// Value implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Value() interface{} {
+	return i.value
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
+func (i *Buffer) String() string {
+	return "Buffer"
+}
+
+// Bool implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Bool() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// TryBytes implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) TryBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
+	copy(val, i.value)
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+// TryInteger implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) TryInteger() (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("can't convert Buffer to Integer")
+}
+
+// Equals implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Equals(s Item) bool {
+	return i == s
+}
+
+// Dup implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Dup() Item {
+	return i
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (i *Buffer) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(hex.EncodeToString(i.value))
+}
+
+// Type implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Type() Type { return BufferT }
+
+// Convert implements Item interface.
+func (i *Buffer) Convert(typ Type) (Item, error) {
+	switch typ {
+	case BooleanT:
+		return NewBool(i.Bool()), nil
+	case BufferT:
+		return i, nil
+	case ByteArrayT:
+		val := make([]byte, len(i.value))
+		copy(val, i.value)
+		return NewByteArray(val), nil
+	case IntegerT:
+		if len(i.value) > MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/8 {
+			return nil, errInvalidConversion
+		}
+		return NewBigInteger(bigint.FromBytes(i.value)), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errInvalidConversion
+	}
+}
+
+// Len returns length of Buffer value.
+func (i *Buffer) Len() int {
+	return len(i.value)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stackitem/item_test.go b/pkg/vm/stackitem/item_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7a59827b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/vm/stackitem/item_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+package stackitem
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+var makeStackItemTestCases = []struct {
+	input  interface{}
+	result Item
+}{
+	{
+		input:  int64(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  int16(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  3,
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  uint8(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  uint16(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  uint32(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  uint64(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  big.NewInt(3),
+		result: &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
+		result: &ByteArray{value: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  []byte{},
+		result: &ByteArray{value: []byte{}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  "bla",
+		result: &ByteArray{value: []byte("bla")},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  "",
+		result: &ByteArray{value: []byte{}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  true,
+		result: &Bool{value: true},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  false,
+		result: &Bool{value: false},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  []Item{&BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArray{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}},
+		result: &Array{value: []Item{&BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArray{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}}},
+	},
+	{
+		input:  []int{1, 2, 3},
+		result: &Array{value: []Item{&BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(1)}, &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(2)}, &BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)}}},
+	},
+}
+
+var makeStackItemErrorCases = []struct {
+	input interface{}
+}{
+	{
+		input: nil,
+	},
+}
+
+func TestMakeStackItem(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testCase := range makeStackItemTestCases {
+		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, Make(testCase.input))
+	}
+	for _, errorCase := range makeStackItemErrorCases {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() { Make(errorCase.input) })
+	}
+}
+
+var stringerTestCases = []struct {
+	input  Item
+	result string
+}{
+	{
+		input:  NewStruct([]Item{}),
+		result: "Struct",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(3)),
+		result: "BigInteger",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewBool(true),
+		result: "Boolean",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewByteArray([]byte{}),
+		result: "ByteArray",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewArray([]Item{}),
+		result: "Array",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewMap(),
+		result: "Map",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewInterop(nil),
+		result: "Interop",
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewPointer(0, nil),
+		result: "Pointer",
+	},
+}
+
+func TestStringer(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testCase := range stringerTestCases {
+		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, testCase.input.String())
+	}
+}
+
+var equalsTestCases = map[string][]struct {
+	item1  Item
+	item2  Item
+	result bool
+}{
+	"struct": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewStruct(nil),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewStruct(nil),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewStruct(nil),
+			item2:  NewStruct([]Item{NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewStruct([]Item{NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}),
+			item2:  NewStruct([]Item{NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2))}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewStruct([]Item{NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}),
+			item2:  NewStruct([]Item{NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}),
+			result: true,
+		},
+	},
+	"bigint": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			item2:  NewBool(false),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)),
+			item2:  NewBool(false),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+			item2:  Make(int32(2)),
+			result: true,
+		},
+	},
+	"bool": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewBool(true),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBool(true),
+			item2:  NewBool(true),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBool(true),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBool(true),
+			item2:  NewBool(false),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewBool(true),
+			item2:  Make(true),
+			result: true,
+		},
+	},
+	"bytearray": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewByteArray(nil),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			item2:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewByteArray([]byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			item2:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 4}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			item2:  Make([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			result: true,
+		},
+	},
+	"array": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewArray(nil),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewArray([]Item{&BigInteger{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(3)}}),
+			item2:  NewArray([]Item{&BigInteger{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(3)}}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewArray([]Item{&BigInteger{big.NewInt(1)}}),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewArray([]Item{&BigInteger{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(3)}}),
+			item2:  NewArray([]Item{&BigInteger{big.NewInt(1)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(2)}, &BigInteger{big.NewInt(4)}}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+	},
+	"map": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewMap(),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewMap(),
+			item2:  NewMap(),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  &Map{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArray([]byte("first")), NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBool(true), NewByteArray([]byte{2})}}},
+			item2:  &Map{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArray([]byte("first")), NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBool(true), NewByteArray([]byte{2})}}},
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  &Map{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArray([]byte("first")), NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBool(true), NewByteArray([]byte{2})}}},
+			item2:  &Map{value: []MapElement{{NewByteArray([]byte("first")), NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))}, {NewBool(true), NewByteArray([]byte{3})}}},
+			result: false,
+		},
+	},
+	"interop": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewInterop(nil),
+			item2:  nil,
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewInterop(nil),
+			item2:  NewInterop(nil),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewInterop(2),
+			item2:  NewInterop(3),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewInterop(3),
+			item2:  NewInterop(3),
+			result: true,
+		},
+	},
+	"pointer": {
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointer(0, []byte{}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointer(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointer(1, []byte{1}),
+			result: true,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointer(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointer(2, []byte{1}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointer(1, []byte{1}),
+			item2:  NewPointer(1, []byte{2}),
+			result: false,
+		},
+		{
+			item1:  NewPointer(0, []byte{}),
+			item2:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)),
+			result: false,
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestEquals(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, testBatch := range equalsTestCases {
+		for _, testCase := range testBatch {
+			t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+				assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, testCase.item1.Equals(testCase.item2))
+				// Reference equals
+				assert.Equal(t, true, testCase.item1.Equals(testCase.item1))
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var marshalJSONTestCases = []struct {
+	input  Item
+	result []byte
+}{
+	{
+		input:  NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)),
+		result: []byte(`2`),
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewBool(true),
+		result: []byte(`true`),
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+		result: []byte(`"010203"`),
+	},
+	{
+		input:  NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+		result: []byte(`"010203"`),
+	},
+	{
+		input:  &Array{value: []Item{&BigInteger{value: big.NewInt(3)}, &ByteArray{value: []byte{1, 2, 3}}}},
+		result: []byte(`[3,"010203"]`),
+	},
+	{
+		input:  &Interop{value: 3},
+		result: []byte(`3`),
+	},
+}
+
+func TestMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		actual []byte
+		err    error
+	)
+	for _, testCase := range marshalJSONTestCases {
+		switch testCase.input.(type) {
+		case *BigInteger:
+			actual, err = testCase.input.(*BigInteger).MarshalJSON()
+		case *Bool:
+			actual, err = testCase.input.(*Bool).MarshalJSON()
+		case *ByteArray:
+			actual, err = testCase.input.(*ByteArray).MarshalJSON()
+		case *Array:
+			actual, err = testCase.input.(*Array).MarshalJSON()
+		case *Interop:
+			actual, err = testCase.input.(*Interop).MarshalJSON()
+		default:
+			continue
+		}
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, testCase.result, actual)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stackitem/serialization.go b/pkg/vm/stackitem/serialization.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6cd51d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/vm/stackitem/serialization.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+package stackitem
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
+)
+
+// SerializeItem encodes given Item into the byte slice.
+func SerializeItem(item Item) ([]byte, error) {
+	w := io.NewBufBinWriter()
+	EncodeBinaryStackItem(item, w.BinWriter)
+	if w.Err != nil {
+		return nil, w.Err
+	}
+	return w.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// EncodeBinaryStackItem encodes given Item into the given BinWriter. It's
+// similar to io.Serializable's EncodeBinary, but works with Item
+// interface.
+func EncodeBinaryStackItem(item Item, w *io.BinWriter) {
+	serializeItemTo(item, w, make(map[Item]bool))
+}
+
+func serializeItemTo(item Item, w *io.BinWriter, seen map[Item]bool) {
+	if seen[item] {
+		w.Err = errors.New("recursive structures can't be serialized")
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch t := item.(type) {
+	case *ByteArray:
+		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(ByteArrayT)})
+		w.WriteVarBytes(t.Value().([]byte))
+	case *Buffer:
+		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(BufferT)})
+		w.WriteVarBytes(t.Value().([]byte))
+	case *Bool:
+		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(BooleanT)})
+		w.WriteBool(t.Value().(bool))
+	case *BigInteger:
+		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(IntegerT)})
+		w.WriteVarBytes(bigint.ToBytes(t.Value().(*big.Int)))
+	case *Interop:
+		w.Err = errors.New("interop item can't be serialized")
+	case *Array, *Struct:
+		seen[item] = true
+
+		_, isArray := t.(*Array)
+		if isArray {
+			w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(ArrayT)})
+		} else {
+			w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(StructT)})
+		}
+
+		arr := t.Value().([]Item)
+		w.WriteVarUint(uint64(len(arr)))
+		for i := range arr {
+			serializeItemTo(arr[i], w, seen)
+		}
+	case *Map:
+		seen[item] = true
+
+		w.WriteBytes([]byte{byte(MapT)})
+		w.WriteVarUint(uint64(len(t.Value().([]MapElement))))
+		for i := range t.Value().([]MapElement) {
+			serializeItemTo(t.Value().([]MapElement)[i].Key, w, seen)
+			serializeItemTo(t.Value().([]MapElement)[i].Value, w, seen)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// DeserializeItem decodes Item from the given byte slice.
+func DeserializeItem(data []byte) (Item, error) {
+	r := io.NewBinReaderFromBuf(data)
+	item := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+	if r.Err != nil {
+		return nil, r.Err
+	}
+	return item, nil
+}
+
+// DecodeBinaryStackItem decodes previously serialized Item from the given
+// reader. It's similar to the io.Serializable's DecodeBinary(), but implemented
+// as a function because Item itself is an interface. Caveat: always check
+// reader's error value before using the returned Item.
+func DecodeBinaryStackItem(r *io.BinReader) Item {
+	var t = Type(r.ReadB())
+	if r.Err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch t {
+	case ByteArrayT:
+		data := r.ReadVarBytes()
+		return NewByteArray(data)
+	case BooleanT:
+		var b = r.ReadBool()
+		return NewBool(b)
+	case IntegerT:
+		data := r.ReadVarBytes()
+		num := bigint.FromBytes(data)
+		return NewBigInteger(num)
+	case ArrayT, StructT:
+		size := int(r.ReadVarUint())
+		arr := make([]Item, size)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			arr[i] = DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+		}
+
+		if t == ArrayT {
+			return NewArray(arr)
+		}
+		return NewStruct(arr)
+	case MapT:
+		size := int(r.ReadVarUint())
+		m := NewMap()
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			key := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+			value := DecodeBinaryStackItem(r)
+			if r.Err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			m.Add(key, value)
+		}
+		return m
+	default:
+		r.Err = errors.New("unknown type")
+		return nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/stackitem/type.go b/pkg/vm/stackitem/type.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..303e28508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/vm/stackitem/type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package stackitem
+
+// Type represents type of the stack item.
+type Type byte
+
+// This block defines all known stack item types.
+const (
+	AnyT       Type = 0x00
+	PointerT   Type = 0x10
+	BooleanT   Type = 0x20
+	IntegerT   Type = 0x21
+	ByteArrayT Type = 0x28
+	BufferT    Type = 0x30
+	ArrayT     Type = 0x40
+	StructT    Type = 0x41
+	MapT       Type = 0x48
+	InteropT   Type = 0x60
+)
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
+func (t Type) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case AnyT:
+		return "Any"
+	case PointerT:
+		return "Pointer"
+	case BooleanT:
+		return "Boolean"
+	case IntegerT:
+		return "Integer"
+	case ByteArrayT:
+		return "ByteArray"
+	case BufferT:
+		return "Buffer"
+	case ArrayT:
+		return "Array"
+	case StructT:
+		return "Struct"
+	case MapT:
+		return "Map"
+	case InteropT:
+		return "Interop"
+	default:
+		return "INVALID"
+	}
+}
+
+// IsValid checks if s is a well defined stack item type.
+func (t Type) IsValid() bool {
+	switch t {
+	case AnyT, PointerT, BooleanT, IntegerT, ByteArrayT, BufferT, ArrayT, StructT, MapT, InteropT:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/vm/vm.go b/pkg/vm/vm.go
index 1b3d93004..6d0c36f29 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/vm.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/vm.go
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/crypto/keys"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
-	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
@@ -52,14 +53,11 @@ const (
 	// MaxInvocationStackSize is the maximum size of an invocation stack.
 	MaxInvocationStackSize = 1024
 
-	// MaxBigIntegerSizeBits is the maximum size of BigInt item in bits.
-	MaxBigIntegerSizeBits = 32 * 8
-
 	// MaxStackSize is the maximum number of items allowed to be
 	// on all stacks at once.
 	MaxStackSize = 2 * 1024
 
-	maxSHLArg = MaxBigIntegerSizeBits
+	maxSHLArg = stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits
 )
 
 // VM represents the virtual machine.
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ func (v *VM) GetPublicKeys() map[string]*keys.PublicKey {
 }
 
 // LoadArgs loads in the arguments used in the Mian entry point.
-func (v *VM) LoadArgs(method []byte, args []StackItem) {
+func (v *VM) LoadArgs(method []byte, args []stackitem.Item) {
 	if len(args) > 0 {
 		v.estack.PushVal(args)
 	}
@@ -513,7 +511,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 	}
 
 	if op <= opcode.PUSHINT256 {
-		v.estack.PushVal(emit.BytesToInt(parameter))
+		v.estack.PushVal(bigint.FromBytes(parameter))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -534,22 +532,22 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if n < 0 || int(n) > len(ctx.prog) {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid pointer offset (%d)", n))
 		}
-		ptr := NewPointerItem(int(n), ctx.prog)
+		ptr := stackitem.NewPointer(int(n), ctx.prog)
 		v.estack.PushVal(ptr)
 
 	case opcode.PUSHNULL:
-		v.estack.PushVal(NullItem{})
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.Null{})
 
 	case opcode.ISNULL:
-		res := v.estack.Pop().value.Equals(NullItem{})
+		res := v.estack.Pop().value.Equals(stackitem.Null{})
 		v.estack.PushVal(res)
 
 	case opcode.ISTYPE:
 		res := v.estack.Pop().Item()
-		v.estack.PushVal(res.Type() == StackItemType(parameter[0]))
+		v.estack.PushVal(res.Type() == stackitem.Type(parameter[0]))
 
 	case opcode.CONVERT:
-		typ := StackItemType(parameter[0])
+		typ := stackitem.Type(parameter[0])
 		item := v.estack.Pop().Item()
 		result, err := item.Convert(typ)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -637,7 +635,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if n < 0 || n > MaxItemSize {
 			panic("invalid size")
 		}
-		v.estack.PushVal(NewBufferItem(make([]byte, n)))
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewBuffer(make([]byte, n)))
 
 	case opcode.MEMCPY:
 		n := toInt(v.estack.Pop().BigInt())
@@ -656,7 +654,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if di < 0 {
 			panic("invalid destination index")
 		}
-		dst := v.estack.Pop().value.(*BufferItem).value
+		dst := v.estack.Pop().value.(*stackitem.Buffer).Value().([]byte)
 		if sum := si + n; sum < 0 || sum > len(dst) {
 			panic("size is too big")
 		}
@@ -669,7 +667,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("too big item: %d", l))
 		}
 		ab := append(a, b...)
-		v.estack.PushVal(NewBufferItem(ab))
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewBuffer(ab))
 
 	case opcode.SUBSTR:
 		l := int(v.estack.Pop().BigInt().Int64())
@@ -685,7 +683,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if last > len(s) {
 			panic("invalid offset")
 		}
-		v.estack.PushVal(NewBufferItem(s[o:last]))
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewBuffer(s[o:last]))
 
 	case opcode.LEFT:
 		l := int(v.estack.Pop().BigInt().Int64())
@@ -696,7 +694,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if t := len(s); l > t {
 			panic("size is too big")
 		}
-		v.estack.PushVal(NewBufferItem(s[:l]))
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewBuffer(s[:l]))
 
 	case opcode.RIGHT:
 		l := int(v.estack.Pop().BigInt().Int64())
@@ -704,7 +702,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic("negative length")
 		}
 		s := v.estack.Pop().Bytes()
-		v.estack.PushVal(NewBufferItem(s[len(s)-l:]))
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewBuffer(s[len(s)-l:]))
 
 	case opcode.DEPTH:
 		v.estack.PushVal(v.estack.Len())
@@ -801,7 +799,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		// inplace
 		e := v.estack.Peek(0)
 		i := e.BigInt()
-		e.value = makeStackItem(i.Not(i))
+		e.value = stackitem.Make(i.Not(i))
 
 	case opcode.AND:
 		b := v.estack.Pop().BigInt()
@@ -977,7 +975,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 
 	// Object operations
 	case opcode.NEWARRAY0:
-		v.estack.PushVal(&ArrayItem{[]StackItem{}})
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{}))
 
 	case opcode.NEWARRAY, opcode.NEWARRAYT:
 		item := v.estack.Pop()
@@ -985,15 +983,15 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if n > MaxArraySize {
 			panic("too long array")
 		}
-		typ := AnyT
+		typ := stackitem.AnyT
 		if op == opcode.NEWARRAYT {
-			typ = StackItemType(parameter[0])
+			typ = stackitem.Type(parameter[0])
 		}
 		items := makeArrayOfType(int(n), typ)
-		v.estack.PushVal(&ArrayItem{items})
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewArray(items))
 
 	case opcode.NEWSTRUCT0:
-		v.estack.PushVal(&StructItem{[]StackItem{}})
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{}))
 
 	case opcode.NEWSTRUCT:
 		item := v.estack.Pop()
@@ -1001,8 +999,8 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		if n > MaxArraySize {
 			panic("too long struct")
 		}
-		items := makeArrayOfType(int(n), AnyT)
-		v.estack.PushVal(&StructItem{items})
+		items := makeArrayOfType(int(n), stackitem.AnyT)
+		v.estack.PushVal(stackitem.NewStruct(items))
 
 	case opcode.APPEND:
 		itemElem := v.estack.Pop()
@@ -1011,20 +1009,16 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		val := cloneIfStruct(itemElem.value)
 
 		switch t := arrElem.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem:
-			arr := t.Value().([]StackItem)
-			if len(arr) >= MaxArraySize {
+		case *stackitem.Array:
+			if t.Len() >= MaxArraySize {
 				panic("too long array")
 			}
-			arr = append(arr, val)
-			t.value = arr
-		case *StructItem:
-			arr := t.Value().([]StackItem)
-			if len(arr) >= MaxArraySize {
+			t.Append(val)
+		case *stackitem.Struct:
+			if t.Len() >= MaxArraySize {
 				panic("too long struct")
 			}
-			arr = append(arr, val)
-			t.value = arr
+			t.Append(val)
 		default:
 			panic("APPEND: not of underlying type Array")
 		}
@@ -1037,7 +1031,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic("OPACK: invalid length")
 		}
 
-		items := make([]StackItem, n)
+		items := make([]stackitem.Item, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 			items[i] = v.estack.Pop().value
 		}
@@ -1060,20 +1054,20 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		index := int(key.BigInt().Int64())
 
 		switch t := obj.value.(type) {
-		// Struct and Array items have their underlying value as []StackItem.
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			arr := t.Value().([]StackItem)
+		// Struct and Array items have their underlying value as []Item.
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			arr := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 			if index < 0 || index >= len(arr) {
 				panic("PICKITEM: invalid index")
 			}
 			item := arr[index].Dup()
 			v.estack.PushVal(item)
-		case *MapItem:
+		case *stackitem.Map:
 			index := t.Index(key.Item())
 			if index < 0 {
 				panic("invalid key")
 			}
-			v.estack.Push(&Element{value: t.value[index].Value.Dup()})
+			v.estack.Push(&Element{value: t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[index].Value.Dup()})
 		default:
 			arr := obj.Bytes()
 			if index < 0 || index >= len(arr) {
@@ -1091,9 +1085,9 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		obj := v.estack.Pop()
 
 		switch t := obj.value.(type) {
-		// Struct and Array items have their underlying value as []StackItem.
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			arr := t.Value().([]StackItem)
+		// Struct and Array items have their underlying value as []Item.
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			arr := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 			index := int(key.BigInt().Int64())
 			if index < 0 || index >= len(arr) {
 				panic("SETITEM: invalid index")
@@ -1101,18 +1095,18 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			v.refs.Remove(arr[index])
 			arr[index] = item
 			v.refs.Add(arr[index])
-		case *MapItem:
+		case *stackitem.Map:
 			if i := t.Index(key.value); i >= 0 {
-				v.refs.Remove(t.value[i].Value)
-			} else if len(t.value) >= MaxArraySize {
+				v.refs.Remove(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[i].Value)
+			} else if t.Len() >= MaxArraySize {
 				panic("too big map")
 			}
 			t.Add(key.value, item)
 			v.refs.Add(item)
 
-		case *BufferItem:
+		case *stackitem.Buffer:
 			index := toInt(key.BigInt())
-			if index < 0 || index >= len(t.value) {
+			if index < 0 || index >= t.Len() {
 				panic("invalid index")
 			}
 			bi, err := item.TryInteger()
@@ -1120,7 +1114,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			if err != nil || b < math.MinInt8 || b > math.MaxUint8 {
 				panic("invalid value")
 			}
-			t.value[index] = byte(b)
+			t.Value().([]byte)[index] = byte(b)
 
 		default:
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("SETITEM: invalid item type %s", t))
@@ -1129,14 +1123,14 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 	case opcode.REVERSEITEMS:
 		item := v.estack.Pop()
 		switch t := item.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			a := t.Value().([]StackItem)
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			a := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 			for i, j := 0, len(a)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
 				a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i]
 			}
-		case *BufferItem:
-			for i, j := 0, len(t.value)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
-				t.value[i], t.value[j] = t.value[j], t.value[i]
+		case *stackitem.Buffer:
+			for i, j := 0, t.Len()-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+				t.Value().([]byte)[i], t.Value().([]byte)[j] = t.Value().([]byte)[j], t.Value().([]byte)[i]
 			}
 		default:
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid item type %s", t))
@@ -1147,29 +1141,27 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 
 		elem := v.estack.Pop()
 		switch t := elem.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem:
-			a := t.value
+		case *stackitem.Array:
+			a := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 			k := int(key.BigInt().Int64())
 			if k < 0 || k >= len(a) {
 				panic("REMOVE: invalid index")
 			}
 			v.refs.Remove(a[k])
-			a = append(a[:k], a[k+1:]...)
-			t.value = a
-		case *StructItem:
-			a := t.value
+			t.Remove(k)
+		case *stackitem.Struct:
+			a := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 			k := int(key.BigInt().Int64())
 			if k < 0 || k >= len(a) {
 				panic("REMOVE: invalid index")
 			}
 			v.refs.Remove(a[k])
-			a = append(a[:k], a[k+1:]...)
-			t.value = a
-		case *MapItem:
+			t.Remove(k)
+		case *stackitem.Map:
 			index := t.Index(key.Item())
 			// NEO 2.0 doesn't error on missing key.
 			if index >= 0 {
-				v.refs.Remove(t.value[index].Value)
+				v.refs.Remove(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[index].Value)
 				t.Drop(index)
 			}
 		default:
@@ -1179,21 +1171,21 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 	case opcode.CLEARITEMS:
 		elem := v.estack.Pop()
 		switch t := elem.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem:
-			for _, item := range t.value {
+		case *stackitem.Array:
+			for _, item := range t.Value().([]stackitem.Item) {
 				v.refs.Remove(item)
 			}
-			t.value = t.value[:0]
-		case *StructItem:
-			for _, item := range t.value {
+			t.Clear()
+		case *stackitem.Struct:
+			for _, item := range t.Value().([]stackitem.Item) {
 				v.refs.Remove(item)
 			}
-			t.value = t.value[:0]
-		case *MapItem:
-			for i := range t.value {
-				v.refs.Remove(t.value[i].Value)
+			t.Clear()
+		case *stackitem.Map:
+			for i := range t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+				v.refs.Remove(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[i].Value)
 			}
-			t.value = t.value[:0]
+			t.Clear()
 		default:
 			panic("CLEARITEMS: invalid type")
 		}
@@ -1203,9 +1195,9 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		// Cause there is no native (byte) item type here, hence we need to check
 		// the type of the item for array size operations.
 		switch t := elem.Value().(type) {
-		case []StackItem:
+		case []stackitem.Item:
 			v.estack.PushVal(len(t))
-		case []MapElement:
+		case []stackitem.MapElement:
 			v.estack.PushVal(len(t))
 		default:
 			v.estack.PushVal(len(elem.Bytes()))
@@ -1241,8 +1233,8 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		v.jumpIf(newCtx, offset, true)
 
 	case opcode.CALLA:
-		ptr := v.estack.Pop().Item().(*PointerItem)
-		if ptr.hash != ctx.ScriptHash() {
+		ptr := v.estack.Pop().Item().(*stackitem.Pointer)
+		if ptr.ScriptHash() != ctx.ScriptHash() {
 			panic("invalid script in pointer")
 		}
 
@@ -1251,7 +1243,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		newCtx.arguments = nil
 		newCtx.rvcount = -1
 		v.istack.PushVal(newCtx)
-		v.jumpIf(newCtx, ptr.pos, true)
+		v.jumpIf(newCtx, ptr.Position(), true)
 
 	case opcode.SYSCALL:
 		interopID := GetInteropID(parameter)
@@ -1291,7 +1283,7 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 		}
 
 	case opcode.NEWMAP:
-		v.estack.Push(&Element{value: NewMapItem()})
+		v.estack.Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewMap()})
 
 	case opcode.KEYS:
 		item := v.estack.Pop()
@@ -1299,14 +1291,14 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic("no argument")
 		}
 
-		m, ok := item.value.(*MapItem)
+		m, ok := item.value.(*stackitem.Map)
 		if !ok {
 			panic("not a Map")
 		}
 
-		arr := make([]StackItem, 0, len(m.value))
-		for k := range m.value {
-			arr = append(arr, m.value[k].Key.Dup())
+		arr := make([]stackitem.Item, 0, m.Len())
+		for k := range m.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+			arr = append(arr, m.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[k].Key.Dup())
 		}
 		v.estack.PushVal(arr)
 
@@ -1316,18 +1308,18 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic("no argument")
 		}
 
-		var arr []StackItem
+		var arr []stackitem.Item
 		switch t := item.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
-			src := t.Value().([]StackItem)
-			arr = make([]StackItem, len(src))
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
+			src := t.Value().([]stackitem.Item)
+			arr = make([]stackitem.Item, len(src))
 			for i := range src {
 				arr[i] = cloneIfStruct(src[i])
 			}
-		case *MapItem:
-			arr = make([]StackItem, 0, len(t.value))
-			for k := range t.value {
-				arr = append(arr, cloneIfStruct(t.value[k].Value))
+		case *stackitem.Map:
+			arr = make([]stackitem.Item, 0, t.Len())
+			for k := range t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement) {
+				arr = append(arr, cloneIfStruct(t.Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)[k].Value))
 			}
 		default:
 			panic("not a Map, Array or Struct")
@@ -1344,20 +1336,20 @@ func (v *VM) execute(ctx *Context, op opcode.Opcode, parameter []byte) (err erro
 			panic("no value found")
 		}
 		switch t := c.value.(type) {
-		case *ArrayItem, *StructItem:
+		case *stackitem.Array, *stackitem.Struct:
 			index := key.BigInt().Int64()
 			if index < 0 {
 				panic("negative index")
 			}
 			v.estack.PushVal(index < int64(len(c.Array())))
-		case *MapItem:
+		case *stackitem.Map:
 			v.estack.PushVal(t.Has(key.Item()))
-		case *BufferItem:
+		case *stackitem.Buffer:
 			index := key.BigInt().Int64()
 			if index < 0 {
 				panic("negative index")
 			}
-			v.estack.PushVal(index < int64(len(t.value)))
+			v.estack.PushVal(index < int64(t.Len()))
 		default:
 			panic("wrong collection type")
 		}
@@ -1536,30 +1528,30 @@ func checkMultisig1(v *VM, h []byte, pkeys [][]byte, sig []byte) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func cloneIfStruct(item StackItem) StackItem {
+func cloneIfStruct(item stackitem.Item) stackitem.Item {
 	switch it := item.(type) {
-	case *StructItem:
+	case *stackitem.Struct:
 		return it.Clone()
 	default:
 		return it
 	}
 }
 
-func makeArrayOfType(n int, typ StackItemType) []StackItem {
+func makeArrayOfType(n int, typ stackitem.Type) []stackitem.Item {
 	if !typ.IsValid() {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid stack item type: %d", typ))
 	}
-	items := make([]StackItem, n)
+	items := make([]stackitem.Item, n)
 	for i := range items {
 		switch typ {
-		case BooleanT:
-			items[i] = NewBoolItem(false)
-		case IntegerT:
-			items[i] = NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0))
-		case ByteArrayT:
-			items[i] = NewByteArrayItem([]byte{})
+		case stackitem.BooleanT:
+			items[i] = stackitem.NewBool(false)
+		case stackitem.IntegerT:
+			items[i] = stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0))
+		case stackitem.ByteArrayT:
+			items[i] = stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{})
 		default:
-			items[i] = NullItem{}
+			items[i] = stackitem.Null{}
 		}
 	}
 	return items
@@ -1569,7 +1561,7 @@ func validateMapKey(key *Element) {
 	if key == nil {
 		panic("no key found")
 	}
-	if !isValidMapKey(key.Item()) {
+	if !stackitem.IsValidMapKey(key.Item()) {
 		panic("key can't be a collection")
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/vm/vm_test.go b/pkg/vm/vm_test.go
index d7a1666ef..bf7d75702 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/vm_test.go
+++ b/pkg/vm/vm_test.go
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"math/rand"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/encoding/bigint"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/internal/random"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/io"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/emit"
 	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/opcode"
+	"github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/vm/stackitem"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ func TestPushBytes1to75(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, 1, vm.estack.Len())
 
 		elem := vm.estack.Pop()
-		assert.IsType(t, &ByteArrayItem{}, elem.value)
+		assert.IsType(t, &stackitem.ByteArray{}, elem.value)
 		assert.IsType(t, elem.Bytes(), b)
 		assert.Equal(t, 0, vm.estack.Len())
 
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@ func TestPUSHINT(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(op.String(), func(t *testing.T) {
 			buf := random.Bytes((8 << i) / 8)
 			prog := append([]byte{byte(op)}, buf...)
-			runWithArgs(t, prog, emit.BytesToInt(buf))
+			runWithArgs(t, prog, bigint.FromBytes(buf))
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -197,46 +199,46 @@ func TestPUSHNULL(t *testing.T) {
 func TestISNULL(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.ISNULL)
 	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, 1))
-	t.Run("Null", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NullItem{}))
+	t.Run("Null", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.Null{}))
 }
 
-func testISTYPE(t *testing.T, result bool, typ StackItemType, item StackItem) {
+func testISTYPE(t *testing.T, result bool, typ stackitem.Type, item stackitem.Item) {
 	prog := []byte{byte(opcode.ISTYPE), byte(typ)}
 	runWithArgs(t, prog, result, item)
 }
 
 func TestISTYPE(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("Integer", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, IntegerT, NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, IntegerT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.IntegerT, stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.IntegerT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 	t.Run("Boolean", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, BooleanT, NewBoolItem(true))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, BooleanT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.BooleanT, stackitem.NewBool(true))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.BooleanT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 	t.Run("ByteArray", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, ByteArrayT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, ByteArrayT, NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.ByteArrayT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.ByteArrayT, stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)))
 	})
 	t.Run("Array", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, ArrayT, NewArrayItem([]StackItem{}))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, ArrayT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.ArrayT, stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.ArrayT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 	t.Run("Struct", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, StructT, NewStructItem([]StackItem{}))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, StructT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.StructT, stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.StructT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 	t.Run("Map", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, MapT, NewMapItem())
-		testISTYPE(t, false, MapT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.MapT, stackitem.NewMap())
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.MapT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 	t.Run("Interop", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testISTYPE(t, true, InteropT, NewInteropItem(42))
-		testISTYPE(t, false, InteropT, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
+		testISTYPE(t, true, stackitem.InteropT, stackitem.NewInterop(42))
+		testISTYPE(t, false, stackitem.InteropT, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
 	})
 }
 
-func testCONVERT(to StackItemType, item, res StackItem) func(t *testing.T) {
+func testCONVERT(to stackitem.Type, item, res stackitem.Item) func(t *testing.T) {
 	return func(t *testing.T) {
 		prog := []byte{byte(opcode.CONVERT), byte(to)}
 		runWithArgs(t, prog, res, item)
@@ -245,44 +247,46 @@ func testCONVERT(to StackItemType, item, res StackItem) func(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCONVERT(t *testing.T) {
 	type convertTC struct {
-		item, res StackItem
+		item, res stackitem.Item
 	}
-	arr := []StackItem{
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(7)),
-		NewByteArrayItem([]byte{4, 8, 15}),
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(7)),
+		stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{4, 8, 15}),
 	}
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1}), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{2}))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1}), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{2}))
 
-	getName := func(item StackItem, typ StackItemType) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%s->%s", item, typ) }
+	getName := func(item stackitem.Item, typ stackitem.Type) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s->%s", item, typ)
+	}
 
 	t.Run("->Bool", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testBool := func(a, b StackItem) func(t *testing.T) {
-			return testCONVERT(BooleanT, a, b)
+		testBool := func(a, b stackitem.Item) func(t *testing.T) {
+			return testCONVERT(stackitem.BooleanT, a, b)
 		}
 
-		trueCases := []StackItem{
-			NewBoolItem(true), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(11)), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
-			NewArrayItem(arr), NewArrayItem(nil),
-			NewStructItem(arr), NewStructItem(nil),
-			NewMapItem(), m, NewInteropItem(struct{}{}),
-			NewPointerItem(0, []byte{}),
+		trueCases := []stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewBool(true), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(11)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1, 2, 3}),
+			stackitem.NewArray(arr), stackitem.NewArray(nil),
+			stackitem.NewStruct(arr), stackitem.NewStruct(nil),
+			stackitem.NewMap(), m, stackitem.NewInterop(struct{}{}),
+			stackitem.NewPointer(0, []byte{}),
 		}
 		for i := range trueCases {
-			t.Run(getName(trueCases[i], BooleanT), testBool(trueCases[i], NewBoolItem(true)))
+			t.Run(getName(trueCases[i], stackitem.BooleanT), testBool(trueCases[i], stackitem.NewBool(true)))
 		}
 
-		falseCases := []StackItem{
-			NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{0, 0}), NewBoolItem(false),
+		falseCases := []stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{0, 0}), stackitem.NewBool(false),
 		}
 		for i := range falseCases {
-			testBool(falseCases[i], NewBoolItem(false))
+			testBool(falseCases[i], stackitem.NewBool(false))
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("compound/interop -> basic", func(t *testing.T) {
-		types := []StackItemType{IntegerT, ByteArrayT}
-		items := []StackItem{NewArrayItem(nil), NewStructItem(nil), NewMapItem(), NewInteropItem(struct{}{})}
+		types := []stackitem.Type{stackitem.IntegerT, stackitem.ByteArrayT}
+		items := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewArray(nil), stackitem.NewStruct(nil), stackitem.NewMap(), stackitem.NewInterop(struct{}{})}
 		for _, typ := range types {
 			for j := range items {
 				t.Run(getName(items[j], typ), testCONVERT(typ, items[j], nil))
@@ -292,23 +296,23 @@ func TestCONVERT(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("primitive -> Integer/ByteArray", func(t *testing.T) {
 		n := big.NewInt(42)
-		b := emit.IntToBytes(n)
+		b := bigint.ToBytes(n)
 
-		itemInt := NewBigIntegerItem(n)
-		itemBytes := NewByteArrayItem(b)
+		itemInt := stackitem.NewBigInteger(n)
+		itemBytes := stackitem.NewByteArray(b)
 
-		trueCases := map[StackItemType][]convertTC{
-			IntegerT: {
+		trueCases := map[stackitem.Type][]convertTC{
+			stackitem.IntegerT: {
 				{itemInt, itemInt},
 				{itemBytes, itemInt},
-				{NewBoolItem(true), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1))},
-				{NewBoolItem(false), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0))},
+				{stackitem.NewBool(true), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1))},
+				{stackitem.NewBool(false), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0))},
 			},
-			ByteArrayT: {
+			stackitem.ByteArrayT: {
 				{itemInt, itemBytes},
 				{itemBytes, itemBytes},
-				{NewBoolItem(true), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1})},
-				{NewBoolItem(false), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{0})},
+				{stackitem.NewBool(true), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1})},
+				{stackitem.NewBool(false), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{0})},
 			},
 		}
 
@@ -320,36 +324,36 @@ func TestCONVERT(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Struct<->Array", func(t *testing.T) {
-		arrayItem := NewArrayItem(arr)
-		structItem := NewStructItem(arr)
-		t.Run("Array->Array", testCONVERT(ArrayT, arrayItem, arrayItem))
-		t.Run("Array->Struct", testCONVERT(StructT, arrayItem, structItem))
-		t.Run("Struct->Array", testCONVERT(ArrayT, structItem, arrayItem))
-		t.Run("Struct->Struct", testCONVERT(StructT, structItem, structItem))
+		arrayItem := stackitem.NewArray(arr)
+		structItem := stackitem.NewStruct(arr)
+		t.Run("Array->Array", testCONVERT(stackitem.ArrayT, arrayItem, arrayItem))
+		t.Run("Array->Struct", testCONVERT(stackitem.StructT, arrayItem, structItem))
+		t.Run("Struct->Array", testCONVERT(stackitem.ArrayT, structItem, arrayItem))
+		t.Run("Struct->Struct", testCONVERT(stackitem.StructT, structItem, structItem))
 	})
 
-	t.Run("Map->Map", testCONVERT(MapT, m, m))
+	t.Run("Map->Map", testCONVERT(stackitem.MapT, m, m))
 
-	ptr := NewPointerItem(1, []byte{1})
-	t.Run("Pointer->Pointer", testCONVERT(PointerT, ptr, ptr))
+	ptr := stackitem.NewPointer(1, []byte{1})
+	t.Run("Pointer->Pointer", testCONVERT(stackitem.PointerT, ptr, ptr))
 
 	t.Run("Null->", func(t *testing.T) {
-		types := []StackItemType{
-			BooleanT, ByteArrayT, IntegerT, ArrayT, StructT, MapT, InteropT, PointerT,
+		types := []stackitem.Type{
+			stackitem.BooleanT, stackitem.ByteArrayT, stackitem.IntegerT, stackitem.ArrayT, stackitem.StructT, stackitem.MapT, stackitem.InteropT, stackitem.PointerT,
 		}
 		for i := range types {
-			t.Run(types[i].String(), testCONVERT(types[i], NullItem{}, NullItem{}))
+			t.Run(types[i].String(), testCONVERT(types[i], stackitem.Null{}, stackitem.Null{}))
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("->Any", func(t *testing.T) {
-		items := []StackItem{
-			NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1}), NewBoolItem(true),
-			NewArrayItem(arr), NewStructItem(arr), m, NewInteropItem(struct{}{}),
+		items := []stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1}), stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			stackitem.NewArray(arr), stackitem.NewStruct(arr), m, stackitem.NewInterop(struct{}{}),
 		}
 
 		for i := range items {
-			t.Run(items[i].String(), testCONVERT(AnyT, items[i], nil))
+			t.Run(items[i].String(), testCONVERT(stackitem.AnyT, items[i], nil))
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -372,7 +376,7 @@ func appendBigStruct(size uint16) []opcode.Opcode {
 	return append(prog,
 		opcode.INITSSLOT, 1,
 		opcode.PUSHINT16, opcode.Opcode(size), opcode.Opcode(size>>8), // LE
-		opcode.PACK, opcode.CONVERT, opcode.Opcode(StructT),
+		opcode.PACK, opcode.CONVERT, opcode.Opcode(stackitem.StructT),
 		opcode.STSFLD0, opcode.LDSFLD0,
 		opcode.DUP,
 		opcode.PUSH0, opcode.NEWARRAY,
@@ -498,9 +502,9 @@ func getEnumeratorProg(n int, isIter bool) (prog []byte) {
 	return
 }
 
-func checkEnumeratorStack(t *testing.T, vm *VM, arr []StackItem) {
+func checkEnumeratorStack(t *testing.T, vm *VM, arr []stackitem.Item) {
 	require.Equal(t, len(arr)+1, vm.estack.Len())
-	require.Equal(t, NewBoolItem(false), vm.estack.Peek(0).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBool(false), vm.estack.Peek(0).value)
 	for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 		require.Equal(t, arr[i], vm.estack.Peek(i+1).value, "pos: %d", i+1)
 	}
@@ -512,22 +516,22 @@ func testIterableCreate(t *testing.T, typ string) {
 	prog = append(prog, getEnumeratorProg(2, isIter)...)
 
 	vm := load(prog)
-	arr := []StackItem{
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)),
-		NewByteArrayItem([]byte{3, 2, 1}),
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)),
+		stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{3, 2, 1}),
 	}
-	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: NewArrayItem(arr)})
+	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewArray(arr)})
 
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	if isIter {
-		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []StackItem{
-			makeStackItem(1), arr[1], NewBoolItem(true),
-			makeStackItem(0), arr[0], NewBoolItem(true),
+		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.Make(1), arr[1], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			stackitem.Make(0), arr[0], stackitem.NewBool(true),
 		})
 	} else {
-		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []StackItem{
-			arr[1], NewBoolItem(true),
-			arr[0], NewBoolItem(true),
+		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []stackitem.Item{
+			arr[1], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			arr[0], stackitem.NewBool(true),
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -549,29 +553,29 @@ func testIterableConcat(t *testing.T, typ string) {
 	prog = append(prog, getEnumeratorProg(3, isIter)...)
 	vm := load(prog)
 
-	arr := []StackItem{
-		NewBoolItem(false),
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(123)),
-		NewMapItem(),
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBool(false),
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(123)),
+		stackitem.NewMap(),
 	}
-	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: NewArrayItem(arr[:1])})
-	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: NewArrayItem(arr[1:])})
+	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewArray(arr[:1])})
+	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewArray(arr[1:])})
 
 	runVM(t, vm)
 
 	if isIter {
 		// Yes, this is how iterators are concatenated in reference VM
 		// https://github.com/neo-project/neo/blob/master-2.x/neo.UnitTests/UT_ConcatenatedIterator.cs#L54
-		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []StackItem{
-			makeStackItem(1), arr[2], NewBoolItem(true),
-			makeStackItem(0), arr[1], NewBoolItem(true),
-			makeStackItem(0), arr[0], NewBoolItem(true),
+		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []stackitem.Item{
+			stackitem.Make(1), arr[2], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			stackitem.Make(0), arr[1], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			stackitem.Make(0), arr[0], stackitem.NewBool(true),
 		})
 	} else {
-		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []StackItem{
-			arr[2], NewBoolItem(true),
-			arr[1], NewBoolItem(true),
-			arr[0], NewBoolItem(true),
+		checkEnumeratorStack(t, vm, []stackitem.Item{
+			arr[2], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			arr[1], stackitem.NewBool(true),
+			arr[0], stackitem.NewBool(true),
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -590,17 +594,17 @@ func TestIteratorKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	prog = append(prog, getEnumeratorProg(2, false)...)
 
 	v := load(prog)
-	arr := NewArrayItem([]StackItem{
-		NewBoolItem(false),
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(42)),
+	arr := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBool(false),
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(42)),
 	})
 	v.estack.PushVal(arr)
 
 	runVM(t, v)
 
-	checkEnumeratorStack(t, v, []StackItem{
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewBoolItem(true),
-		NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)), NewBoolItem(true),
+	checkEnumeratorStack(t, v, []stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewBool(true),
+		stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)), stackitem.NewBool(true),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -610,26 +614,26 @@ func TestIteratorValues(t *testing.T) {
 	prog = append(prog, getEnumeratorProg(2, false)...)
 
 	v := load(prog)
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewBoolItem(false))
-	m.Add(NewByteArrayItem([]byte{32}), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{7}))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewBool(false))
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{32}), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{7}))
 	v.estack.PushVal(m)
 
 	runVM(t, v)
 	require.Equal(t, 5, v.estack.Len())
-	require.Equal(t, NewBoolItem(false), v.estack.Peek(0).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBool(false), v.estack.Peek(0).value)
 
 	// Map values can be enumerated in any order.
 	i1, i2 := 1, 3
-	if _, ok := v.estack.Peek(i1).value.(*BoolItem); !ok {
+	if _, ok := v.estack.Peek(i1).value.(*stackitem.Bool); !ok {
 		i1, i2 = i2, i1
 	}
 
-	require.Equal(t, NewBoolItem(false), v.estack.Peek(i1).value)
-	require.Equal(t, NewByteArrayItem([]byte{7}), v.estack.Peek(i2).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBool(false), v.estack.Peek(i1).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{7}), v.estack.Peek(i2).value)
 
-	require.Equal(t, NewBoolItem(true), v.estack.Peek(2).value)
-	require.Equal(t, NewBoolItem(true), v.estack.Peek(4).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBool(true), v.estack.Peek(2).value)
+	require.Equal(t, stackitem.NewBool(true), v.estack.Peek(4).value)
 }
 
 func getSyscallProg(name string) (prog []byte) {
@@ -650,7 +654,7 @@ func testSerialize(t *testing.T, vm *VM) {
 	err := vm.Step()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, vm.estack.Len())
-	require.IsType(t, (*ByteArrayItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.ByteArray)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
 
 	err = vm.Step()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -663,7 +667,7 @@ func TestSerializeBool(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*BoolItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.Bool)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
 	require.Equal(t, true, vm.estack.Top().Bool())
 }
 
@@ -674,7 +678,7 @@ func TestSerializeByteArray(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*ByteArrayItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.ByteArray)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
 	require.Equal(t, value, vm.estack.Top().Bytes())
 }
 
@@ -685,30 +689,30 @@ func TestSerializeInteger(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*BigIntegerItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.BigInteger)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
 	require.Equal(t, value, vm.estack.Top().BigInt().Int64())
 }
 
 func TestSerializeArray(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := load(getSerializeProg())
-	item := NewArrayItem([]StackItem{
-		makeStackItem(true),
-		makeStackItem(123),
-		NewMapItem(),
+	item := stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.Make(true),
+		stackitem.Make(123),
+		stackitem.NewMap(),
 	})
 
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: item})
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*ArrayItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
-	require.Equal(t, item.value, vm.estack.Top().Array())
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.Array)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.Equal(t, item.Value().([]stackitem.Item), vm.estack.Top().Array())
 }
 
 func TestSerializeArrayBad(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := load(getSerializeProg())
-	item := NewArrayItem(makeArrayOfType(2, BooleanT))
-	item.value[1] = item
+	item := stackitem.NewArray(makeArrayOfType(2, stackitem.BooleanT))
+	item.Value().([]stackitem.Item)[1] = item
 
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: item})
 
@@ -730,24 +734,24 @@ func TestSerializeDupInteger(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSerializeStruct(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := load(getSerializeProg())
-	item := NewStructItem([]StackItem{
-		makeStackItem(true),
-		makeStackItem(123),
-		NewMapItem(),
+	item := stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.Make(true),
+		stackitem.Make(123),
+		stackitem.NewMap(),
 	})
 
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: item})
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*StructItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
-	require.Equal(t, item.value, vm.estack.Top().Array())
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.Struct)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.Equal(t, item.Value().([]stackitem.Item), vm.estack.Top().Array())
 }
 
 func TestDeserializeUnknown(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := append(getSyscallProg("Neo.Runtime.Deserialize"), byte(opcode.RET))
 
-	data, err := SerializeItem(NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(123)))
+	data, err := stackitem.SerializeItem(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(123)))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	data[0] = 0xFF
@@ -757,16 +761,16 @@ func TestDeserializeUnknown(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSerializeMap(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := load(getSerializeProg())
-	item := NewMapItem()
-	item.Add(makeStackItem(true), makeStackItem([]byte{1, 2, 3}))
-	item.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{0}), makeStackItem(false))
+	item := stackitem.NewMap()
+	item.Add(stackitem.Make(true), stackitem.Make([]byte{1, 2, 3}))
+	item.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{0}), stackitem.Make(false))
 
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: item})
 
 	testSerialize(t, vm)
 
-	require.IsType(t, (*MapItem)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
-	require.Equal(t, item.value, vm.estack.Top().value.(*MapItem).value)
+	require.IsType(t, (*stackitem.Map)(nil), vm.estack.Top().value)
+	require.Equal(t, item.Value(), vm.estack.Top().value.(*stackitem.Map).Value())
 }
 
 func TestSerializeMapCompat(t *testing.T) {
@@ -791,7 +795,7 @@ func TestSerializeMapCompat(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSerializeInterop(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := load(getSerializeProg())
-	item := NewInteropItem("kek")
+	item := stackitem.NewInterop("kek")
 
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: item})
 
@@ -917,27 +921,27 @@ func TestPUSHA(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("TooBig", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.PUSHA, 10, 0, 0, 0), nil))
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
 		prog := makeProgram(opcode.PUSHA, 2, 0, 0, 0)
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, NewPointerItem(2, prog))
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewPointer(2, prog))
 	})
 }
 
 func TestCALLA(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.CALLA, opcode.PUSH2, opcode.ADD, opcode.RET, opcode.PUSH3, opcode.RET)
-	t.Run("InvalidScript", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewPointerItem(4, []byte{1})))
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 5, NewPointerItem(4, prog)))
+	t.Run("InvalidScript", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewPointer(4, []byte{1})))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 5, stackitem.NewPointer(4, prog)))
 }
 
 func TestNOT(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NOT)
 	t.Run("Bool", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, false))
 	t.Run("NonZeroInt", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, 3))
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, []StackItem{}))
-	t.Run("Struct", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewStructItem([]StackItem{})))
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, []stackitem.Item{}))
+	t.Run("Struct", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{})))
 	t.Run("ByteArray0", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, []byte{0, 0}))
 	t.Run("ByteArray1", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, []byte{0, 1}))
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
-	t.Run("Buffer0", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewBufferItem([]byte{})))
-	t.Run("Buffer1", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewBufferItem([]byte{1})))
+	t.Run("Buffer0", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{})))
+	t.Run("Buffer1", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{1})))
 }
 
 // getBigInt returns 2^a+b
@@ -964,12 +968,12 @@ func TestArith(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestADDBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.ADD)
-	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -1), 1)
+	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -1), 1)
 }
 
 func TestMULBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.MUL)
-	bi := getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2+1, 0)
+	bi := getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2+1, 0)
 	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, bi, bi)
 }
 
@@ -1005,7 +1009,7 @@ func TestArithNegativeArguments(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSUBBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SUB)
-	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -1), -1)
+	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -1), -1)
 }
 
 func TestSHR(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1020,7 +1024,7 @@ func TestSHL(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 16, 4, 2))
 	t.Run("Zero", getTestFuncForVM(prog, []byte{0, 1}, []byte{0, 1}, 0))
 	t.Run("BigShift", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 5, maxSHLArg+1))
-	t.Run("BigResult", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2, 0), MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2))
+	t.Run("BigResult", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2, 0), stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits/2))
 }
 
 func TestLT(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1055,9 +1059,9 @@ func TestDepth(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestEQUALTrue(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.EQUAL)
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, []StackItem{}))
-	t.Run("Map", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NewMapItem()))
-	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NewBufferItem([]byte{1, 2})))
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, []stackitem.Item{}))
+	t.Run("Map", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.NewMap()))
+	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2})))
 }
 
 func TestEQUAL(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1066,9 +1070,9 @@ func TestEQUAL(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("OneArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1))
 	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, 5, 5))
 	t.Run("IntegerByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, []byte{16}, 16))
-	t.Run("Map", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewMapItem(), NewMapItem()))
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, []StackItem{}, []StackItem{}))
-	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewBufferItem([]byte{42}), NewBufferItem([]byte{42})))
+	t.Run("Map", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewMap(), stackitem.NewMap()))
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, []stackitem.Item{}, []stackitem.Item{}))
+	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{42}), stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{42})))
 }
 
 func runWithArgs(t *testing.T, prog []byte, result interface{}, args ...interface{}) {
@@ -1095,7 +1099,7 @@ func getTestFuncForVM(prog []byte, result interface{}, args ...interface{}) func
 	if result != nil {
 		f = func(t *testing.T, v *VM) {
 			require.Equal(t, 1, v.estack.Len())
-			require.Equal(t, makeStackItem(result), v.estack.Pop().value)
+			require.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(result), v.estack.Pop().value)
 		}
 	}
 	return getCustomTestFuncForVM(prog, f, args...)
@@ -1127,7 +1131,7 @@ func TestINC(t *testing.T) {
 func TestINCBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.INC, opcode.INC)
 	vm := load(prog)
-	x := getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -2)
+	x := getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -2)
 	vm.estack.PushVal(x)
 
 	require.NoError(t, vm.Step())
@@ -1141,7 +1145,7 @@ func TestINCBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDECBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DEC, opcode.DEC)
 	vm := load(prog)
-	x := getBigInt(MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -2)
+	x := getBigInt(stackitem.MaxBigIntegerSizeBits, -2)
 	x.Neg(x)
 	vm.estack.PushVal(x)
 
@@ -1155,7 +1159,7 @@ func TestDECBigResult(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestNEWBUFFER(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWBUFFER)
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 0, 0}), 3))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 0, 0}), 3))
 	t.Run("Negative", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, -1))
 	t.Run("TooBig", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, MaxItemSize+1))
 }
@@ -1163,34 +1167,34 @@ func TestNEWBUFFER(t *testing.T) {
 func TestMEMCPY(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.MEMCPY)
 	t.Run("Good", func(t *testing.T) {
-		buf := NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1, 2, 3})
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 6, 7, 3}), buf, buf, 1, []byte{4, 5, 6, 7}, 2, 2)
+		buf := stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1, 2, 3})
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 6, 7, 3}), buf, buf, 1, []byte{4, 5, 6, 7}, 2, 2)
 	})
-	t.Run("NegativeSize", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, 0, -1))
-	t.Run("NegativeSrcIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, -1, 1))
-	t.Run("NegativeDstIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1}), -1, []byte{2}, 0, 1))
-	t.Run("BigSizeSrc", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, 0, 2))
-	t.Run("BigSizeDst", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2, 3, 4}, 0, 3))
+	t.Run("NegativeSize", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, 0, -1))
+	t.Run("NegativeSrcIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, -1, 1))
+	t.Run("NegativeDstIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1}), -1, []byte{2}, 0, 1))
+	t.Run("BigSizeSrc", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2}, 0, 2))
+	t.Run("BigSizeDst", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1}), 0, []byte{2, 3, 4}, 0, 3))
 }
 
 func TestNEWARRAY0(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWARRAY0)
-	runWithArgs(t, prog, []StackItem{})
+	runWithArgs(t, prog, []stackitem.Item{})
 }
 
 func TestNEWSTRUCT0(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWSTRUCT0)
-	runWithArgs(t, prog, NewStructItem([]StackItem{}))
+	runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{}))
 }
 
 func TestNEWARRAYArray(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWARRAY)
-	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewArrayItem([]StackItem{}), []byte{}))
+	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{}), []byte{}))
 	t.Run("BadSize", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, MaxArraySize+1))
-	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, []StackItem{NullItem{}}, 1))
+	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, []stackitem.Item{stackitem.Null{}}, 1))
 }
 
-func testNEWARRAYIssue437(t *testing.T, i1 opcode.Opcode, t2 StackItemType, appended bool) {
+func testNEWARRAYIssue437(t *testing.T, i1 opcode.Opcode, t2 stackitem.Type, appended bool) {
 	prog := makeProgram(
 		opcode.PUSH2, i1,
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH3, opcode.APPEND,
@@ -1199,34 +1203,34 @@ func testNEWARRAYIssue437(t *testing.T, i1 opcode.Opcode, t2 StackItemType, appe
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH4, opcode.APPEND,
 		opcode.LDSFLD0, opcode.PUSH5, opcode.APPEND)
 
-	arr := makeArrayOfType(4, AnyT)
-	arr[2] = makeStackItem(3)
-	arr[3] = makeStackItem(4)
+	arr := makeArrayOfType(4, stackitem.AnyT)
+	arr[2] = stackitem.Make(3)
+	arr[3] = stackitem.Make(4)
 	if appended {
-		arr = append(arr, makeStackItem(5))
+		arr = append(arr, stackitem.Make(5))
 	}
 
-	if t2 == ArrayT {
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, &ArrayItem{arr})
+	if t2 == stackitem.ArrayT {
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewArray(arr))
 	} else {
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, &StructItem{arr})
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewStruct(arr))
 	}
 }
 
 func TestNEWARRAYIssue437(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("Array+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, ArrayT, true) })
-	t.Run("Struct+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, StructT, true) })
-	t.Run("Array+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, StructT, false) })
-	t.Run("Struct+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, ArrayT, false) })
+	t.Run("Array+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, stackitem.ArrayT, true) })
+	t.Run("Struct+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, stackitem.StructT, true) })
+	t.Run("Array+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, stackitem.StructT, false) })
+	t.Run("Struct+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testNEWARRAYIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, stackitem.ArrayT, false) })
 }
 
 func TestNEWARRAYT(t *testing.T) {
-	testCases := map[StackItemType]StackItem{
-		BooleanT:   NewBoolItem(false),
-		IntegerT:   NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(0)),
-		ByteArrayT: NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}),
-		ArrayT:     NullItem{},
-		0xFF:       nil,
+	testCases := map[stackitem.Type]stackitem.Item{
+		stackitem.BooleanT:   stackitem.NewBool(false),
+		stackitem.IntegerT:   stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(0)),
+		stackitem.ByteArrayT: stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}),
+		stackitem.ArrayT:     stackitem.Null{},
+		0xFF:                 nil,
 	}
 	for typ, item := range testCases {
 		prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWARRAYT, opcode.Opcode(typ), opcode.PUSH0, opcode.PICKITEM)
@@ -1236,23 +1240,23 @@ func TestNEWARRAYT(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestNEWSTRUCT(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.NEWSTRUCT)
-	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewStructItem([]StackItem{}), []byte{}))
+	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{}), []byte{}))
 	t.Run("BadSize", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, MaxArraySize+1))
-	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewStructItem([]StackItem{NullItem{}}), 1))
+	t.Run("Integer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Null{}}), 1))
 }
 
 func TestAPPEND(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH5, opcode.APPEND)
-	arr := []StackItem{makeStackItem(5)}
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewArrayItem(arr), NewArrayItem(nil)))
-	t.Run("Struct", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewStructItem(arr), NewStructItem(nil)))
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(5)}
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewArray(arr), stackitem.NewArray(nil)))
+	t.Run("Struct", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewStruct(arr), stackitem.NewStruct(nil)))
 }
 
 func TestAPPENDCloneStruct(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH0, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, opcode.INITSSLOT, 1, opcode.STSFLD0,
 		opcode.LDSFLD0, opcode.APPEND, opcode.LDSFLD0, opcode.PUSH1, opcode.APPEND)
-	arr := []StackItem{&StructItem{[]StackItem{}}}
-	runWithArgs(t, prog, NewArrayItem(arr), NewArrayItem(nil))
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{})}
+	runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewArray(arr), stackitem.NewArray(nil))
 }
 
 func TestAPPENDBad(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1278,33 +1282,33 @@ func TestAPPENDBadSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestPICKITEM(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.PICKITEM)
-	t.Run("bad index", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []StackItem{}, 0))
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []StackItem{makeStackItem(1), makeStackItem(2)}, 1))
+	t.Run("bad index", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []stackitem.Item{}, 0))
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1), stackitem.Make(2)}, 1))
 	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []byte{1, 2}, 1))
-	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, NewBufferItem([]byte{1, 2}), 1))
+	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2}), 1))
 }
 
 func TestPICKITEMDupArray(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH0, opcode.PICKITEM, opcode.ABS)
 	vm := load(prog)
-	vm.estack.PushVal([]StackItem{makeStackItem(-1)})
+	vm.estack.PushVal([]stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(-1)})
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, vm.estack.Len())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), vm.estack.Pop().BigInt().Int64())
-	items := vm.estack.Pop().Value().([]StackItem)
+	items := vm.estack.Pop().Value().([]stackitem.Item)
 	assert.Equal(t, big.NewInt(-1), items[0].Value())
 }
 
 func TestPICKITEMDupMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSHINT8, 42, opcode.PICKITEM, opcode.ABS)
 	vm := load(prog)
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{42}), makeStackItem(-1))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{42}), stackitem.Make(-1))
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, vm.estack.Len())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), vm.estack.Pop().BigInt().Int64())
-	items := vm.estack.Pop().Value().([]MapElement)
+	items := vm.estack.Pop().Value().([]stackitem.MapElement)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(items))
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{42}, items[0].Key.Value())
 	assert.Equal(t, big.NewInt(-1), items[0].Value.Value())
@@ -1312,30 +1316,30 @@ func TestPICKITEMDupMap(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestPICKITEMMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.PICKITEM)
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(3))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(3))
 	runWithArgs(t, prog, 3, m, 5)
 }
 
 func TestSETITEMBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.REVERSE4, opcode.SETITEM)
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 42, 2}), 42, 1, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
-	t.Run("BadIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 42, -1, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
-	t.Run("BadValue", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 256, 1, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 42, 2}), 42, 1, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
+	t.Run("BadIndex", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 42, -1, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
+	t.Run("BadValue", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 256, 1, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1, 2})))
 }
 
 func TestSETITEMMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SETITEM, opcode.PICKITEM)
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(3))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(3))
 	runWithArgs(t, prog, []byte{0, 1}, m, 5, m, 5, []byte{0, 1})
 }
 
 func TestSETITEMBigMapBad(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SETITEM)
-	m := NewMapItem()
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
 	for i := 0; i < MaxArraySize; i++ {
-		m.Add(makeStackItem(i), makeStackItem(i))
+		m.Add(stackitem.Make(i), stackitem.Make(i))
 	}
 
 	runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, m, MaxArraySize, 0)
@@ -1347,9 +1351,9 @@ func TestSETITEMBigMapBad(t *testing.T) {
 // 3. Replace each of them with a scalar value.
 func TestSETITEMMapStackLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	size := MaxArraySize - 3
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewArrayItem(makeArrayOfType(size, BooleanT)))
-	m.Add(NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)), NewArrayItem(makeArrayOfType(size, BooleanT)))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewArray(makeArrayOfType(size, stackitem.BooleanT)))
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)), stackitem.NewArray(makeArrayOfType(size, stackitem.BooleanT)))
 
 	prog := makeProgram(
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH1, opcode.PUSH1, opcode.SETITEM,
@@ -1365,9 +1369,9 @@ func TestSETITEMBigMapGood(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SETITEM)
 	vm := load(prog)
 
-	m := NewMapItem()
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
 	for i := 0; i < MaxArraySize; i++ {
-		m.Add(makeStackItem(i), makeStackItem(i))
+		m.Add(stackitem.Make(i), stackitem.Make(i))
 	}
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
 	vm.estack.PushVal(0)
@@ -1380,13 +1384,13 @@ func TestSIZE(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SIZE)
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
 	t.Run("ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []byte{0, 1}))
-	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, NewBufferItem([]byte{0, 1})))
+	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{0, 1})))
 	t.Run("Bool", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 1, false))
-	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []StackItem{makeStackItem(1), makeStackItem([]byte{})}))
+	t.Run("Array", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 2, []stackitem.Item{stackitem.Make(1), stackitem.Make([]byte{})}))
 	t.Run("Map", func(t *testing.T) {
-		m := NewMapItem()
-		m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(6))
-		m.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{0, 1}), makeStackItem(6))
+		m := stackitem.NewMap()
+		m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(6))
+		m.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{0, 1}), stackitem.Make(6))
 		runWithArgs(t, prog, 2, m)
 	})
 }
@@ -1395,42 +1399,42 @@ func TestKEYSMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.KEYS)
 	vm := load(prog)
 
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(6))
-	m.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{0, 1}), makeStackItem(6))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(6))
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{0, 1}), stackitem.Make(6))
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
 
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, vm.estack.Len())
 
-	top := vm.estack.Pop().value.(*ArrayItem)
-	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(top.value))
-	assert.Contains(t, top.value, makeStackItem(5))
-	assert.Contains(t, top.value, makeStackItem([]byte{0, 1}))
+	top := vm.estack.Pop().value.(*stackitem.Array)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(top.Value().([]stackitem.Item)))
+	assert.Contains(t, top.Value().([]stackitem.Item), stackitem.Make(5))
+	assert.Contains(t, top.Value().([]stackitem.Item), stackitem.Make([]byte{0, 1}))
 }
 
 func TestKEYS(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.KEYS)
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
-	t.Run("WrongType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []StackItem{}))
+	t.Run("WrongType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []stackitem.Item{}))
 }
 
 func TestVALUESMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.VALUES)
 	vm := load(prog)
 
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem([]byte{2, 3}))
-	m.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{0, 1}), makeStackItem([]StackItem{}))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make([]byte{2, 3}))
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{0, 1}), stackitem.Make([]stackitem.Item{}))
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
 
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, vm.estack.Len())
 
-	top := vm.estack.Pop().value.(*ArrayItem)
-	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(top.value))
-	assert.Contains(t, top.value, makeStackItem([]byte{2, 3}))
-	assert.Contains(t, top.value, makeStackItem([]StackItem{}))
+	top := vm.estack.Pop().value.(*stackitem.Array)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(top.Value().([]stackitem.Item)))
+	assert.Contains(t, top.Value().([]stackitem.Item), stackitem.Make([]byte{2, 3}))
+	assert.Contains(t, top.Value().([]stackitem.Item), stackitem.Make([]stackitem.Item{}))
 }
 
 func TestVALUES(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1444,30 +1448,30 @@ func TestHASKEY(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.HASKEY)
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
 	t.Run("OneArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1))
-	t.Run("WrongKeyType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []StackItem{}, []StackItem{}))
+	t.Run("WrongKeyType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []stackitem.Item{}, []stackitem.Item{}))
 	t.Run("WrongCollectionType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1, 2))
 
-	arr := makeArrayOfType(5, BooleanT)
+	arr := makeArrayOfType(5, stackitem.BooleanT)
 	t.Run("Array", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NewArrayItem(arr), 4))
-		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewArrayItem(arr), 5))
+		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.NewArray(arr), 4))
+		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewArray(arr), 5))
 	})
 	t.Run("Struct", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NewStructItem(arr), 4))
-		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewStructItem(arr), 5))
+		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.NewStruct(arr), 4))
+		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewStruct(arr), 5))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Buffer", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, NewBufferItem([]byte{5, 5, 5}), 2))
-		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, NewBufferItem([]byte{5, 5, 5}), 3))
-		t.Run("Negative", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, NewBufferItem([]byte{5, 5, 5}), -1))
+		t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{5, 5, 5}), 2))
+		t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{5, 5, 5}), 3))
+		t.Run("Negative", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{5, 5, 5}), -1))
 	})
 }
 
 func TestHASKEYMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.HASKEY)
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(6))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(6))
 	t.Run("True", getTestFuncForVM(prog, true, m, 5))
 	t.Run("False", getTestFuncForVM(prog, false, m, 6))
 }
@@ -1475,7 +1479,7 @@ func TestHASKEYMap(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSIGN(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.SIGN)
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
-	t.Run("WrongType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []StackItem{}))
+	t.Run("WrongType", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []stackitem.Item{}))
 	t.Run("Bool", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 0, false))
 	t.Run("PositiveInt", getTestFuncForVM(prog, 1, 2))
 	t.Run("NegativeInt", getTestFuncForVM(prog, -1, -1))
@@ -1554,9 +1558,9 @@ func TestROTGood(t *testing.T) {
 	vm.estack.PushVal(3)
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3, vm.estack.Len())
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(3), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(2), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(3), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(2), vm.estack.Pop().value)
 }
 
 func TestROLLBad1(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1579,17 +1583,17 @@ func TestROLLGood(t *testing.T) {
 	vm.estack.PushVal(1)
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 4, vm.estack.Len())
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(3), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(4), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(2), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(3), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(4), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(2), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
 }
 
 func getCheckEStackFunc(items ...interface{}) func(t *testing.T, v *VM) {
 	return func(t *testing.T, v *VM) {
 		require.Equal(t, len(items), v.estack.Len())
 		for i := 0; i < len(items); i++ {
-			assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(items[i]), v.estack.Peek(i).Item())
+			assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(items[i]), v.estack.Peek(i).Item())
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1780,9 +1784,9 @@ func TestCAT(t *testing.T) {
 		arg := make([]byte, MaxItemSize/2+1)
 		runWithArgs(t, prog, nil, arg, arg)
 	})
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte("abcdef")), []byte("abc"), []byte("def")))
-	t.Run("Int0ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{}), 0, []byte{}))
-	t.Run("ByteArrayInt1", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{1}), []byte{}, 1))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte("abcdef")), []byte("abc"), []byte("def")))
+	t.Run("Int0ByteArray", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{}), 0, []byte{}))
+	t.Run("ByteArrayInt1", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{1}), []byte{}, 1))
 }
 
 func TestSUBSTR(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1790,7 +1794,7 @@ func TestSUBSTR(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
 	t.Run("OneArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1))
 	t.Run("TwoArguments", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 0, 2))
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte("bc")), []byte("abcdef"), 1, 2))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte("bc")), []byte("abcdef"), 1, 2))
 	t.Run("BadOffset", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []byte("abcdef"), 7, 1))
 	t.Run("BigLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []byte("abcdef"), 1, 6))
 	t.Run("NegativeOffset", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, []byte("abcdef"), -1, 3))
@@ -1813,7 +1817,7 @@ func TestLEFT(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
 	t.Run("NoString", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 2))
 	t.Run("NegativeLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, "abcdef", -1))
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte("ab")), "abcdef", 2))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte("ab")), "abcdef", 2))
 	t.Run("BadBigLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, "abcdef", 8))
 }
 
@@ -1822,14 +1826,14 @@ func TestRIGHT(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("NoArgument", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil))
 	t.Run("NoString", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 2))
 	t.Run("NegativeLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, "abcdef", -1))
-	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte("ef")), "abcdef", 2))
+	t.Run("Good", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte("ef")), "abcdef", 2))
 	t.Run("BadLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, "abcdef", 8))
 }
 
 func TestPACK(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.PACK)
 	t.Run("BadLen", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1))
-	t.Run("Good0Len", getTestFuncForVM(prog, []StackItem{}, 0))
+	t.Run("Good0Len", getTestFuncForVM(prog, []stackitem.Item{}, 0))
 }
 
 func TestPACKBigLen(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1887,37 +1891,37 @@ func TestUNPACKGood(t *testing.T) {
 func TestREVERSEITEMS(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.REVERSEITEMS)
 	t.Run("InvalidItem", getTestFuncForVM(prog, nil, 1))
-	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, NewBufferItem([]byte{3, 2, 1}), NewBufferItem([]byte{1, 2, 3})))
+	t.Run("Buffer", getTestFuncForVM(prog, stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{3, 2, 1}), stackitem.NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2, 3})))
 }
 
-func testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t *testing.T, i1 opcode.Opcode, t2 StackItemType, reversed bool) {
+func testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t *testing.T, i1 opcode.Opcode, t2 stackitem.Type, reversed bool) {
 	prog := makeProgram(
 		opcode.PUSH0, i1,
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH1, opcode.APPEND,
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.PUSH2, opcode.APPEND,
 		opcode.DUP, opcode.CONVERT, opcode.Opcode(t2), opcode.REVERSEITEMS)
 
-	arr := make([]StackItem, 2)
+	arr := make([]stackitem.Item, 2)
 	if reversed {
-		arr[0] = makeStackItem(2)
-		arr[1] = makeStackItem(1)
+		arr[0] = stackitem.Make(2)
+		arr[1] = stackitem.Make(1)
 	} else {
-		arr[0] = makeStackItem(1)
-		arr[1] = makeStackItem(2)
+		arr[0] = stackitem.Make(1)
+		arr[1] = stackitem.Make(2)
 	}
 
 	if i1 == opcode.NEWARRAY {
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, &ArrayItem{arr})
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewArray(arr))
 	} else {
-		runWithArgs(t, prog, &StructItem{arr})
+		runWithArgs(t, prog, stackitem.NewStruct(arr))
 	}
 }
 
 func TestREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("Array+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, ArrayT, true) })
-	t.Run("Struct+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, StructT, true) })
-	t.Run("Array+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, StructT, false) })
-	t.Run("Struct+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, ArrayT, false) })
+	t.Run("Array+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, stackitem.ArrayT, true) })
+	t.Run("Struct+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, stackitem.StructT, true) })
+	t.Run("Array+Struct", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWARRAY, stackitem.StructT, false) })
+	t.Run("Struct+Array", func(t *testing.T) { testREVERSEITEMSIssue437(t, opcode.NEWSTRUCT, stackitem.ArrayT, false) })
 }
 
 func TestREVERSEITEMSGoodOneElem(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1944,11 +1948,11 @@ func TestREVERSEITEMSGoodStruct(t *testing.T) {
 		vm := load(prog)
 		vm.estack.PushVal(1)
 
-		arr := make([]StackItem, len(elements))
+		arr := make([]stackitem.Item, len(elements))
 		for i := range elements {
-			arr[i] = makeStackItem(elements[i])
+			arr[i] = stackitem.Make(elements[i])
 		}
-		vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: &StructItem{arr}})
+		vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: stackitem.NewStruct(arr)})
 
 		runVM(t, vm)
 		assert.Equal(t, 2, vm.estack.Len())
@@ -2001,27 +2005,27 @@ func TestREMOVEGood(t *testing.T) {
 	vm.estack.PushVal(elements)
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, vm.estack.Len())
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(reselements), vm.estack.Pop().value)
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(reselements), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(1), vm.estack.Pop().value)
 }
 
 func TestREMOVEMap(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.REMOVE, opcode.PUSH5, opcode.HASKEY)
 	vm := load(prog)
 
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(makeStackItem(5), makeStackItem(3))
-	m.Add(makeStackItem([]byte{0, 1}), makeStackItem([]byte{2, 3}))
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make(5), stackitem.Make(3))
+	m.Add(stackitem.Make([]byte{0, 1}), stackitem.Make([]byte{2, 3}))
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
 	vm.estack.Push(&Element{value: m})
-	vm.estack.PushVal(makeStackItem(5))
+	vm.estack.PushVal(stackitem.Make(5))
 
 	runVM(t, vm)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, vm.estack.Len())
-	assert.Equal(t, makeStackItem(false), vm.estack.Pop().value)
+	assert.Equal(t, stackitem.Make(false), vm.estack.Pop().value)
 }
 
-func testCLEARITEMS(t *testing.T, item StackItem) {
+func testCLEARITEMS(t *testing.T, item stackitem.Item) {
 	prog := makeProgram(opcode.DUP, opcode.DUP, opcode.CLEARITEMS, opcode.SIZE)
 	v := load(prog)
 	v.estack.PushVal(item)
@@ -2032,17 +2036,17 @@ func testCLEARITEMS(t *testing.T, item StackItem) {
 }
 
 func TestCLEARITEMS(t *testing.T) {
-	arr := []StackItem{NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{1})}
-	m := NewMapItem()
-	m.Add(NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(1)), NewByteArrayItem([]byte{}))
-	m.Add(NewByteArrayItem([]byte{42}), NewBigIntegerItem(big.NewInt(2)))
+	arr := []stackitem.Item{stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{1})}
+	m := stackitem.NewMap()
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(1)), stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{}))
+	m.Add(stackitem.NewByteArray([]byte{42}), stackitem.NewBigInteger(big.NewInt(2)))
 
-	testCases := map[string]StackItem{
-		"empty Array":   NewArrayItem([]StackItem{}),
-		"filled Array":  NewArrayItem(arr),
-		"empty Struct":  NewStructItem([]StackItem{}),
-		"filled Struct": NewStructItem(arr),
-		"empty Map":     NewMapItem(),
+	testCases := map[string]stackitem.Item{
+		"empty Array":   stackitem.NewArray([]stackitem.Item{}),
+		"filled Array":  stackitem.NewArray(arr),
+		"empty Struct":  stackitem.NewStruct([]stackitem.Item{}),
+		"filled Struct": stackitem.NewStruct(arr),
+		"empty Map":     stackitem.NewMap(),
 		"filled Map":    m,
 	}
 
@@ -2425,8 +2429,8 @@ func TestSLOTOpcodes(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("Default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("DefaultStatic", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.INITSSLOT, 2, opcode.LDSFLD1), NullItem{}))
-		t.Run("DefaultLocal", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.INITSLOT, 2, 0, opcode.LDLOC1), NullItem{}))
+		t.Run("DefaultStatic", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.INITSSLOT, 2, opcode.LDSFLD1), stackitem.Null{}))
+		t.Run("DefaultLocal", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.INITSLOT, 2, 0, opcode.LDLOC1), stackitem.Null{}))
 		t.Run("DefaultArgument", getTestFuncForVM(makeProgram(opcode.INITSLOT, 0, 2, opcode.LDARG1), 2, 2, 1))
 	})