Merge branch 'master' into hs/acme-revocation

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: [ '1.15', '1.16', '1.17' ]
+        go: [ '1.16', '1.17' ]
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v2
         with:
           # Optional: version of golangci-lint to use in form of v1.2 or v1.2.3 or `latest` to use the latest version
-          version: 'v1.41.0'
+          version: 'v1.43.0'
 
           # Optional: working directory, useful for monorepos
           # working-directory: somedir
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ jobs:
         run: V=1 make ci
       -
         name: Codecov
+        if: matrix.go == '1.17'
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1.2.1
         with:
           file: ./coverage.out # optional

.golangci.yml

@@ -73,9 +73,3 @@ issues:
     - error strings should not be capitalized or end with punctuation or a newline
     - Wrapf call needs 1 arg but has 2 args
     - cs.NegotiatedProtocolIsMutual is deprecated
-# golangci.com configuration
-# https://github.com/golangci/golangci/wiki/Configuration
-service:
-  golangci-lint-version: 1.19.x # use the fixed version to not introduce new linters unexpectedly
-  prepare:
-    - echo "here I can run custom commands, but no preparation needed for this repo"

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -4,15 +4,23 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/)
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
-## [Unreleased - 0.17.7] - DATE
+## [Unreleased - 0.18.1] - DATE
 ### Added
-- Support for generate extractable keys and certificates on a pkcs#11 module.
 ### Changed
 ### Deprecated
 ### Removed
 ### Fixed
 ### Security
 
+## [0.18.0] - 2021-11-17
+### Added
+- Support for multiple certificate authority contexts.
+- Support for generating extractable keys and certificates on a pkcs#11 module.
+### Changed
+- Support two latest versions of golang (1.16, 1.17)
+### Deprecated
+- go 1.15 support
+
 ## [0.17.6] - 2021-10-20
 ### Notes
 - 0.17.5 failed in CI/CD

acme/api/account_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
 	"testing"
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrdersByAccountID(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ func TestHandler_NewAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrUpdateAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 

acme/api/handler.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func link(url, typ string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("<%s>;rel=\"%s\"", url, typ)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("<%s>;rel=%q", url, typ)
 }
 
 // Clock that returns time in UTC rounded to seconds.

acme/api/handler_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetDirectory(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetChallenge(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 

acme/api/middleware.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rsa"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func (h *Handler) verifyContentType(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 // parseJWS is a middleware that parses a request body into a JSONWebSignature struct.
 func (h *Handler) parseJWS(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
 		if err != nil {
 			api.WriteError(w, acme.WrapErrorISE(err, "failed to read request body"))
 			return
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func (h *Handler) verifyAndExtractJWSPayload(next nextHTTP) nextHTTP {
 		}
 		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, payloadContextKey, &payloadInfo{
 			value:       payload,
-			isPostAsGet: string(payload) == "",
+			isPostAsGet: len(payload) == 0,
 			isEmptyJSON: string(payload) == "{}",
 		})
 		next(w, r.WithContext(ctx))

acme/api/middleware_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ func TestHandler_addNonce(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ func TestHandler_addDirLink(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ func TestHandler_verifyContentType(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ func TestHandler_isPostAsGet(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ func TestHandler_parseJWS(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -689,7 +688,7 @@ func TestHandler_verifyAndExtractJWSPayload(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -891,7 +890,7 @@ func TestHandler_lookupJWK(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -1087,7 +1086,7 @@ func TestHandler_extractJWK(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -1454,7 +1453,7 @@ func TestHandler_validateJWS(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 

acme/api/order_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
 	"reflect"
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ func TestHandler_GetOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ func TestHandler_NewOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ func TestHandler_FinalizeOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, res.StatusCode, tc.statusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 

acme/challenge.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func http01Validate(ctx context.Context, ch *Challenge, db DB, jwk *jose.JSONWeb
 			"error doing http GET for url %s with status code %d", u, resp.StatusCode))
 	}
 
-	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return WrapErrorISE(err, "error reading "+
 			"response body for url %s", u)

acme/challenge_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -707,7 +706,7 @@ func TestHTTP01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				vo: &ValidateChallengeOptions{
 					HTTPGet: func(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 						return &http.Response{
-							Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
 						}, nil
 					},
 				},
@@ -733,7 +732,7 @@ func TestHTTP01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				vo: &ValidateChallengeOptions{
 					HTTPGet: func(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 						return &http.Response{
-							Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
 						}, nil
 					},
 				},
@@ -775,7 +774,7 @@ func TestHTTP01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				vo: &ValidateChallengeOptions{
 					HTTPGet: func(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 						return &http.Response{
-							Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("foo")),
 						}, nil
 					},
 				},
@@ -818,7 +817,7 @@ func TestHTTP01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				vo: &ValidateChallengeOptions{
 					HTTPGet: func(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 						return &http.Response{
-							Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(expKeyAuth)),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(expKeyAuth)),
 						}, nil
 					},
 				},
@@ -860,7 +859,7 @@ func TestHTTP01Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				vo: &ValidateChallengeOptions{
 					HTTPGet: func(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 						return &http.Response{
-							Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(expKeyAuth)),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(expKeyAuth)),
 						}, nil
 					},
 				},

api/api_test.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Health(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("caHandler.Health StatusCode = %d, wants 200", res.StatusCode)
 	}
 
-	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	res.Body.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("caHandler.Health unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Root(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Root StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Root unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Root StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Root unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Renew StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Renew unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Rekey(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Rekey StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Rekey unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -1038,12 +1038,12 @@ func Test_caHandler_Provisioners(t *testing.T) {
 		r *http.Request
 	}
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/provisioners?cursor=foo&limit=20", nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/provisioners?cursor=foo&limit=20", http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	reqLimitFail, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/provisioners?limit=abc", nil)
+	reqLimitFail, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/provisioners?limit=abc", http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Provisioners(t *testing.T) {
 			if res.StatusCode != tt.statusCode {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Provisioners StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Provisioners unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_ProvisionerKey(t *testing.T) {
 			if res.StatusCode != tt.statusCode {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Provisioners StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Provisioners unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Roots(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Roots StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Roots unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Federation(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Federation StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.Federation unexpected error = %v", err)

api/revoke_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strings"
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_Revoke(t *testing.T) {
 
 			assert.Equals(t, tc.statusCode, res.StatusCode)
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 

api/ssh_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"reflect"
@@ -299,14 +299,14 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 		body         []byte
 		statusCode   int
 	}{
-		{"ok-user", userReq, nil, user, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":"%s"}`, userB64)), http.StatusCreated},
+		{"ok-user", userReq, nil, user, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":%q}`, userB64)), http.StatusCreated},
-		{"ok-host", hostReq, nil, host, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":"%s"}`, hostB64)), http.StatusCreated},
+		{"ok-host", hostReq, nil, host, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":%q}`, hostB64)), http.StatusCreated},
-		{"ok-user-add", userAddReq, nil, user, nil, user, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":"%s","addUserCrt":"%s"}`, userB64, userB64)), http.StatusCreated},
+		{"ok-user-add", userAddReq, nil, user, nil, user, nil, nil, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":%q,"addUserCrt":%q}`, userB64, userB64)), http.StatusCreated},
-		{"ok-user-identity", userIdentityReq, nil, user, nil, user, nil, identityCerts, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":"%s","identityCrt":[%s]}`, userB64, identityCertsPEM)), http.StatusCreated},
+		{"ok-user-identity", userIdentityReq, nil, user, nil, user, nil, identityCerts, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"crt":%q,"identityCrt":[%s]}`, userB64, identityCertsPEM)), http.StatusCreated},
 		{"fail-body", []byte("bad-json"), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusBadRequest},
 		{"fail-validate", []byte("{}"), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusBadRequest},
 		{"fail-publicKey", []byte(`{"publicKey":"Zm9v","ott":"ott"}`), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusBadRequest},
-		{"fail-publicKey", []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"publicKey":"%s","ott":"ott","addUserPublicKey":"Zm9v"}`, base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(user.Key.Marshal()))), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusBadRequest},
+		{"fail-publicKey", []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"publicKey":%q,"ott":"ott","addUserPublicKey":"Zm9v"}`, base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(user.Key.Marshal()))), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusBadRequest},
 		{"fail-authorize", userReq, fmt.Errorf("an-error"), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusUnauthorized},
 		{"fail-signSSH", userReq, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("an-error"), nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, http.StatusForbidden},
 		{"fail-SignSSHAddUser", userAddReq, nil, user, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("an-error"), nil, nil, nil, http.StatusForbidden},
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SignSSH StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SignSSH unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -368,10 +368,10 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHRoots(t *testing.T) {
 		body       []byte
 		statusCode int
 	}{
-		{"ok", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s"],"hostKey":["%s"]}`, userB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"ok", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q],"hostKey":[%q]}`, userB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"many", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host, host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user, user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s","%s"],"hostKey":["%s","%s"]}`, userB64, userB64, hostB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"many", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host, host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user, user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q,%q],"hostKey":[%q,%q]}`, userB64, userB64, hostB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"user", &authority.SSHKeys{UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s"]}`, userB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"user", &authority.SSHKeys{UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q]}`, userB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"host", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"hostKey":["%s"]}`, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"host", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"hostKey":[%q]}`, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
 		{"empty", &authority.SSHKeys{}, nil, nil, http.StatusNotFound},
 		{"error", nil, fmt.Errorf("an error"), nil, http.StatusInternalServerError},
 	}
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHRoots(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHRoots StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHRoots unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -422,10 +422,10 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHFederation(t *testing.T) {
 		body       []byte
 		statusCode int
 	}{
-		{"ok", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s"],"hostKey":["%s"]}`, userB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"ok", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q],"hostKey":[%q]}`, userB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"many", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host, host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user, user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s","%s"],"hostKey":["%s","%s"]}`, userB64, userB64, hostB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"many", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host, host}, UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user, user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q,%q],"hostKey":[%q,%q]}`, userB64, userB64, hostB64, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"user", &authority.SSHKeys{UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":["%s"]}`, userB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"user", &authority.SSHKeys{UserKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{user}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"userKey":[%q]}`, userB64)), http.StatusOK},
-		{"host", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"hostKey":["%s"]}`, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
+		{"host", &authority.SSHKeys{HostKeys: []ssh.PublicKey{host}}, nil, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"hostKey":[%q]}`, hostB64)), http.StatusOK},
 		{"empty", &authority.SSHKeys{}, nil, nil, http.StatusNotFound},
 		{"error", nil, fmt.Errorf("an error"), nil, http.StatusInternalServerError},
 	}
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHFederation(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHFederation StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHFederation unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHConfig(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHConfig StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHConfig unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHCheckHost(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHCheckHost StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHCheckHost unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHGetHosts(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHGetHosts StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHGetHosts unexpected error = %v", err)
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ func Test_caHandler_SSHBastion(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHBastion StatusCode = %d, wants %d", res.StatusCode, tt.statusCode)
 			}
 
-			body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 			res.Body.Close()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("caHandler.SSHBastion unexpected error = %v", err)

api/utils.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package api
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ func ReadJSON(r io.Reader, v interface{}) error {
 // ReadProtoJSON reads JSON from the request body and stores it in the value
 // pointed by v.
 func ReadProtoJSON(r io.Reader, m proto.Message) error {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.Wrap(http.StatusBadRequest, err, "error reading request body")
 	}

authority/authority_test.go

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func TestAuthority_GetDatabase(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNewEmbedded(t *testing.T) {
-	caPEM, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
+	caPEM, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
 	crt, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/intermediate_ca.crt")
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ func TestNewEmbedded(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNewEmbedded_Sign(t *testing.T) {
-	caPEM, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
+	caPEM, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
 	crt, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/intermediate_ca.crt")
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ func TestNewEmbedded_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNewEmbedded_GetTLSCertificate(t *testing.T) {
-	caPEM, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
+	caPEM, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 
 	crt, err := pemutil.ReadCertificate("testdata/certs/intermediate_ca.crt")

authority/export.go

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ package authority
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func mustReadFileOrURI(fn string, m map[string][]byte) string {
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	stepPath := filepath.ToSlash(config.StepPath())
+	stepPath := filepath.ToSlash(step.Path())
 	if !strings.HasSuffix(stepPath, "/") {
 		stepPath += "/"
 	}
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func mustReadFileOrURI(fn string, m map[string][]byte) string {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	if ok {
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(config.StepAbs(fn))
+		b, err := os.ReadFile(step.Abs(fn))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", fn))
 		}

authority/provisioner/aws.go

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ func newAWSConfig(certPath string) (*awsConfig, error) {
 	if certPath == "" {
 		certBytes = []byte(awsCertificate)
 	} else {
-		if b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(certPath); err == nil {
+		if b, err := os.ReadFile(certPath); err == nil {
 			certBytes = b
 		} else {
 			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", certPath)
@@ -569,7 +570,7 @@ func (p *AWS) readURLv2(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 	client := http.Client{}
 
 	// first get the token
-	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, p.config.tokenURL, nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, p.config.tokenURL, http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -582,7 +583,7 @@ func (p *AWS) readURLv2(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Request for API token returned non-successful status code %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
-	token, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	token, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ func (p *AWS) readURLv2(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
 
 func (p *AWS) readResponseBody(resp *http.Response) ([]byte, error) {
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

authority/provisioner/azure.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func (p *Azure) GetIdentityToken(subject, caURL string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error reading identity token response")
 	}

authority/provisioner/azure_test.go

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func TestAzure_GetIdentityToken(t *testing.T) {
 			w.Write([]byte(t1))
 		default:
 			w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"access_token":"%s"}`, t1)))
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"access_token":"%s"}`, t1)
 		}
 	}))
 	defer srv.Close()

authority/provisioner/gcp.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func (p *GCP) GetIdentityToken(subject, caURL string) (string, error) {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error doing identity request, are you in a GCP VM?")
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "error on identity request")
 	}

authority/provisioner/sign_options.go

@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
 	"encoding/asn1"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"reflect"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
 )
 
@@ -369,8 +372,19 @@ func newValidityValidator(min, max time.Duration) *validityValidator {
 	return &validityValidator{min: min, max: max}
 }
 
+// TODO(mariano): refactor errs package to allow sending real errors to the
+// user.
+func badRequest(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	return &errs.Error{
+		Status: http.StatusBadRequest,
+		Msg:    msg,
+		Err:    errors.New(msg),
+	}
+}
+
 // Valid validates the certificate validity settings (notBefore/notAfter) and
-// and total duration.
+// total duration.
 func (v *validityValidator) Valid(cert *x509.Certificate, o SignOptions) error {
 	var (
 		na  = cert.NotAfter.Truncate(time.Second)
@@ -381,22 +395,20 @@ func (v *validityValidator) Valid(cert *x509.Certificate, o SignOptions) error {
 	d := na.Sub(nb)
 
 	if na.Before(now) {
-		return errors.Errorf("notAfter cannot be in the past; na=%v", na)
+		return badRequest("notAfter cannot be in the past; na=%v", na)
 	}
 	if na.Before(nb) {
-		return errors.Errorf("notAfter cannot be before notBefore; na=%v, nb=%v", na, nb)
+		return badRequest("notAfter cannot be before notBefore; na=%v, nb=%v", na, nb)
 	}
 	if d < v.min {
-		return errors.Errorf("requested duration of %v is less than the authorized minimum certificate duration of %v",
+		return badRequest("requested duration of %v is less than the authorized minimum certificate duration of %v", d, v.min)
-			d, v.min)
 	}
 	// NOTE: this check is not "technically correct". We're allowing the max
 	// duration of a cert to be "max + backdate" and not all certificates will
 	// be backdated (e.g. if a user passes the NotBefore value then we do not
 	// apply a backdate). This is good enough.
 	if d > v.max+o.Backdate {
-		return errors.Errorf("requested duration of %v is more than the authorized maximum certificate duration of %v",
+		return badRequest("requested duration of %v is more than the authorized maximum certificate duration of %v", d, v.max+o.Backdate)
-			d, v.max+o.Backdate)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options.go

@@ -335,11 +335,11 @@ type sshCertValidityValidator struct {
 func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOptions) error {
 	switch {
 	case cert.ValidAfter == 0:
-		return errors.New("ssh certificate validAfter cannot be 0")
+		return badRequest("ssh certificate validAfter cannot be 0")
 	case cert.ValidBefore < uint64(now().Unix()):
-		return errors.New("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be in the past")
+		return badRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be in the past")
 	case cert.ValidBefore < cert.ValidAfter:
-		return errors.New("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be before validAfter")
+		return badRequest("ssh certificate validBefore cannot be before validAfter")
 	}
 
 	var min, max time.Duration
@@ -351,9 +351,9 @@ func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOpti
 		min = v.MinHostSSHCertDuration()
 		max = v.MaxHostSSHCertDuration()
 	case 0:
-		return errors.New("ssh certificate type has not been set")
+		return badRequest("ssh certificate type has not been set")
 	default:
-		return errors.Errorf("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
+		return badRequest("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
 	}
 
 	// To not take into account the backdate, time.Now() will be used to
@@ -362,11 +362,9 @@ func (v *sshCertValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate, opts SignSSHOpti
 
 	switch {
 	case dur < min:
-		return errors.Errorf("requested duration of %s is less than minimum "+
+		return badRequest("requested duration of %s is less than minimum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, min)
-			"accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, min)
 	case dur > max+opts.Backdate:
-		return errors.Errorf("requested duration of %s is greater than maximum "+
+		return badRequest("requested duration of %s is greater than maximum accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, max+opts.Backdate)
-			"accepted duration for selected provisioner of %s", dur, max+opts.Backdate)
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}

authority/provisioner/utils_test.go

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func generateJWK() (*JWK, error) {
 }
 
 func generateK8sSA(inputPubKey interface{}) (*K8sSA, error) {
-	fooPubB, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/foo.pub")
+	fooPubB, err := os.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/foo.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func generateK8sSA(inputPubKey interface{}) (*K8sSA, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	barPubB, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/bar.pub")
+	barPubB, err := os.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/bar.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func generateSSHPOP() (*SSHPOP, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	userB, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/ssh_user_ca_key.pub")
+	userB, err := os.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/ssh_user_ca_key.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func generateSSHPOP() (*SSHPOP, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	hostB, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/ssh_host_ca_key.pub")
+	hostB, err := os.ReadFile("./testdata/certs/ssh_host_ca_key.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

authority/provisioners.go

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/admin"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/config"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
-	step "go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/ui"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/linkedca"
@@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ func (a *Authority) RemoveProvisioner(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// CreateFirstProvisioner creates and stores the first provisioner when using
+// admin database provisioner storage.
 func CreateFirstProvisioner(ctx context.Context, db admin.DB, password string) (*linkedca.Provisioner, error) {
 	if password == "" {
 		pass, err := ui.PromptPasswordGenerate("Please enter the password to encrypt your first provisioner, leave empty and we'll generate one")
@@ -287,6 +289,7 @@ func CreateFirstProvisioner(ctx context.Context, db admin.DB, password string) (
 	return p, nil
 }
 
+// ValidateClaims validates the Claims type.
 func ValidateClaims(c *linkedca.Claims) error {
 	if c == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -313,6 +316,7 @@ func ValidateClaims(c *linkedca.Claims) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// ValidateDurations validates the Durations type.
 func ValidateDurations(d *linkedca.Durations) error {
 	var (
 		err           error
@@ -523,8 +527,8 @@ func provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p *provisioner.Options) (*linkedca.Template, *
 		if p.X509.Template != "" {
 			x509Template.Template = []byte(p.SSH.Template)
 		} else if p.X509.TemplateFile != "" {
-			filename := step.StepAbs(p.X509.TemplateFile)
+			filename := step.Abs(p.X509.TemplateFile)
-			if x509Template.Template, err = ioutil.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
+			if x509Template.Template, err = os.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
 				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading x509 template")
 			}
 		}
@@ -539,8 +543,8 @@ func provisionerOptionsToLinkedca(p *provisioner.Options) (*linkedca.Template, *
 		if p.SSH.Template != "" {
 			sshTemplate.Template = []byte(p.SSH.Template)
 		} else if p.SSH.TemplateFile != "" {
-			filename := step.StepAbs(p.SSH.TemplateFile)
+			filename := step.Abs(p.SSH.TemplateFile)
-			if sshTemplate.Template, err = ioutil.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
+			if sshTemplate.Template, err = os.ReadFile(filename); err != nil {
 				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading ssh template")
 			}
 		}

authority/ssh.go

@@ -101,6 +101,15 @@ func (a *Authority) GetSSHConfig(ctx context.Context, typ string, data map[strin
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+
+		// Backwards compatibility for version of the cli older than v0.18.0.
+		// Before v0.18.0 we were not passing any value for SSHTemplateVersionKey
+		// from the cli.
+		if o.Name == "step_includes.tpl" && data[templates.SSHTemplateVersionKey] == "" {
+			o.Type = templates.File
+			o.Path = strings.TrimPrefix(o.Path, "${STEPPATH}/")
+		}
+
 		output = append(output, o)
 	}
 	return output, nil

authority/ssh_test.go

@@ -501,6 +501,32 @@ func TestAuthority_GetSSHConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		{Name: "sshd_config.tpl", Type: templates.File, Comment: "#", Path: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config", Content: []byte("Match all\n\tTrustedUserCAKeys /etc/ssh/ca.pub\n\tHostCertificate /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key-cert.pub\n\tHostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key")},
 	}
 
+	tmplConfigUserIncludes := &templates.Templates{
+		SSH: &templates.SSHTemplates{
+			User: []templates.Template{
+				{Name: "step_includes.tpl", Type: templates.PrependLine, TemplatePath: "./testdata/templates/step_includes.tpl", Path: "${STEPPATH}/ssh/includes", Comment: "#"},
+			},
+		},
+		Data: map[string]interface{}{
+			"Step": &templates.Step{
+				SSH: templates.StepSSH{
+					UserKey: user,
+					HostKey: host,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	userOutputEmptyData := []templates.Output{
+		{Name: "step_includes.tpl", Type: templates.File, Comment: "#", Path: "ssh/includes", Content: []byte("Include \"<no value>/ssh/config\"\n")},
+	}
+	userOutputWithoutTemplateVersion := []templates.Output{
+		{Name: "step_includes.tpl", Type: templates.File, Comment: "#", Path: "ssh/includes", Content: []byte("Include \"/home/user/.step/ssh/config\"\n")},
+	}
+	userOutputWithTemplateVersion := []templates.Output{
+		{Name: "step_includes.tpl", Type: templates.PrependLine, Comment: "#", Path: "${STEPPATH}/ssh/includes", Content: []byte("Include \"/home/user/.step/ssh/config\"\n")},
+	}
+
 	tmplConfigErr := &templates.Templates{
 		SSH: &templates.SSHTemplates{
 			User: []templates.Template{
@@ -542,6 +568,9 @@ func TestAuthority_GetSSHConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		{"host", fields{tmplConfig, nil, hostSigner}, args{"host", nil}, hostOutput, false},
 		{"userWithData", fields{tmplConfigWithUserData, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"user", map[string]string{"StepPath": "/home/user/.step"}}, userOutputWithUserData, false},
 		{"hostWithData", fields{tmplConfigWithUserData, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"host", map[string]string{"Certificate": "ssh_host_ecdsa_key-cert.pub", "Key": "ssh_host_ecdsa_key"}}, hostOutputWithUserData, false},
+		{"userIncludesEmptyData", fields{tmplConfigUserIncludes, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"user", nil}, userOutputEmptyData, false},
+		{"userIncludesWithoutTemplateVersion", fields{tmplConfigUserIncludes, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"user", map[string]string{"StepPath": "/home/user/.step"}}, userOutputWithoutTemplateVersion, false},
+		{"userIncludesWithTemplateVersion", fields{tmplConfigUserIncludes, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"user", map[string]string{"StepPath": "/home/user/.step", "StepSSHTemplateVersion": "v2"}}, userOutputWithTemplateVersion, false},
 		{"disabled", fields{tmplConfig, nil, nil}, args{"host", nil}, nil, true},
 		{"badType", fields{tmplConfig, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"bad", nil}, nil, true},
 		{"userError", fields{tmplConfigErr, userSigner, hostSigner}, args{"user", nil}, nil, true},

authority/testdata/templates/step_includes.tpl

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{{- if or .User.GOOS "none" | eq "windows" }}Include "{{ .User.StepPath | replace "\\" "/" | trimPrefix "C:" }}/ssh/config"{{- else }}Include "{{.User.StepPath}}/ssh/config"{{- end }}

authority/tls_test.go

@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ func TestAuthority_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 				extraOpts: extraOpts,
 				signOpts:  _signOpts,
 				err:       errors.New("authority.Sign: requested duration of 25h0m0s is more than the authorized maximum certificate duration of 24h1m0s"),
-				code:      http.StatusUnauthorized,
+				code:      http.StatusBadRequest,
 			}
 		},
 		"fail validate sans when adding common name not in claims": func(t *testing.T) *signTest {
@@ -538,15 +538,15 @@ ZYtQ9Ot36qc=
 					if tc.csr.Subject.CommonName == "" {
 						assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject, pkix.Name{})
 					} else {
-						assert.Equals(t, fmt.Sprintf("%v", leaf.Subject),
+						assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject.String(),
-							fmt.Sprintf("%v", &pkix.Name{
+							pkix.Name{
 								Country:       []string{tmplt.Country},
 								Organization:  []string{tmplt.Organization},
 								Locality:      []string{tmplt.Locality},
 								StreetAddress: []string{tmplt.StreetAddress},
 								Province:      []string{tmplt.Province},
 								CommonName:    "smallstep test",
-							}))
+							}.String())
 						assert.Equals(t, leaf.DNSNames, []string{"test.smallstep.com"})
 					}
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Issuer, intermediate.Subject)
@@ -718,15 +718,15 @@ func TestAuthority_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.True(t, leaf.NotAfter.Before(expiry.Add(time.Minute)))
 
 					tmplt := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Template
-					assert.Equals(t, fmt.Sprintf("%v", leaf.Subject),
+					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject.String(),
-						fmt.Sprintf("%v", &pkix.Name{
+						pkix.Name{
 							Country:       []string{tmplt.Country},
 							Organization:  []string{tmplt.Organization},
 							Locality:      []string{tmplt.Locality},
 							StreetAddress: []string{tmplt.StreetAddress},
 							Province:      []string{tmplt.Province},
 							CommonName:    tmplt.CommonName,
-						}))
+						}.String())
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Issuer, intermediate.Subject)
 
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.SignatureAlgorithm, x509.ECDSAWithSHA256)
@@ -925,15 +925,15 @@ func TestAuthority_Rekey(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.True(t, leaf.NotAfter.Before(expiry.Add(time.Minute)))
 
 					tmplt := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Template
-					assert.Equals(t, fmt.Sprintf("%v", leaf.Subject),
+					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject.String(),
-						fmt.Sprintf("%v", &pkix.Name{
+						pkix.Name{
 							Country:       []string{tmplt.Country},
 							Organization:  []string{tmplt.Organization},
 							Locality:      []string{tmplt.Locality},
 							StreetAddress: []string{tmplt.StreetAddress},
 							Province:      []string{tmplt.Province},
 							CommonName:    tmplt.CommonName,
-						}))
+						}.String())
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Issuer, intermediate.Subject)
 
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.SignatureAlgorithm, x509.ECDSAWithSHA256)

ca/acmeClient.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@ func (c *ACMEClient) GetCertificate(url string) (*x509.Certificate, []*x509.Cert
 		return nil, nil, readACMEError(resp.Body)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	bodyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading GET certificate response")
 	}
@@ -338,7 +337,7 @@ func (c *ACMEClient) GetAccountOrders() ([]string, error) {
 
 func readACMEError(r io.ReadCloser) error {
 	defer r.Close()
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error reading from body")
 	}

ca/acmeClient_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_post(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_NewOrder(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_GetOrder(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_GetAuthz(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_GetChallenge(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_ValidateChallenge(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_FinalizeOrder(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_GetAccountOrders(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ func TestACMEClient_GetCertificate(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// validate jws request protected headers and body
-				body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)
 				jws, err := jose.ParseJWS(string(body))
 				assert.FatalError(t, err)

ca/adminClient.go

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func (c *AdminClient) GetAdminsPaginate(opts ...AdminOption) (*adminAPI.GetAdmin
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error generating admin token")
 	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "create GET %s request failed", u)
 	}
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func (c *AdminClient) RemoveAdmin(id string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error generating admin token")
 	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", u.String(), nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", u.String(), http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "create DELETE %s request failed", u)
 	}
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ func (c *AdminClient) GetProvisioner(opts ...ProvisionerOption) (*linkedca.Provi
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error generating admin token")
 	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "create PUT %s request failed", u)
 	}
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ func (c *AdminClient) GetProvisionersPaginate(opts ...ProvisionerOption) (*admin
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error generating admin token")
 	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "create PUT %s request failed", u)
 	}
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ func (c *AdminClient) RemoveProvisioner(opts ...ProvisionerOption) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error generating admin token")
 	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", u.String(), nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", u.String(), http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "create DELETE %s request failed", u)
 	}

ca/bootstrap_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package ca
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func TestBootstrapClientServerRotation(t *testing.T) {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "client.Get(%s) failed", srvURL)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "client.Get() error reading response")
 		}
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ func TestBootstrapClientServerFederation(t *testing.T) {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "client.Get(%s) failed", srvURL)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "client.Get() error reading response")
 		}
@@ -589,9 +589,9 @@ func TestBootstrapListener(t *testing.T) {
 				return
 			}
 			defer resp.Body.Close()
-			b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+			b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("ioutil.ReadAll() error = %v", err)
+				t.Errorf("io.ReadAll() error = %v", err)
 				return
 			}
 			if string(b) != "ok" {

ca/ca_test.go

@@ -294,15 +294,15 @@ ZEp7knvU2psWRw==
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.NotBefore, now.Truncate(time.Second))
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.NotAfter, leafExpiry.Truncate(time.Second))
 
-					assert.Equals(t, fmt.Sprintf("%v", leaf.Subject),
+					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject.String(),
-						fmt.Sprintf("%v", &pkix.Name{
+						pkix.Name{
 							Country:       []string{asn1dn.Country},
 							Organization:  []string{asn1dn.Organization},
 							Locality:      []string{asn1dn.Locality},
 							StreetAddress: []string{asn1dn.StreetAddress},
 							Province:      []string{asn1dn.Province},
 							CommonName:    asn1dn.CommonName,
-						}))
+						}.String())
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Issuer, intermediate.Subject)
 
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.SignatureAlgorithm, x509.ECDSAWithSHA256)
@@ -641,10 +641,10 @@ func TestCARenew(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.NotBefore, now.Truncate(time.Second))
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.NotAfter, leafExpiry.Truncate(time.Second))
 
-					assert.Equals(t, fmt.Sprintf("%v", leaf.Subject),
+					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Subject.String(),
-						fmt.Sprintf("%v", &pkix.Name{
+						pkix.Name{
 							CommonName: asn1dn.CommonName,
-						}))
+						}.String())
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.Issuer, intermediate.Subject)
 
 					assert.Equals(t, leaf.SignatureAlgorithm, x509.ECDSAWithSHA256)

ca/client.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/ca/identity"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/keyutil"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ func (c *uaClient) SetTransport(tr http.RoundTripper) {
 }
 
 func (c *uaClient) Get(u string) (*http.Response, error) {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u, nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u, http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "new request GET %s failed", u)
 	}
@@ -238,6 +237,17 @@ func WithTransport(tr http.RoundTripper) ClientOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithInsecure adds a insecure transport that bypasses TLS verification.
+func WithInsecure() ClientOption {
+	return func(o *clientOptions) error {
+		o.transport = &http.Transport{
+			Proxy:           http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
+			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // WithRootFile will create the transport using the given root certificate. It
 // will fail if a previous option to create the transport has been configured.
 func WithRootFile(filename string) ClientOption {
@@ -350,7 +360,7 @@ func WithRetryFunc(fn RetryFunc) ClientOption {
 }
 
 func getTransportFromFile(filename string) (http.RoundTripper, error) {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", filename)
 	}
@@ -1295,7 +1305,7 @@ func createCertificateRequest(commonName string, sans []string, key crypto.Priva
 // getRootCAPath returns the path where the root CA is stored based on the
 // STEPPATH environment variable.
 func getRootCAPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), "certs", "root_ca.crt")
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), "certs", "root_ca.crt")
 }
 
 func readJSON(r io.ReadCloser, v interface{}) error {
@@ -1305,7 +1315,7 @@ func readJSON(r io.ReadCloser, v interface{}) error {
 
 func readProtoJSON(r io.ReadCloser, m proto.Message) error {
 	defer r.Close()
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

ca/identity/client.go

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
@@ -27,21 +27,22 @@ func (c *Client) ResolveReference(ref *url.URL) *url.URL {
 // $STEPPATH/config/defaults.json and the identity defined in
 // $STEPPATH/config/identity.json
 func LoadClient() (*Client, error) {
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(DefaultsFile)
+	defaultsFile := DefaultsFile()
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(defaultsFile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", DefaultsFile)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", defaultsFile)
 	}
 
 	var defaults defaultsConfig
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &defaults); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error unmarshaling %s", DefaultsFile)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error unmarshaling %s", defaultsFile)
 	}
 	if err := defaults.Validate(); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", DefaultsFile)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", defaultsFile)
 	}
 	caURL, err := url.Parse(defaults.CaURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", DefaultsFile)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", defaultsFile)
 	}
 	if caURL.Scheme == "" {
 		caURL.Scheme = "https"
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ func LoadClient() (*Client, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := identity.Validate(); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", IdentityFile)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error validating %s", IdentityFile())
 	}
 	if kind := identity.Kind(); kind != MutualTLS {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported identity %s: only mTLS is currently supported", kind)
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ func LoadClient() (*Client, error) {
 	}
 
 	// RootCAs
-	b, err = ioutil.ReadFile(defaults.Root)
+	b, err = os.ReadFile(defaults.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error loading %s", defaults.Root)
 	}

ca/identity/client_test.go

@@ -3,14 +3,20 @@ package identity
 import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 )
 
+func returnInput(val string) func() string {
+	return func() string {
+		return val
+	}
+}
+
 func TestClient(t *testing.T) {
 	oldIdentityFile := IdentityFile
 	oldDefaultsFile := DefaultsFile
@@ -19,8 +25,8 @@ func TestClient(t *testing.T) {
 		DefaultsFile = oldDefaultsFile
 	}()
 
-	IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+	IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-	DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/defaults.json"
+	DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/defaults.json")
 
 	client, err := LoadClient()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -40,7 +46,7 @@ func TestClient(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -114,7 +120,7 @@ func TestLoadClient(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/certs/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -140,36 +146,36 @@ func TestLoadClient(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{"ok", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/defaults.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/defaults.json")
 		}, expected, false},
 		{"fail identity", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/missing.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/missing.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/defaults.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/defaults.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail identity", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/fail.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/fail.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/defaults.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/defaults.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail defaults", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/missing.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/missing.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail defaults", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/fail.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/fail.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail ca", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/badca.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/badca.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail root", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/badroot.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/badroot.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 		{"fail type", func() {
-			IdentityFile = "testdata/config/badIdentity.json"
+			IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/badIdentity.json")
-			DefaultsFile = "testdata/config/defaults.json"
+			DefaultsFile = returnInput("testdata/config/defaults.json")
 		}, nil, true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {

ca/identity/identity.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
 )
 
@@ -39,11 +38,18 @@ const TunnelTLS Type = "tTLS"
 // DefaultLeeway is the duration for matching not before claims.
 const DefaultLeeway = 1 * time.Minute
 
-// IdentityFile contains the location of the identity file.
+var (
-var IdentityFile = filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), "config", "identity.json")
+	identityDir = step.IdentityPath
+	configDir   = step.ConfigPath
 
-// DefaultsFile contains the location of the defaults file.
+	// IdentityFile contains a pointer to a function that outputs the location of
-var DefaultsFile = filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), "config", "defaults.json")
+	// the identity file.
+	IdentityFile = step.IdentityFile
+
+	// DefaultsFile contains a prointer a function that outputs the location of the
+	// defaults configuration file.
+	DefaultsFile = step.DefaultsFile
+)
 
 // Identity represents the identity file that can be used to authenticate with
 // the CA.
@@ -61,7 +67,7 @@ type Identity struct {
 
 // LoadIdentity loads an identity present in the given filename.
 func LoadIdentity(filename string) (*Identity, error) {
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", filename)
 	}
@@ -74,23 +80,17 @@ func LoadIdentity(filename string) (*Identity, error) {
 
 // LoadDefaultIdentity loads the default identity.
 func LoadDefaultIdentity() (*Identity, error) {
-	return LoadIdentity(IdentityFile)
+	return LoadIdentity(IdentityFile())
 }
 
-// configDir and identityDir are used in WriteDefaultIdentity for testing
-// purposes.
-var (
-	configDir   = filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), "config")
-	identityDir = filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), "identity")
-)
-
 // WriteDefaultIdentity writes the given certificates and key and the
 // identity.json pointing to the new files.
 func WriteDefaultIdentity(certChain []api.Certificate, key crypto.PrivateKey) error {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0700); err != nil {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir(), 0700); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error creating config directory")
 	}
 
+	identityDir := identityDir()
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(identityDir, 0700); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error creating identity directory")
 	}
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func WriteDefaultIdentity(certChain []api.Certificate, key crypto.PrivateKey) er
 	if err := pem.Encode(buf, block); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error encoding identity key")
 	}
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(keyFilename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(keyFilename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing identity certificate")
 	}
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func WriteDefaultIdentity(certChain []api.Certificate, key crypto.PrivateKey) er
 	}); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing identity json")
 	}
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(IdentityFile, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(IdentityFile(), buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing identity certificate")
 	}
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func WriteDefaultIdentity(certChain []api.Certificate, key crypto.PrivateKey) er
 
 // WriteIdentityCertificate writes the identity certificate to disk.
 func WriteIdentityCertificate(certChain []api.Certificate) error {
-	filename := filepath.Join(identityDir, "identity.crt")
+	filename := filepath.Join(identityDir(), "identity.crt")
 	return writeCertificate(filename, certChain)
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func writeCertificate(filename string, certChain []api.Certificate) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing certificate")
 	}
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func (i *Identity) GetCertPool() (*x509.CertPool, error) {
 	if i.Root == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(i.Root)
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(i.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading identity root")
 	}
@@ -319,8 +319,8 @@ func (i *Identity) Renew(client Renewer) error {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "error encoding identity certificate")
 			}
 		}
-		certFilename := filepath.Join(identityDir, "identity.crt")
+		certFilename := filepath.Join(identityDir(), "identity.crt")
-		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(certFilename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(certFilename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "error writing identity certificate")
 		}
 

ca/identity/identity_test.go

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ func TestLoadDefaultIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 		want    *Identity
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
-		{"ok", func() { IdentityFile = "testdata/config/identity.json" }, expected, false},
+		{"ok", func() { IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/identity.json") }, expected, false},
-		{"fail read", func() { IdentityFile = "testdata/config/missing.json" }, nil, true},
+		{"fail read", func() { IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/missing.json") }, nil, true},
-		{"fail unmarshal", func() { IdentityFile = "testdata/config/fail.json" }, nil, true},
+		{"fail unmarshal", func() { IdentityFile = returnInput("testdata/config/fail.json") }, nil, true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ func TestWriteDefaultIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 		certChain = append(certChain, api.Certificate{Certificate: c})
 	}
 
-	configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config")
+	configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config"))
-	identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity")
+	identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity"))
-	IdentityFile = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config", "identity.json")
+	IdentityFile = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config", "identity.json"))
 
 	type args struct {
 		certChain []api.Certificate
@@ -233,27 +233,27 @@ func TestWriteDefaultIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"ok", func() {}, args{certChain, key}, false},
 		{"fail mkdir config", func() {
-			configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity", "identity.crt")
+			configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity", "identity.crt"))
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity"))
 		}, args{certChain, key}, true},
 		{"fail mkdir identity", func() {
-			configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config")
+			configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config"))
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity", "identity.crt")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity", "identity.crt"))
 		}, args{certChain, key}, true},
 		{"fail certificate", func() {
-			configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config")
+			configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config"))
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir"))
-			os.MkdirAll(identityDir, 0600)
+			os.MkdirAll(identityDir(), 0600)
 		}, args{certChain, key}, true},
 		{"fail key", func() {
-			configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config")
+			configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config"))
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity"))
 		}, args{certChain, "badKey"}, true},
 		{"fail write identity", func() {
-			configDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir")
+			configDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir"))
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "identity"))
-			IdentityFile = filepath.Join(configDir, "identity.json")
+			IdentityFile = returnInput(filepath.Join(configDir(), "identity.json"))
-			os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0600)
+			os.MkdirAll(configDir(), 0600)
 		}, args{certChain, key}, true},
 	}
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func TestIdentity_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	oldIdentityDir := identityDir
-	identityDir = "testdata/identity"
+	identityDir = returnInput("testdata/identity")
 	defer func() {
 		identityDir = oldIdentityDir
 		os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
@@ -432,8 +432,8 @@ func TestIdentity_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 		{"fail renew", func() {}, fields{"mTLS", "testdata/identity/identity.crt", "testdata/identity/identity_key"}, args{fail}, true},
 		{"fail certificate", func() {}, fields{"mTLS", "testdata/certs/server.crt", "testdata/identity/identity_key"}, args{ok}, true},
 		{"fail write identity", func() {
-			identityDir = filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir")
+			identityDir = returnInput(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "bad-dir"))
-			os.MkdirAll(identityDir, 0600)
+			os.MkdirAll(identityDir(), 0600)
 		}, fields{"mTLS", "testdata/identity/identity.crt", "testdata/identity/identity_key"}, args{ok}, true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {

ca/provisioner_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package ca
 
 import (
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestNewProvisioner(t *testing.T) {
 	defer ca.Close()
 	want := getTestProvisioner(t, ca.URL)
 
-	caBundle, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	caBundle, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

ca/renew.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ var minCertDuration = time.Minute
 
 // TLSRenewer automatically renews a tls certificate using a RenewFunc.
 type TLSRenewer struct {
-	sync.RWMutex
+	renewMutex       sync.RWMutex
 	RenewCertificate RenewFunc
 	cert             *tls.Certificate
 	timer            *time.Timer
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ func NewTLSRenewer(cert *tls.Certificate, fn RenewFunc, opts ...tlsRenewerOption
 func (r *TLSRenewer) Run() {
 	cert := r.getCertificate()
 	next := r.nextRenewDuration(cert.Leaf.NotAfter)
-	r.Lock()
+	r.renewMutex.Lock()
 	r.timer = time.AfterFunc(next, r.renewCertificate)
-	r.Unlock()
+	r.renewMutex.Unlock()
 }
 
 // RunContext starts the certificate renewer for the given certificate.
@@ -133,25 +133,25 @@ func (r *TLSRenewer) GetClientCertificate(*tls.CertificateRequestInfo) (*tls.Cer
 // if the timer does not fire e.g. when the CA is run from a laptop that
 // enters sleep mode.
 func (r *TLSRenewer) getCertificate() *tls.Certificate {
-	r.RLock()
+	r.renewMutex.RLock()
 	cert := r.cert
-	r.RUnlock()
+	r.renewMutex.RUnlock()
 	return cert
 }
 
 // getCertificateForCA returns the certificate using a read-only lock. It will
 // automatically renew the certificate if it has expired.
 func (r *TLSRenewer) getCertificateForCA() *tls.Certificate {
-	r.RLock()
+	r.renewMutex.RLock()
 	// Force certificate renewal if the timer didn't run.
 	// This is an special case that can happen after a computer sleep.
 	if time.Now().After(r.certNotAfter) {
-		r.RUnlock()
+		r.renewMutex.RUnlock()
 		r.renewCertificate()
-		r.RLock()
+		r.renewMutex.RLock()
 	}
 	cert := r.cert
-	r.RUnlock()
+	r.renewMutex.RUnlock()
 	return cert
 }
 
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@ func (r *TLSRenewer) getCertificateForCA() *tls.Certificate {
 // updates certNotAfter with 1m of delta; this will force the renewal of the
 // certificate if it is about to expire.
 func (r *TLSRenewer) setCertificate(cert *tls.Certificate) {
-	r.Lock()
+	r.renewMutex.Lock()
 	r.cert = cert
 	r.certNotAfter = cert.Leaf.NotAfter.Add(-1 * time.Minute)
-	r.Unlock()
+	r.renewMutex.Unlock()
 }
 
 func (r *TLSRenewer) renewCertificate() {
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ func (r *TLSRenewer) renewCertificate() {
 		r.setCertificate(cert)
 		next = r.nextRenewDuration(cert.Leaf.NotAfter)
 	}
-	r.Lock()
+	r.renewMutex.Lock()
 	r.timer.Reset(next)
-	r.Unlock()
+	r.renewMutex.Unlock()
 }
 
 func (r *TLSRenewer) nextRenewDuration(notAfter time.Time) time.Duration {

ca/tls_options_test.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func TestAddRootsToRootCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestAddRootsToClientCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -310,12 +310,12 @@ func TestAddFederationToRootCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	federated, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
+	federated, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -374,12 +374,12 @@ func TestAddFederationToClientCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	federated, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
+	federated, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ func TestAddRootsToCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -492,12 +492,12 @@ func TestAddFederationToCAs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	root, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
+	root, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/root_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	federated, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
+	federated, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/secrets/federated_ca.crt")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

ca/tls_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func TestClient_GetServerTLSConfig_http(t *testing.T) {
 						return
 					}
 					defer resp.Body.Close()
-					b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+					b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 					if err != nil {
 						t.Fatalf("ioutil.RealAdd() error = %v", err)
 					}
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func TestClient_GetServerTLSConfig_renew(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 
 					defer resp.Body.Close()
-					b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+					b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 					if err != nil {
 						t.Errorf("ioutil.RealAdd() error = %v", err)
 						return
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ func TestClient_GetServerTLSConfig_renew(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 
 					defer resp.Body.Close()
-					b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+					b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 					if err != nil {
-						t.Errorf("ioutil.RealAdd() error = %v", err)
+						t.Errorf("io.ReadAll() error = %v", err)
 						return
 					}
 					if !bytes.Equal(b, []byte("ok")) {

cas/stepcas/stepcas_test.go

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func mustSerializeCrt(filename string, certs ...*x509.Certificate) {
 			panic(err)
 		}
 	}
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filename, buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func mustSerializeKey(filename string, key crypto.Signer) {
 		Type:  "PRIVATE KEY",
 		Bytes: b,
 	})
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filename, b, 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filename, b, 0600); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 }

cmd/step-ca/main.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/command"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/command/version"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/ui"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/usage"
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	config.Set("Smallstep CA", Version, BuildTime)
+	step.Set("Smallstep CA", Version, BuildTime)
 	authority.GlobalVersion.Version = Version
 	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
 }
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func main() {
 	app := cli.NewApp()
 	app.Name = "step-ca"
 	app.HelpName = "step-ca"
-	app.Version = config.Version()
+	app.Version = step.Version()
 	app.Usage = "an online certificate authority for secure automated certificate management"
 	app.UsageText = `**step-ca** <config> [**--password-file**=<file>]
 [**--ssh-host-password-file**=<file>] [**--ssh-user-password-file**=<file>]

cmd/step-pkcs11-init/main.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 // Config is a mapping of the cli flags.
 type Config struct {
 	KMS              string
-	RootOnly         bool
+	GenerateRoot     bool
 	RootObject       string
 	RootKeyObject    string
 	RootSubject      string
@@ -58,22 +58,29 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	switch {
 	case c.KMS == "":
 		return errors.New("flag `--kms` is required")
+	case c.CrtPath == "":
+		return errors.New("flag `--crt-cert-path` is required")
 	case c.RootFile != "" && c.KeyFile == "":
-		return errors.New("flag `--root` requires flag `--key`")
+		return errors.New("flag `--root-cert-file` requires flag `--root-key-file`")
 	case c.KeyFile != "" && c.RootFile == "":
-		return errors.New("flag `--key` requires flag `--root`")
+		return errors.New("flag `--root-key-file` requires flag `--root-cert-file`")
-	case c.RootOnly && c.RootFile != "":
-		return errors.New("flag `--root-only` is incompatible with flag `--root`")
 	case c.RootFile == "" && c.RootObject == "":
-		return errors.New("one of flag `--root` or `--root-cert` is required")
+		return errors.New("one of flag `--root-cert-file` or `--root-cert-obj` is required")
-	case c.RootFile == "" && c.RootKeyObject == "":
+	case c.KeyFile == "" && c.RootKeyObject == "":
-		return errors.New("one of flag `--root` or `--root-key` is required")
+		return errors.New("one of flag `--root-key-file` or `--root-key-obj` is required")
+	case c.CrtKeyPath == "" && c.CrtKeyObject == "":
+		return errors.New("one of flag `--crt-key-path` or `--crt-key-obj` is required")
+	case c.RootFile == "" && c.GenerateRoot && c.RootKeyObject == "":
+		return errors.New("flag `--root-gen` requires flag `--root-key-obj`")
+	case c.RootFile == "" && c.GenerateRoot && c.RootPath == "":
+		return errors.New("flag `--root-gen` requires `--root-cert-path`")
 	default:
 		if c.RootFile != "" {
+			c.GenerateRoot = false
 			c.RootObject = ""
 			c.RootKeyObject = ""
 		}
-		if c.RootOnly {
+		if c.CrtKeyPath != "" {
 			c.CrtObject = ""
 			c.CrtKeyObject = ""
 		}
@@ -101,21 +108,27 @@ func main() {
 	var c Config
 	flag.StringVar(&c.KMS, "kms", kmsuri, "PKCS #11 URI with the module-path and token to connect to the module.")
 	flag.StringVar(&c.Pin, "pin", "", "PKCS #11 PIN")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.RootObject, "root-cert", "pkcs11:id=7330;object=root-cert", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the root certificate.")
+	// Option 1: Generate new root
-	flag.StringVar(&c.RootPath, "root-cert-path", "root_ca.crt", "Location to write the root certificate.")
+	flag.BoolVar(&c.GenerateRoot, "root-gen", true, "Enable the generation of a root key.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.RootKeyObject, "root-key", "pkcs11:id=7330;object=root-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the root key.")
 	flag.StringVar(&c.RootSubject, "root-name", "PKCS #11 Smallstep Root", "Subject and Issuer of the root certificate.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtObject, "crt-cert", "pkcs11:id=7331;object=intermediate-cert", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the intermediate certificate.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.RootObject, "root-cert-obj", "pkcs11:id=7330;object=root-cert", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the root certificate.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtPath, "crt-cert-path", "intermediate_ca.crt", "Location to write the intermediate certificate.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.RootKeyObject, "root-key-obj", "pkcs11:id=7330;object=root-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the root key.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtKeyObject, "crt-key", "pkcs11:id=7331;object=intermediate-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the intermediate certificate.")
+	// Option 2: Read root from disk and sign intermediate
+	flag.StringVar(&c.RootFile, "root-cert-file", "", "Path to the root certificate to use.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.KeyFile, "root-key-file", "", "Path to the root key to use.")
+	// Option 3: Generate certificate signing request
 	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtSubject, "crt-name", "PKCS #11 Smallstep Intermediate", "Subject of the intermediate certificate.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtKeyPath, "crt-key-path", "intermediate_ca_key", "Location to write the intermediate private key.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtObject, "crt-cert-obj", "pkcs11:id=7331;object=intermediate-cert", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the intermediate certificate.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtKeyObject, "crt-key-obj", "pkcs11:id=7331;object=intermediate-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the intermediate certificate.")
+	// SSH certificates
+	flag.BoolVar(&c.EnableSSH, "ssh", false, "Enable the creation of ssh keys.")
 	flag.StringVar(&c.SSHHostKeyObject, "ssh-host-key", "pkcs11:id=7332;object=ssh-host-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the key used to sign SSH host certificates.")
 	flag.StringVar(&c.SSHUserKeyObject, "ssh-user-key", "pkcs11:id=7333;object=ssh-user-key", "PKCS #11 URI with object id and label to store the key used to sign SSH user certificates.")
-	flag.BoolVar(&c.RootOnly, "root-only", false, "Store only only the root certificate and sign and intermediate.")
+	// Output files
-	flag.StringVar(&c.RootFile, "root", "", "Path to the root certificate to use.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.RootPath, "root-cert-path", "root_ca.crt", "Location to write the root certificate.")
-	flag.StringVar(&c.KeyFile, "key", "", "Path to the root key to use.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtPath, "crt-cert-path", "intermediate_ca.crt", "Location to write the intermediate certificate.")
-	flag.BoolVar(&c.EnableSSH, "ssh", false, "Enable the creation of ssh keys.")
+	flag.StringVar(&c.CrtKeyPath, "crt-key-path", "", "Location to write the intermediate private key.")
+	// Others
 	flag.BoolVar(&c.NoCerts, "no-certs", false, "Do not store certificates in the module.")
 	flag.BoolVar(&c.Force, "force", false, "Force the delete of previous keys.")
 	flag.BoolVar(&c.Extractable, "extractable", false, "Allow export of private keys under wrap.")
@@ -276,22 +289,8 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 	// Root Certificate
 	var signer crypto.Signer
 	var root *x509.Certificate
-	if c.RootFile != "" && c.KeyFile != "" {
+	switch {
-		root, err = pemutil.ReadCertificate(c.RootFile)
+	case c.GenerateRoot:
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		key, err := pemutil.Read(c.KeyFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		var ok bool
-		if signer, ok = key.(crypto.Signer); !ok {
-			return errors.Errorf("key type '%T' does not implement a signer", key)
-		}
-	} else {
 		resp, err := k.CreateKey(&apiv1.CreateKeyRequest{
 			Name:               c.RootKeyObject,
 			SignatureAlgorithm: apiv1.ECDSAWithSHA256,
@@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing root certificate")
 		}
 
-		if cm, ok := k.(kms.CertificateManager); ok && !c.NoCerts {
+		if cm, ok := k.(kms.CertificateManager); ok && c.RootObject != "" && !c.NoCerts {
 			if err := cm.StoreCertificate(&apiv1.StoreCertificateRequest{
 				Name:        c.RootObject,
 				Certificate: root,
@@ -339,6 +338,8 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 			}); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+		} else {
+			c.RootObject = ""
 		}
 
 		if err := fileutil.WriteFile(c.RootPath, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
@@ -350,12 +351,31 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 
 		ui.PrintSelected("Root Key", resp.Name)
 		ui.PrintSelected("Root Certificate", c.RootPath)
+		if c.RootObject != "" {
+			ui.PrintSelected("Root Certificate Object", c.RootObject)
+		}
+	case c.RootFile != "" && c.KeyFile != "": // Read Root From File
+		root, err = pemutil.ReadCertificate(c.RootFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		key, err := pemutil.Read(c.KeyFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var ok bool
+		if signer, ok = key.(crypto.Signer); !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("key type '%T' does not implement a signer", key)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Intermediate Certificate
 	var keyName string
 	var publicKey crypto.PublicKey
-	if c.RootOnly {
+	var intSigner crypto.Signer
+	if c.CrtKeyPath != "" {
 		priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "error creating intermediate key")
@@ -373,6 +393,7 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 		}
 
 		publicKey = priv.Public()
+		intSigner = priv
 	} else {
 		resp, err := k.CreateKey(&apiv1.CreateKeyRequest{
 			Name:               c.CrtKeyObject,
@@ -384,8 +405,14 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 		}
 		publicKey = resp.PublicKey
 		keyName = resp.Name
+
+		intSigner, err = k.CreateSigner(&resp.CreateSignerRequest)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
+	if root != nil {
 		template := &x509.Certificate{
 			IsCA:                  true,
 			NotBefore:             now,
@@ -410,7 +437,7 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing intermediate certificate")
 		}
 
-	if cm, ok := k.(kms.CertificateManager); ok && !c.NoCerts {
+		if cm, ok := k.(kms.CertificateManager); ok && c.CrtObject != "" && !c.NoCerts {
 			if err := cm.StoreCertificate(&apiv1.StoreCertificateRequest{
 				Name:        c.CrtObject,
 				Certificate: intermediate,
@@ -418,6 +445,8 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 			}); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+		} else {
+			c.CrtObject = ""
 		}
 
 		if err := fileutil.WriteFile(c.CrtPath, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
@@ -426,14 +455,39 @@ func createPKI(k kms.KeyManager, c Config) error {
 		}), 0600); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+	} else {
+		// No root available, generate CSR for external root.
+		csrTemplate := x509.CertificateRequest{
+			Subject:            pkix.Name{CommonName: c.CrtSubject},
+			SignatureAlgorithm: x509.ECDSAWithSHA256,
+		}
+		// step: generate the csr request
+		csrCertificate, err := x509.CreateCertificateRequest(rand.Reader, &csrTemplate, intSigner)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := fileutil.WriteFile(c.CrtPath, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+			Type:  "CERTIFICATE REQUEST",
+			Bytes: csrCertificate,
+		}), 0600); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 
-	if c.RootOnly {
+	if c.CrtKeyPath != "" {
 		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate Key", c.CrtKeyPath)
 	} else {
 		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate Key", keyName)
 	}
 
+	if root != nil {
 		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate Certificate", c.CrtPath)
+		if c.CrtObject != "" {
+			ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate Certificate Object", c.CrtObject)
+		}
+	} else {
+		ui.PrintSelected("Intermediate Certificate Request", c.CrtPath)
+	}
 
 	if c.SSHHostKeyObject != "" {
 		resp, err := k.CreateKey(&apiv1.CreateKeyRequest{

commands/app.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ To get a linked authority token:
 
 	var password []byte
 	if passFile != "" {
-		if password, err = ioutil.ReadFile(passFile); err != nil {
+		if password, err = os.ReadFile(passFile); err != nil {
 			fatal(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", passFile))
 		}
 		password = bytes.TrimRightFunc(password, unicode.IsSpace)
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ To get a linked authority token:
 
 	var sshHostPassword []byte
 	if sshHostPassFile != "" {
-		if sshHostPassword, err = ioutil.ReadFile(sshHostPassFile); err != nil {
+		if sshHostPassword, err = os.ReadFile(sshHostPassFile); err != nil {
 			fatal(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", sshHostPassFile))
 		}
 		sshHostPassword = bytes.TrimRightFunc(sshHostPassword, unicode.IsSpace)
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ To get a linked authority token:
 
 	var sshUserPassword []byte
 	if sshUserPassFile != "" {
-		if sshUserPassword, err = ioutil.ReadFile(sshUserPassFile); err != nil {
+		if sshUserPassword, err = os.ReadFile(sshUserPassFile); err != nil {
 			fatal(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", sshUserPassFile))
 		}
 		sshUserPassword = bytes.TrimRightFunc(sshUserPassword, unicode.IsSpace)
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ To get a linked authority token:
 
 	var issuerPassword []byte
 	if issuerPassFile != "" {
-		if issuerPassword, err = ioutil.ReadFile(issuerPassFile); err != nil {
+		if issuerPassword, err = os.ReadFile(issuerPassFile); err != nil {
 			fatal(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", issuerPassFile))
 		}
 		issuerPassword = bytes.TrimRightFunc(issuerPassword, unicode.IsSpace)

commands/export.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ func exportAction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	if passwordFile != "" {
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passwordFile)
+		b, err := os.ReadFile(passwordFile)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", passwordFile)
 		}
 		cfg.Password = string(bytes.TrimRightFunc(b, unicode.IsSpace))
 	}
 	if issuerPasswordFile != "" {
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(issuerPasswordFile)
+		b, err := os.ReadFile(issuerPasswordFile)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", issuerPasswordFile)
 		}

examples/basic-federation/client/main.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"time"
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func main() {
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 		resp.Body.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)

examples/bootstrap-client/client.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"time"
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func main() {
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 		resp.Body.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/smallstep/certificates
 
-go 1.15
+go 1.16
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go v0.83.0
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2
 	github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262
-	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8
+	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.9
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.4
 	go.mozilla.org/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20210826202110-33d05740a352
-	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.6.2
+	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.7.0
 	go.step.sm/crypto v0.13.0
 	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.7.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210915214749-c084706c2272
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ require (
 	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.6.0
 )
 
-// replace github.com/smallstep/nosql => ../nosql
+//replace github.com/smallstep/nosql => ../nosql
-// replace go.step.sm/crypto => ../crypto
+
-// replace go.step.sm/cli-utils => ../cli-utils
+//replace go.step.sm/crypto => ../crypto
-// replace go.step.sm/linkedca => ../linkedca
+
+//replace go.step.sm/cli-utils => ../cli-utils

go.sum

@@ -367,10 +367,8 @@ github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.2 h1:DB17ag19krx9CFsz4o3
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.2/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.0 h1:s5hAObm+yFO5uHYt5dYjxi2rXrsnmRpJx4OYvIWUaQs=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.0/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
 github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
-github.com/kr/text v0.1.0 h1:45sCR5RtlFHMR4UwH9sdQ5TC8v0qDQCHnXt+kaKSTVE=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/lightstep/lightstep-tracer-common/golang/gogo v0.0.0-20190605223551-bc2310a04743/go.mod h1:qklhhLq1aX+mtWk9cPHPzaBjWImj5ULL6C7HFJtXQMM=
 github.com/lightstep/lightstep-tracer-go v0.18.1/go.mod h1:jlF1pusYV4pidLvZ+XD0UBX0ZE6WURAspgAczcDHrL4=
@@ -496,8 +494,8 @@ github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2/go.mod h1:tLMulIdttU9McNUspp0xgXVQah82FyeX6Mwd
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20180720014142-de77670473b5/go.mod h1:TC9A4+RjIOS+HyTH7wG17/gSqVv95uDw2J64dQZx7RE=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262 h1:unQFBIznI+VYD1/1fApl1A+9VcBk+9dcqGfnePY87LY=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200723003110-82e2b9b3b262/go.mod h1:MyOHs9Po2fbM1LHej6sBUT8ozbxmMOFG+E+rx/GSGuc=
-github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8 h1:1/EWUbbEdz9ai0g9Fd09VekVjtxp+5+gIHpV2PdwW3o=
+github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.9 h1:YPy5PR3PXClqmpFaVv0wfXDXDc7NXGBE1auyU2c87dc=
-github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.8/go.mod h1:X2qkYpNcW3yjLUvhEHfgGfClpKbFPapewvx7zo4TOFs=
+github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.3.9/go.mod h1:X2qkYpNcW3yjLUvhEHfgGfClpKbFPapewvx7zo4TOFs=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v0.0.0-20180927180507-b2de0cb4f26d/go.mod h1:OnSkiWE9lh6wB0YB77sQom3nweQdgAjqCqsofrRNTgc=
 github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4/go.mod h1:syvi0/a8iFYH4r/RixwvyeAJjdLS9QV7WQ/tjFTllLA=
 github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4/go.mod h1:IM3LyeVVIOuxMH7sFAkER9+bJ4dT7Ms6E4xg4kGIyLM=
@@ -561,8 +559,8 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.22.5/go.mod h1:5pWMHQbX5EPX2/62yrJeAkowc+lfs/XD7Uxpq3pI6kk=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 h1:gqCw0LfLxScz8irSi8exQc7fyQ0fKQU/qnC/X8+V/1M=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0/go.mod h1:XItmlyltB5F7CS4xOC1DcqMoFqwtC6OG2xF7mCv7P7E=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:PqfVotwruBrMGOCsRd/89rSnXhoiJIqeYNgFYFoEGnI=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.6.2 h1:ofa3G/EqE3dTDXmzoXHDZr18qJZoFsKSzbzuF+mxuZU=
+go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.7.0 h1:2GvY5Muid1yzp7YQbfCCS+gK3q7zlHjjLL5Z0DXz8ds=
-go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.6.2/go.mod h1:0tZ8F2QwLgD6KbKj4nrQZhMakTasEAnOcW3Ekc5pnrA=
+go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Ur6bqA/yl636kCUJbp30J7Unv5JJ226eW2KqXPDwF/E=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+CYG05Mek1YDqi5WK0ERc6cOpKly2i/a5aZmU1sfGj0=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.13.0 h1:mQuP9Uu2FNmqCJNO0OTbvolnYXzONy4wdUBtUVcP1s8=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:5YzQ85BujYBu6NH18jw7nFjwuRnDch35nLzH0ES5sKg=
@@ -956,7 +954,6 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQ
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.25/go.mod h1:V/YB90LKu/1FcN3WVnfiiE5oMCibMjukxqG/qStrOgw=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=

kms/cloudkms/cloudkms_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func TestCloudKMS_Close(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCloudKMS_CreateSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "projects/p/locations/l/keyRings/k/cryptoKeys/c/cryptoKeyVersions/1"
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func TestCloudKMS_CreateKey(t *testing.T) {
 	testError := fmt.Errorf("an error")
 	alreadyExists := status.Error(codes.AlreadyExists, "already exists")
 
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ func TestCloudKMS_GetPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "projects/p/locations/l/keyRings/k/cryptoKeys/c/cryptoKeyVersions/1"
 	testError := fmt.Errorf("an error")
 
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

kms/cloudkms/signer_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func Test_newSigner(t *testing.T) {
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func Test_newSigner(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func Test_signer_Public(t *testing.T) {
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func Test_signer_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSigner_SignatureAlgorithm(t *testing.T) {
-	pemBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	pemBytes, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

kms/softkms/softkms_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestSoftKMS_CreateSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Read and decode file using standard packages
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/priv.pem")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/priv.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func TestSoftKMS_CreateKey(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSoftKMS_GetPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func TestSoftKMS_CreateDecrypter(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/rsa.priv.pem")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/rsa.priv.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

kms/sshagentkms/sshagentkms_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/pem"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Load ssh test fixtures
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_CreateSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Read and decode file using standard packages
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/priv.pem")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/priv.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_CreateSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Load ssh test fixtures
-	sshPubKeyStr, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/ssh.pub")
+	sshPubKeyStr, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/ssh.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -323,7 +322,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_CreateSigner(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b, err = ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
+	b, err = os.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -499,7 +498,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_CreateKey(t *testing.T) {
 */
 
 func TestSSHAgentKMS_GetPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
+	b, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/pub.pem")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -510,7 +509,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_GetPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Load ssh test fixtures
-	b, err = ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/ssh.pub")
+	b, err = os.ReadFile("testdata/ssh.pub")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ func TestSSHAgentKMS_GetPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b, err = ioutil.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
+	b, err = os.ReadFile("testdata/ssh")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

kms/uri/uri.go

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package uri
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func readFile(path string) ([]byte, error) {
 	if err == nil && (u.Scheme == "" || u.Scheme == "file") && u.Path != "" {
 		path = u.Path
 	}
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", path)
 	}

pki/pki.go

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms"
 	kmsapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/nosql"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/fileutil"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/ui"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/pemutil"
@@ -87,44 +87,50 @@ const (
 )
 
 // GetDBPath returns the path where the file-system persistence is stored
-// based on the STEPPATH environment variable.
+// based on the $(step path).
 func GetDBPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), dbPath)
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), dbPath)
 }
 
 // GetConfigPath returns the directory where the configuration files are stored
-// based on the STEPPATH environment variable.
+// based on the $(step path).
 func GetConfigPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), configPath)
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), configPath)
+}
+
+// GetProfileConfigPath returns the directory where the profile configuration
+// files are stored based on the $(step path).
+func GetProfileConfigPath() string {
+	return filepath.Join(step.ProfilePath(), configPath)
 }
 
 // GetPublicPath returns the directory where the public keys are stored based on
-// the STEPPATH environment variable.
+// the $(step path).
 func GetPublicPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), publicPath)
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), publicPath)
 }
 
 // GetSecretsPath returns the directory where the private keys are stored based
-// on the STEPPATH environment variable.
+// on the $(step path).
 func GetSecretsPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), privatePath)
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), privatePath)
 }
 
 // GetRootCAPath returns the path where the root CA is stored based on the
-// STEPPATH environment variable.
+// $(step path).
 func GetRootCAPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), publicPath, "root_ca.crt")
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), publicPath, "root_ca.crt")
 }
 
 // GetOTTKeyPath returns the path where the one-time token key is stored based
-// on the STEPPATH environment variable.
+// on the $(step path).
 func GetOTTKeyPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), privatePath, "ott_key")
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), privatePath, "ott_key")
 }
 
 // GetTemplatesPath returns the path where the templates are stored.
 func GetTemplatesPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(config.StepPath(), templatesPath)
+	return filepath.Join(step.Path(), templatesPath)
 }
 
 // GetProvisioners returns the map of provisioners on the given CA.
@@ -293,6 +299,7 @@ type PKI struct {
 	keyManager      kmsapi.KeyManager
 	config          string
 	defaults        string
+	profileDefaults string
 	ottPublicKey    *jose.JSONWebKey
 	ottPrivateKey   *jose.JSONWebEncryption
 	options         *options
@@ -300,6 +307,7 @@ type PKI struct {
 
 // New creates a new PKI configuration.
 func New(o apiv1.Options, opts ...Option) (*PKI, error) {
+	currentCtx := step.Contexts().GetCurrent()
 	caService, err := cas.New(context.Background(), o)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -358,6 +366,9 @@ func New(o apiv1.Options, opts ...Option) (*PKI, error) {
 		cfg = GetConfigPath()
 		// Create directories
 		dirs := []string{public, private, cfg, GetTemplatesPath()}
+		if currentCtx != nil {
+			dirs = append(dirs, GetProfileConfigPath())
+		}
 		for _, name := range dirs {
 			if _, err := os.Stat(name); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 				if err = os.MkdirAll(name, 0700); err != nil {
@@ -415,6 +426,10 @@ func New(o apiv1.Options, opts ...Option) (*PKI, error) {
 	if p.defaults, err = getPath(cfg, "defaults.json"); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if currentCtx != nil {
+		p.profileDefaults = currentCtx.ProfileDefaultsFile()
+	}
+
 	if p.config, err = getPath(cfg, "ca.json"); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -944,6 +959,18 @@ func (p *PKI) Save(opt ...ConfigOption) error {
 		if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.defaults, b, 0644); err != nil {
 			return errs.FileError(err, p.defaults)
 		}
+		// If we're using contexts then write a blank object to the default profile
+		// configuration location.
+		if p.profileDefaults != "" {
+			if _, err := os.Stat(p.profileDefaults); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				// Write with 0600 to be consistent with directories structure.
+				if err = fileutil.WriteFile(p.profileDefaults, []byte("{}"), 0600); err != nil {
+					return errs.FileError(err, p.profileDefaults)
+				}
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return errs.FileError(err, p.profileDefaults)
+			}
+		}
 
 		// Generate and write templates
 		if err := generateTemplates(cfg.Templates); err != nil {
@@ -958,6 +985,9 @@ func (p *PKI) Save(opt ...ConfigOption) error {
 		}
 
 		ui.PrintSelected("Default configuration", p.defaults)
+		if p.profileDefaults != "" {
+			ui.PrintSelected("Default profile configuration", p.profileDefaults)
+		}
 		ui.PrintSelected("Certificate Authority configuration", p.config)
 		if p.options.deploymentType != LinkedDeployment {
 			ui.Println()

pki/templates.go

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/templates"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/fileutil"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 )
 
 // getTemplates returns all the templates enabled
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func generateTemplates(t *templates.Templates) error {
 			if !ok {
 				return errors.Errorf("template %s does not exists", t.Name)
 			}
-			if err := fileutil.WriteFile(config.StepAbs(t.TemplatePath), []byte(data), 0644); err != nil {
+			if err := fileutil.WriteFile(step.Abs(t.TemplatePath), []byte(data), 0644); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func generateTemplates(t *templates.Templates) error {
 			if !ok {
 				return errors.Errorf("template %s does not exists", t.Name)
 			}
-			if err := fileutil.WriteFile(config.StepAbs(t.TemplatePath), []byte(data), 0644); err != nil {
+			if err := fileutil.WriteFile(step.Abs(t.TemplatePath), []byte(data), 0644); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}

scep/api/api.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ func decodeSCEPRequest(r *http.Request) (SCEPRequest, error) {
 			return SCEPRequest{}, errors.Errorf("unsupported operation: %s", operation)
 		}
 	case http.MethodPost:
-		body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, maxPayloadSize))
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, maxPayloadSize))
 		if err != nil {
 			return SCEPRequest{}, err
 		}

templates/templates.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package templates
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -10,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/config"
 	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/fileutil"
+	"go.step.sm/cli-utils/step"
 )
 
 // TemplateType defines how a template will be written in disk.
@@ -20,6 +19,9 @@ type TemplateType string
 const (
 	// Snippet will mark a template as a part of a file.
 	Snippet TemplateType = "snippet"
+	// PrependLine is a template for prepending a single line to a file. If the
+	// line already exists in the file it will be removed first.
+	PrependLine TemplateType = "prepend-line"
 	// File will mark a templates as a full file.
 	File TemplateType = "file"
 	// Directory will mark a template as a directory.
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ func (t *SSHTemplates) Validate() (err error) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Template represents on template file.
+// Template represents a template file.
 type Template struct {
 	*template.Template
 	Name         string       `json:"name"`
@@ -118,8 +120,8 @@ func (t *Template) Validate() error {
 		return nil
 	case t.Name == "":
 		return errors.New("template name cannot be empty")
-	case t.Type != Snippet && t.Type != File && t.Type != Directory:
+	case t.Type != Snippet && t.Type != File && t.Type != Directory && t.Type != PrependLine:
-		return errors.Errorf("invalid template type %s, it must be %s, %s, or %s", t.Type, Snippet, File, Directory)
+		return errors.Errorf("invalid template type %s, it must be %s, %s, %s, or %s", t.Type, Snippet, PrependLine, File, Directory)
 	case t.TemplatePath == "" && t.Type != Directory && len(t.Content) == 0:
 		return errors.New("template template cannot be empty")
 	case t.TemplatePath != "" && t.Type == Directory:
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ func (t *Template) Validate() error {
 
 	if t.TemplatePath != "" {
 		// Check for file
-		st, err := os.Stat(config.StepAbs(t.TemplatePath))
+		st, err := os.Stat(step.Abs(t.TemplatePath))
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", t.TemplatePath)
 		}
@@ -166,8 +168,8 @@ func (t *Template) Load() error {
 	if t.Template == nil && t.Type != Directory {
 		switch {
 		case t.TemplatePath != "":
-			filename := config.StepAbs(t.TemplatePath)
+			filename := step.Abs(t.TemplatePath)
-			b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
+			b, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading %s", filename)
 			}
@@ -247,7 +249,10 @@ type Output struct {
 
 // Write writes the Output to the filesystem as a directory, file or snippet.
 func (o *Output) Write() error {
-	path := config.StepAbs(o.Path)
+	// Replace ${STEPPATH} with the base step path.
+	o.Path = strings.ReplaceAll(o.Path, "${STEPPATH}", step.BasePath())
+
+	path := step.Abs(o.Path)
 	if o.Type == Directory {
 		return mkdir(path, 0700)
 	}
@@ -257,11 +262,17 @@ func (o *Output) Write() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if o.Type == File {
+	switch o.Type {
+	case File:
 		return fileutil.WriteFile(path, o.Content, 0600)
-	}
+	case Snippet:
-
 		return fileutil.WriteSnippet(path, o.Content, 0600)
+	case PrependLine:
+		return fileutil.PrependLine(path, o.Content, 0600)
+	default:
+		// Default to using a Snippet type if the type is not known.
+		return fileutil.WriteSnippet(path, o.Content, 0600)
+	}
 }
 
 func mkdir(path string, perm os.FileMode) error {

templates/values.go

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
+// SSHTemplateVersionKey is a key that can be submitted by a client to select
+// the template version that will be returned by the server.
+var SSHTemplateVersionKey = "StepSSHTemplateVersion"
+
 // Step represents the default variables available in the CA.
 type Step struct {
 	SSH StepSSH
@@ -22,16 +26,23 @@ type StepSSH struct {
 var DefaultSSHTemplates = SSHTemplates{
 	User: []Template{
 		{
-			Name:         "include.tpl",
+			Name:         "config.tpl",
 			Type:         Snippet,
-			TemplatePath: "templates/ssh/include.tpl",
+			TemplatePath: "templates/ssh/config.tpl",
 			Path:         "~/.ssh/config",
 			Comment:      "#",
 		},
 		{
-			Name:         "config.tpl",
+			Name:         "step_includes.tpl",
+			Type:         PrependLine,
+			TemplatePath: "templates/ssh/step_includes.tpl",
+			Path:         "${STEPPATH}/ssh/includes",
+			Comment:      "#",
+		},
+		{
+			Name:         "step_config.tpl",
 			Type:         File,
-			TemplatePath: "templates/ssh/config.tpl",
+			TemplatePath: "templates/ssh/step_config.tpl",
 			Path:         "ssh/config",
 			Comment:      "#",
 		},
@@ -64,30 +75,43 @@ var DefaultSSHTemplates = SSHTemplates{
 
 // DefaultSSHTemplateData contains the data of the default templates used on ssh.
 var DefaultSSHTemplateData = map[string]string{
-	// include.tpl adds the step ssh config file.
+	// config.tpl adds the step ssh config file.
 	//
 	// Note: on windows `Include C:\...` is treated as a relative path.
-	"include.tpl": `Host *
+	"config.tpl": `Host *
 {{- if or .User.GOOS "none" | eq "windows" }}
-	Include "{{ .User.StepPath | replace "\\" "/" | trimPrefix "C:" }}/ssh/config"
+{{- if .User.StepBasePath }}
+	Include "{{ .User.StepBasePath | replace "\\" "/" | trimPrefix "C:" }}/ssh/includes"
 {{- else }}
-	Include "{{.User.StepPath}}/ssh/config"
+	Include "{{ .User.StepPath | replace "\\" "/" | trimPrefix "C:" }}/ssh/includes"
+{{- end }}
+{{- else }}
+{{- if .User.StepBasePath }}
+	Include "{{.User.StepBasePath}}/ssh/includes"
+{{- else }}
+	Include "{{.User.StepPath}}/ssh/includes"
+{{- end }}
 {{- end }}`,
 
-	// config.tpl is the step ssh config file, it includes the Match rule and
+	// step_includes.tpl adds the step ssh config file.
+	//
+	// Note: on windows `Include C:\...` is treated as a relative path.
+	"step_includes.tpl": `{{- if or .User.GOOS "none" | eq "windows" }}Include "{{ .User.StepPath | replace "\\" "/" | trimPrefix "C:" }}/ssh/config"{{- else }}Include "{{.User.StepPath}}/ssh/config"{{- end }}`,
+
+	// step_config.tpl is the step ssh config file, it includes the Match rule and
 	// references the step known_hosts file.
 	//
 	// Note: on windows ProxyCommand requires the full path
-	"config.tpl": `Match exec "step ssh check-host %h"
+	"step_config.tpl": `Match exec "step ssh check-host{{- if .User.Context }} --context {{ .User.Context }}{{- end }} %h"
 {{- if .User.User }}
 	User {{.User.User}}
 {{- end }}
 {{- if or .User.GOOS "none" | eq "windows" }}
 	UserKnownHostsFile "{{.User.StepPath}}\ssh\known_hosts"
-	ProxyCommand C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe /c step ssh proxycommand %r %h %p
+	ProxyCommand C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe /c step ssh proxycommand{{- if .User.Context }} --context {{ .User.Context }}{{- end }} %r %h %p
 {{- else }}
 	UserKnownHostsFile "{{.User.StepPath}}/ssh/known_hosts"
-	ProxyCommand step ssh proxycommand %r %h %p
+	ProxyCommand step ssh proxycommand{{- if .User.Context }} --context {{ .User.Context }}{{- end }} %r %h %p
 {{- end }}
 `,