414 lines
27 KiB
Markdown
414 lines
27 KiB
Markdown
# NeoGo smart contract compiler
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The neo-go compiler compiles Go programs to bytecode that the NEO virtual machine can understand.
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## Language compatibility
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The compiler is mostly compatible with regular Go language specification, but
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there are some important deviations that you need to be aware of that make it
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a dialect of Go rather than a complete port of the language:
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* `new()` is not supported, most of the time you can substitute structs with composite literals
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* `make()` is supported for maps and slices with elements of basic types
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* `copy()` is supported only for byte slices, because of underlying `MEMCPY` opcode
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* pointers are supported only for struct literals, one can't take an address
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of an arbitrary variable
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* there is no real distinction between different integer types, all of them
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work as big.Int in Go with a limit of 256 bit in width, so you can use
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`int` for just about anything. This is the way integers work in Neo VM and
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adding proper Go types emulation is considered to be too costly.
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* goroutines, channels and garbage collection are not supported and will
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never be because emulating that aspects of Go runtime on top of Neo VM is
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close to impossible
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* `defer` and `recover` are supported except for cases where panic occurs in
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`return` statement, because this complicates implementation and imposes runtime
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overhead for all contracts. This can easily be mitigated by first storing values
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in variables and returning the result. `defer` can't be used in
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conditional code (#2293).
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* lambdas are supported, but closures are not.
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* maps are supported, but valid map keys are booleans, integers and strings with length <= 64
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## VM API (interop layer)
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Compiler translates interop function calls into NEO VM syscalls or (for custom
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functions) into NEO VM instructions. [Refer to
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pkg.go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop)
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for full API documentation. In general it provides the same level of
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functionality as Neo .net Framework library.
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Compiler provides some helpful builtins in `util`, `convert` and `math` packages.
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Refer to them for detailed documentation.
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`_deploy()` function has a special meaning and is executed when contract is deployed.
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It should return no value and accept two arguments: the first one is `data` containing
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all values `deploy` is aware of and able to make use of; the second one is a bool
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argument which will be true on contract update.
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`_deploy()` functions are called for every imported package in the same order as `init()`.
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## Quick start
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### Go setup
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The compiler uses Go parser internally and depends on regular Go compiler
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presence, so make sure you have it installed and set up. On some distributions
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this requires you to set proper `GOROOT` environment variable, like
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```
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export GOROOT=/usr/lib64/go/1.15
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```
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The best way to create a new contract is using `contract init` command. This will
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create an example source file, config file and `go.mod` with `github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop` dependency.
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```
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$ ./bin/neo-go contract init --name MyAwesomeContract
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$ cd MyAwesomeContract
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```
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You'll also need to download dependency modules for your contract like this (in the
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directory containing contract package):
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```
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$ go mod tidy
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```
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### Compiling
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go
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```
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By default, the filename will be the name of your .go file with the .nef
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extension, the file will be located in the same directory where your Go contract
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is. If you want another location for your compiled contract:
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go --out /Users/foo/bar/contract.nef
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```
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If your contract is split across multiple files, you must provide a path
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to the directory where package files are contained instead of a single Go file
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(`out.nef` will be used as the default output file in this case):
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract compile -i ./path/to/contract
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```
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### Debugging
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You can dump the opcodes generated by the compiler with the following command:
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract inspect -i contract.go -c
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```
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This will result in something like this:
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```
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INDEX OPCODE PARAMETER
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0 INITSLOT 4 local, 2 arg <<
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3 LDARG1
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4 NOT
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5 JMPIFNOT_L 151 (146/92000000)
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10 SYSCALL System.Storage.GetContext (9bf667ce)
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15 NOP
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16 STLOC0
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17 PUSHDATA1 53746f72616765206b6579206e6f7420796574207365742e2053657474696e6720746f2030 ("Storage key not yet set. Setting to 0")
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56 CONVERT Buffer (30)
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58 PUSH1
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59 PACK
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60 STLOC1
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61 PUSHDATA1 696e666f ("info")
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67 LDLOC1
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68 SWAP
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69 SYSCALL System.Runtime.Notify (95016f61)
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74 NOP
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75 PUSH0
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76 STLOC2
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77 LDLOC0
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78 PUSHDATA1 746573742d73746f726167652d6b6579 ("test-storage-key")
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96 LDLOC2
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97 REVERSE3
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98 SYSCALL System.Storage.Put (e63f1884)
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103 NOP
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104 PUSHDATA1 53746f72616765206b657920697320696e697469616c69736564 ("Storage key is initialised")
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132 CONVERT Buffer (30)
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134 PUSH1
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135 PACK
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136 STLOC3
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137 PUSHDATA1 696e666f ("info")
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143 LDLOC3
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144 SWAP
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145 SYSCALL System.Runtime.Notify (95016f61)
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150 NOP
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151 RET
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152 INITSLOT 5 local, 0 arg
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155 SYSCALL System.Storage.GetContext (9bf667ce)
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160 NOP
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161 STLOC0
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162 LDLOC0
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163 PUSHDATA1 746573742d73746f726167652d6b6579 ("test-storage-key")
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181 SWAP
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182 SYSCALL System.Storage.Get (925de831)
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187 NOP
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188 STLOC1
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189 PUSHDATA1 56616c756520726561642066726f6d2073746f72616765 ("Value read from storage")
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214 CONVERT Buffer (30)
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216 PUSH1
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217 PACK
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218 STLOC2
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219 PUSHDATA1 696e666f ("info")
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225 LDLOC2
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226 SWAP
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227 SYSCALL System.Runtime.Notify (95016f61)
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232 NOP
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233 PUSHDATA1 53746f72616765206b657920616c7265616479207365742e20496e6372656d656e74696e672062792031 ("Storage key already set. Incrementing by 1")
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277 CONVERT Buffer (30)
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279 PUSH1
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280 PACK
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281 STLOC3
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282 PUSHDATA1 696e666f ("info")
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288 LDLOC3
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289 SWAP
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290 SYSCALL System.Runtime.Notify (95016f61)
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295 NOP
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296 LDLOC1
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297 CONVERT Integer (21)
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299 PUSH1
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300 ADD
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301 STLOC1
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302 LDLOC0
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303 PUSHDATA1 746573742d73746f726167652d6b6579 ("test-storage-key")
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321 LDLOC1
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322 REVERSE3
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323 SYSCALL System.Storage.Put (e63f1884)
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328 NOP
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329 PUSHDATA1 4e65772076616c7565207772697474656e20696e746f2073746f72616765 ("New value written into storage")
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361 CONVERT Buffer (30)
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363 PUSH1
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364 PACK
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365 STLOC4
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366 PUSHDATA1 696e666f ("info")
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372 LDLOC4
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373 SWAP
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374 SYSCALL System.Runtime.Notify (95016f61)
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379 NOP
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380 LDLOC1
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381 RET
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```
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#### Neo Smart Contract Debugger support
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It's possible to debug contracts written in Go using standard [Neo Smart
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Contract Debugger](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-debugger/) which is a
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part of [Neo Blockchain
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Toolkit](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-blockchain-toolkit/). To do that
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you need to generate debug information using `--debug` option, like this:
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```
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$ ./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go -c contract.yml -m contract.manifest.json -o contract.nef --debug contract.debug.json
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```
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This file can then be used by debugger and set up to work just like for any
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other supported language.
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### Deploying
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Deploying a contract to blockchain with neo-go requires both NEF and JSON
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manifest generated by the compiler from configuration file provided in YAML
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format. To create contract manifest pass YAML file with `-c` parameter and
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specify manifest output file with `-m`:
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go -c config.yml -m contract.manifest.json
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```
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Example YAML file contents:
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```
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name: Contract
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safemethods: []
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supportedstandards: []
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events:
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- name: info
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parameters:
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- name: message
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type: String
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```
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Then the manifest can be passed to the `deploy` command via `-m` option:
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```
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$ ./bin/neo-go contract deploy -i contract.nef -m contract.manifest.json -r http://localhost:20331 -w wallet.json
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```
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Deployment works via an RPC server, an address of which is passed via `-r`
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option and should be signed using a wallet from `-w` option. More details can
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be found in `deploy` command help.
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#### Config file
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Configuration file contains following options:
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| Parameter | Description | Example |
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| --- | --- | --- |
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| `name` | Contract name in the manifest. | `"My awesome contract"`
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| `safemethods` | List of methods which don't change contract state, don't emit notifications and are available for anyone to call. | `["balanceOf", "decimals"]`
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| `supportedstandards` | List of standards this contract implements. For example, `NEP-11` or `NEP-17` token standard. This will enable additional checks in compiler. The check can be disabled with `--no-standards` flag. | `["NEP-17"]`
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| `events` | Notifications emitted by this contract. | See [Events](#Events). |
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| `permissions` | Foreign calls allowed for this contract. | See [Permissions](#Permissions). |
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| `overloads` | Custom method names for this contract. | See [Overloads](#Overloads). |
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##### Events
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Each event must have a name and 0 or more parameters. Parameters are specified using their name and type.
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Both event and parameter names must be strings.
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Parameter type can be one of the following:
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Type in code | Type in config file
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--- | ---
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`bool` | `Boolean`
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`int`, `int64` etc.| `Integer`
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`[]byte` | `ByteArray`
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`string` | `String`
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Any non-byte slice `[]T`| `Array`
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`map[K]V` | `Map`
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`interop.Hash160` | `Hash160`
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`interop.Hash256` | `Hash256`
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`interop.Interface` | `InteropInterface`
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`interop.PublicKey` | `PublicKey`
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`interop.Signature` | `Signature`
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anything else | `Any`
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`interop.*` types are defined as aliases in `github.com/nspcc-dev/neo-go/pkg/interop` module
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with the sole purpose of correct manifest generation.
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As an example consider `Transfer` event from `NEP-17` standard:
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```
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- name: Transfer
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parameters:
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- name: from
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type: Hash160
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- name: to
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type: Hash160
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- name: amount
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type: Integer
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```
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By default, compiler performs some sanity checks. Most of the time
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it will report missing events and/or parameter type mismatch.
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Using variable as an event name in code isn't prohibited but will prevent
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compiler from analyzing an event. It is better to use either constant or string literal.
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The check can be disabled with `--no-events` flag.
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##### Permissions
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Each permission specifies contracts and methods allowed for this permission.
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If contract is not specified in a rule, specified set of methods can be called on any contract.
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By default, no calls are allowed. Simplest permission is to allow everything:
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```
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- methods: '*'
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```
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Another common case is to allow calling `onNEP17Payment`, which is necessary
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for most of the NEP-17 token implementations:
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```
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- methods: ["onNEP17Payment"]
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```
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In addition to `methods` permission can have one of these fields:
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1. `hash` contains hash and restricts set of contracts to a single contract.
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2. `group` contains public key and restricts set of contracts to those who
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have corresponding group in their manifest.
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Consider an example:
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```
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- methods: ["onNEP17Payment"]
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- hash: fffdc93764dbaddd97c48f252a53ea4643faa3fd
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methods: ["start", "stop"]
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- group: 03184b018d6b2bc093e535519732b3fd3f7551c8cffaf4621dd5a0b89482ca66c9
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methods: ["update"]
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```
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This set of permissions allows calling:
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- `onNEP17Payment` method of any contract
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- `start` and `stop` methods of contract with hash `fffdc93764dbaddd97c48f252a53ea4643faa3fd`
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- `update` method of contract in group with public key `03184b018d6b2bc093e535519732b3fd3f7551c8cffaf4621dd5a0b89482ca66c9`
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Also note, that native contract must be included here too. For example, if your contract
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transfers NEO/GAS or gets some info from the `Ledger` contract, all of these
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calls must be allowed in permissions.
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Compiler does its best to ensure correct permissions are specified in config.
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Incorrect permissions will result in runtime invocation failures.
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Using either constant or literal for contract hash and method will allow compiler
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to perform more extensive analysis.
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This check can be disabled with `--no-permissions` flag.
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##### Overloads
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NeoVM allows a contract to have multiple methods with the same name
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but different parameters number. Go lacks this feature but this can be circumvented
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with `overloads` section. Essentially it is a mapping from default contract method names
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to the new ones.
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```
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- overloads:
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oldName1: newName
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oldName2: newName
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```
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Because the use-case for this is to provide multiple implementations with the same ABI name,
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`newName` is required to be already present in the compiled contract.
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As an example consider [`NEP-11` standard](https://github.com/neo-project/proposals/blob/master/nep-11.mediawiki#transfer).
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It requires divisible NFT contract to have 2 `transfer` methods. To achieve this we might implement
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`Tranfer` and `TransferDivisible` and specify emitted name in config:
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```
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- overloads:
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transferDivisible:transfer
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```
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#### Manifest file
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Any contract can be included in a group identified by a public key which is used in [permissions](#Permissions).
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This is achieved with `manifest add-group` command.
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```
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./bin/neo-go contract manifest add-group -n contract.nef -m contract.manifest.json --sender <sender> --wallet /path/to/wallet.json --account <account>
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```
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It accepts contract `.nef` and manifest files emitted by `compile` command as well as
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sender and signer accounts. `--sender` is the account who will send deploy transaction later (not necessarily in wallet).
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`--account` is the wallet account which signs contract hash using group private key.
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#### Neo Express support
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It's possible to deploy contracts written in Go using [Neo
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Express](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-express) which is a part of [Neo
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Blockchain
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Toolkit](https://github.com/neo-project/neo-blockchain-toolkit/). To do that
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you need to generate a different metadata file using YAML written for
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deployment with neo-go. It's done in the same step with compilation via
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`--config` input parameter and `--abi` output parameter, combined with debug
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support the command line will look like this:
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```
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$ ./bin/neo-go contract compile -i contract.go --config contract.yml -o contract.nef --debug contract.debug.json --abi contract.abi.json
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```
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This file can then be used by toolkit to deploy contract the same way
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contracts in other languagues are deployed.
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### Invoking
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You can import your contract into the standalone VM and run it there (see [VM
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documentation](vm.md) for more info), but that only works for simple contracts
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that don't use blockchain a lot. For more real contracts you need to deploy
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them first and then do test invocations and regular invocations with `contract
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testinvokefunction` and `contract invokefunction` commands (or their variants,
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see `contract` command help for more details. They all work via RPC, so it's a
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mandatory parameter.
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Example call (contract `f84d6a337fbc3d3a201d41da99e86b479e7a2554` with method
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`balanceOf` and method's parameter `AK2nJJpJr6o664CWJKi1QRXjqeic2zRp8y` using
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given RPC server and wallet and paying 0.00001 extra GAS for this transaction):
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```
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$ ./bin/neo-go contract invokefunction -r http://localhost:20331 -w my_wallet.json -g 0.00001 f84d6a337fbc3d3a201d41da99e86b479e7a2554 balanceOf AK2nJJpJr6o664CWJKi1QRXjqeic2zRp8y
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```
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## Smart contract examples
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Some examples are provided in the [examples directory](../examples). For more
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sophisticated real-world contracts written in Go check out [NeoFS
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contracts](https://github.com/nspcc-dev/neofs-contract/).
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## How to report compiler bugs
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1. Make a proper testcase (example testcases can be found in the tests folder)
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2. Create an issue on Github
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3. Make a PR with a reference to the created issue, containing the testcase that proves the bug
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4. Either you fix the bug yourself or wait for patch that solves the problem
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