SetModTime() is implemented by copying an object onto itself and updating the metadata in the process.
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title | description | date |
---|---|---|
B2 | Backblaze B2 | 2016-10-25 |
Backblaze B2
B2 is Backblaze's cloud storage system.
Paths are specified as remote:bucket
(or remote:
for the lsd
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:bucket/path/to/dir
.
Here is an example of making a b2 configuration. First run
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process. To authenticate you will either need your Account ID (a short hex number) and Master Application Key (a long hex number) OR an Application Key, which is the recommended method. See below for further details on generating and using an Application Key.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 3
Account ID or Application Key ID
account> 123456789abc
Application Key
key> 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
Endpoint for the service - leave blank normally.
endpoint>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
account = 123456789abc
key = 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
endpoint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
This remote is called remote
and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:
Create a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucket
List the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucket
Sync /home/local/directory
to the remote bucket, deleting any
excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket
Application Keys
B2 supports multiple Application Keys for different access permission to B2 Buckets.
You can use these with rclone too; you will need to use rclone version 1.43 or later.
Follow Backblaze's docs to create an Application Key with the required
permission and add the applicationKeyId
as the account
and the
Application Key
itself as the key
.
Note that you must put the applicationKeyId as the account
– you
can't use the master Account ID. If you try then B2 will return 401
errors.
--fast-list
This remote supports --fast-list
which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone
docs for more details.
Modified time
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
X-Bz-Info-src_last_modified_millis
as milliseconds since 1970-01-01
in the Backblaze standard. Other tools should be able to use this as
a modified time.
Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported. Note that if a modification time needs to be updated on an object then it will create a new version of the object.
SHA1 checksums
The SHA1 checksums of the files are checked on upload and download and will be used in the syncing process.
Large files (bigger than the limit in --b2-upload-cutoff
) which are
uploaded in chunks will store their SHA1 on the object as
X-Bz-Info-large_file_sha1
as recommended by Backblaze.
For a large file to be uploaded with an SHA1 checksum, the source needs to support SHA1 checksums. The local disk supports SHA1 checksums so large file transfers from local disk will have an SHA1. See the overview for exactly which remotes support SHA1.
Sources which don't support SHA1, in particular crypt
will upload
large files without SHA1 checksums. This may be fixed in the future
(see #1767).
Files sizes below --b2-upload-cutoff
will always have an SHA1
regardless of the source.
Transfers
Backblaze recommends that you do lots of transfers simultaneously for
maximum speed. In tests from my SSD equipped laptop the optimum
setting is about --transfers 32
though higher numbers may be used
for a slight speed improvement. The optimum number for you may vary
depending on your hardware, how big the files are, how much you want
to load your computer, etc. The default of --transfers 4
is
definitely too low for Backblaze B2 though.
Note that uploading big files (bigger than 200 MB by default) will use
a 96 MB RAM buffer by default. There can be at most --transfers
of
these in use at any moment, so this sets the upper limit on the memory
used.
Versions
When rclone uploads a new version of a file it creates a new version
of it.
Likewise when you delete a file, the old version will be marked hidden
and still be available. Conversely, you may opt in to a "hard delete"
of files with the --b2-hard-delete
flag which would permanently remove
the file instead of hiding it.
Old versions of files, where available, are visible using the
--b2-versions
flag.
If you wish to remove all the old versions then you can use the
rclone cleanup remote:bucket
command which will delete all the old
versions of files, leaving the current ones intact. You can also
supply a path and only old versions under that path will be deleted,
eg rclone cleanup remote:bucket/path/to/stuff
.
Note that cleanup
will remove partially uploaded files from the bucket
if they are more than a day old.
When you purge
a bucket, the current and the old versions will be
deleted then the bucket will be deleted.
However delete
will cause the current versions of the files to
become hidden old versions.
Here is a session showing the listing and retrieval of an old
version followed by a cleanup
of the old versions.
Show current version and all the versions with --b2-versions
flag.
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
Retrieve an old version
$ rclone -q --b2-versions copy b2:cleanup-test/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt /tmp
$ ls -l /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ncw ncw 16 Jul 2 17:46 /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
Clean up all the old versions and show that they've gone.
$ rclone -q cleanup b2:cleanup-test
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
Data usage
It is useful to know how many requests are sent to the server in different scenarios.
All copy commands send the following 4 requests:
/b2api/v1/b2_authorize_account
/b2api/v1/b2_create_bucket
/b2api/v1/b2_list_buckets
/b2api/v1/b2_list_file_names
The b2_list_file_names
request will be sent once for every 1k files
in the remote path, providing the checksum and modification time of
the listed files. As of version 1.33 issue
#818 causes extra requests
to be sent when using B2 with Crypt. When a copy operation does not
require any files to be uploaded, no more requests will be sent.
Uploading files that do not require chunking, will send 2 requests per file upload:
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_file/
Uploading files requiring chunking, will send 2 requests (one each to start and finish the upload) and another 2 requests for each chunk:
/b2api/v1/b2_start_large_file
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_part_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_part/
/b2api/v1/b2_finish_large_file
Versions
Versions can be viewed with the --b2-versions
flag. When it is set
rclone will show and act on older versions of files. For example
Listing without --b2-versions
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
And with
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
Showing that the current version is unchanged but older versions can be seen. These have the UTC date that they were uploaded to the server to the nearest millisecond appended to them.
Note that when using --b2-versions
no file write operations are
permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.
Standard Options
Here are the standard options specific to b2 (Backblaze B2).
--b2-account
Account ID or Application Key ID
- Config: account
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_ACCOUNT
- Type: string
- Default: ""
--b2-key
Application Key
- Config: key
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_KEY
- Type: string
- Default: ""
--b2-hard-delete
Permanently delete files on remote removal, otherwise hide files.
- Config: hard_delete
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_HARD_DELETE
- Type: bool
- Default: false
Advanced Options
Here are the advanced options specific to b2 (Backblaze B2).
--b2-endpoint
Endpoint for the service. Leave blank normally.
- Config: endpoint
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_ENDPOINT
- Type: string
- Default: ""
--b2-test-mode
A flag string for X-Bz-Test-Mode header for debugging.
This is for debugging purposes only. Setting it to one of the strings below will cause b2 to return specific errors:
- "fail_some_uploads"
- "expire_some_account_authorization_tokens"
- "force_cap_exceeded"
These will be set in the "X-Bz-Test-Mode" header which is documented in the b2 integrations checklist.
- Config: test_mode
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_TEST_MODE
- Type: string
- Default: ""
--b2-versions
Include old versions in directory listings. Note that when using this no file write operations are permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.
- Config: versions
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_VERSIONS
- Type: bool
- Default: false
--b2-upload-cutoff
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload.
Files above this size will be uploaded in chunks of "--b2-chunk-size".
This value should be set no larger than 4.657GiB (== 5GB).
- Config: upload_cutoff
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_UPLOAD_CUTOFF
- Type: SizeSuffix
- Default: 200M
--b2-chunk-size
Upload chunk size. Must fit in memory.
When uploading large files, chunk the file into this size. Note that these chunks are buffered in memory and there might a maximum of "--transfers" chunks in progress at once. 5,000,000 Bytes is the minimum size.
- Config: chunk_size
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_CHUNK_SIZE
- Type: SizeSuffix
- Default: 96M
--b2-disable-checksum
Disable checksums for large (> upload cutoff) files
- Config: disable_checksum
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_DISABLE_CHECKSUM
- Type: bool
- Default: false
--b2-download-url
Custom endpoint for downloads.
This is usually set to a Cloudflare CDN URL as Backblaze offers free egress for data downloaded through the Cloudflare network. Leave blank if you want to use the endpoint provided by Backblaze.
- Config: download_url
- Env Var: RCLONE_B2_DOWNLOAD_URL
- Type: string
- Default: ""