Default Algorithms and Attributes for Tokens, Keys, Certificates, etc.

The step ecosystem aims to be a "easy to use and hard to misuse" suite of PKI tools. This means we need to select sane defaults for the myriad configuration options that exist when using cryptographic primitives and higher order abstractions (e.g. JWTs).

Below we document significant configuration options that we have selected as defaults. These selections will change and evolve over time; security and cryptography are constantly changing in response to real world pressures. We intend for this document be an accurate representation of current best practices in the industry, and to have these practices codified as defaults in the step certificates code base. If you have questions, suggestions, or comments about any of these decisions please let us know by opening an issue on this repo, reaching out through GitHub Discussions.

Tokens

We use JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) to prove authenticity and identity within the Step ecosystem. JWTs have received negative attention because they are easy to misuse and misconfigure. We agree! But lots of things are easy to misuse. We also believe that when configured well JWTs are a great way to sign and encode data. Our JWT's are, by default, short-lived (5 minute lifespan) and one time use during the lifetime of the Step CA. We use a 1 minute clock drift leeway because that was the recommended default in the reputable JWT package that we chose. If using Step JWTs or your own JWTs in your code be sure to verify and validate every single standard attribute of the JWT. JWTs, like all cryptographic tools, are useless without proper attention to configuration and guidelines.

Keys

RSA keys don't scale very well. To get 128 bits of security, you need 3,072-bit RSA keys, which are noticeably slower. ECDSA keys provide an alternative that offers better security and better performance. At 256 bits, ECDSA keys provide 128 bits of security. A small number of older clients don't support ECDSA, but most modern clients do.

Default Key Type: ECDSA

Default Curve Bits: P-256

We've chosen the AES encryption algorithm (aka Rijndael) for writing private keys to disk because it was the official choice of the Advanced Encryption Standard contest. The three supported key sizes are 128, 192, and 256. Each of these is considered to be unbreakable for the forseeable future, therefore we chose 128 bits as our default because the performance is better (as compared to the greater key sizes) and because we agree, with the designers of the algorithm, that 128 bits are quite sufficient for most security needs.

Default PEMCipher: AES128

X.509 Certificate Defaults

Root Certificate

Validity (10 year window)
- Not Before: Now
- Not After: Now + 10 years
  
  A 10 year window seems advisable until software and tools can be written for rotating the root certificate.
Basic Constraints
- CA: TRUE
  
  The root certificate is a Certificate Authority, it will be used to sign other Certificates.
- pathlen: 1
  
  The path length constraint expresses the number of possible intermediate CA certificates in a path built from an end-entity certificate up to the CA certificate. An absent path length constraint means that there is no limitation to the number of intermediate certificates from end-entity to the CA certificate. The smallstep PKI has only one intermediate CA certificate between end-entity certificates and the root CA certificcate.
Key Usage describes how the certificate can be used.
- Certificate Sign
  
  Indicates that our root public key will be used to verify a signature on certificates.
- CRL Sign
  
  Indicates that our root public key will be used to verify a signature on revocation information, such as CRL.

Intermediate Certificate

Validity (10 year window)
- Not Before: Now
- Not After: Now + 10 years
  
  A 10 year window seems advisable until software and tools can be written for rotating the root certificate.
Basic Constraints
- CA: TRUE
  
  The intermediate certificate is a Certificate Authority, used to sign end-entity (service, process, job, etc.) certificates.
- pathlen: 0
  
  The path length constraint expresses the number of possible intermediate CA certificates in a path built from an end-entity certificate up to the CA certificate. An absent path length constraint means that there is no limitation to the number of intermediate certificates from end-entity to the CA certificate. There are no additional intermediary certificates in the path between the smallstep intermediate CA and end-entity certificates.
Key Usage
- Certificate Signing
  
  Indicates that our the intermediate private key can be used to sign certificate requests.
- CRL Sign
  
  Indicates that this public key can be used to verify a signature on revocation information, such as CRL.

Leaf Certificate - End Entity Certificate (certificates returned by the CA)

Validity (24 hour window)
- Not Before: Now
- Not After: Now + 24 hours
  
  The default is a 24hr window. This value is somewhat arbitrary, however, our goal is to have seamless end-entity certificate rotation (we are getting close). Rotating certificates frequently is good security hygiene because it gives bad actors very little time to form an attack and limits the usefulness of any single private key in the system. We will continue to work towards decreasing this window because we believe it significantly reduces probability and effectiveness of any attack.
Key Usage
- Key Encipherment
  
  Indicates that a certificate will be used with a protocol that encrypts keys.
- Digital Signature
  
  Indicates that this public key may be used as a digital signature to support security services that enable entity authentication and data origin authentication with integrity.
Extended Key Usage
- TLS Web Server Authentication
  
  Certificate can be used as the server side certificate in the TLS protocol.
- TLS Web Client Authentication
  
  Certificate can be used as the client side certificate in the TLS protocol.

Default TLS Configuration Options

Min TLS Version: TLS 1.2
Max TLS Version: TLS 1.2

The PCI Security Standards Council required all payment processors and merchants to move to TLS 1.2 and above by June 30, 2018. By setting TLS 1.2 as the default for all tls protocol negotiation we encourage our users to adopt the same security conventions.
Default Cipher Suites:
```
[
    "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
    "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
]
```
The default 'ciphersuites' are a list of two cipher combinations. For communication between services running step there is no need for cipher suite negotiation. The server can specify a single cipher suite which the client is already known to support.

Reasons for selecting TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305:
- ECDHE key exchange algorithm has perfect forward secrecy
- ECDSA has smaller keys and better performance (than RSA)
- CHACHA20 with POLY1305 is the cipher mode used by google.
- CHACHA20's performance is better than GCM and CBC.
The http2 spec requires the TLS_ECDHE_(RSA|ECDSA)_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ciphersuite be accepted by the server, therefore it makes our list of default ciphersuites until we build the functionality to modify our defaults based on http version.

Approved Cipher Suites:

[
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA",
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256",
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA",
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
  "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
  "TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
]

Above is a list of step approved cipher suites. Not all communication can be mediated with step TLS functionality. For those connections the list of server supported cipher suites must have more options - in case older clients do not support our favored cipher suite.

Reasons for selecting these cipher suites can be found in the following ssllabs article.

Renegotation: Never

TLS renegotiation significantly complicates the state machine and has been the source of numerous, subtle security issues. Therefore, by default we disable it.

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