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% rclone(1) User Manual
% Nick Craig-Wood
% Aug 24, 2016
Rclone
======
[![Logo](http://rclone.org/img/rclone-120x120.png)](http://rclone.org/)
Rclone is a command line program to sync files and directories to and from
* Google Drive
* Amazon S3
* Openstack Swift / Rackspace cloud files / Memset Memstore
* Dropbox
* Google Cloud Storage
* Amazon Drive
* Microsoft One Drive
* Hubic
* Backblaze B2
* Yandex Disk
* The local filesystem
Features
* MD5/SHA1 hashes checked at all times for file integrity
* Timestamps preserved on files
* Partial syncs supported on a whole file basis
* [Copy](http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_copy/) mode to just copy new/changed files
* [Sync](http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_sync/) (one way) mode to make a directory identical
* [Check](http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_check/) mode to check for file hash equality
* Can sync to and from network, eg two different cloud accounts
* Optional encryption ([Crypt](http://rclone.org/crypt/))
* Optional FUSE mount ([rclone mount](http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_mount/))
Links
* [Home page](http://rclone.org/)
* [Github project page for source and bug tracker](http://github.com/ncw/rclone)
* <a href="https://google.com/+RcloneOrg" rel="publisher">Google+ page</a></li>
* [Downloads](http://rclone.org/downloads/)
Install
-------
Rclone is a Go program and comes as a single binary file.
[Download](http://rclone.org/downloads/) the relevant binary.
Or alternatively if you have Go 1.5+ installed use
go get github.com/ncw/rclone
and this will build the binary in `$GOPATH/bin`. If you have built
rclone before then you will want to update its dependencies first with
this
go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone/...
See the [Usage section](http://rclone.org/docs/) of the docs for how to use rclone, or
run `rclone -h`.
linux binary downloaded files install example
-------
unzip rclone-v1.17-linux-amd64.zip
cd rclone-v1.17-linux-amd64
#copy binary file
sudo cp rclone /usr/sbin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/sbin/rclone
sudo chmod 755 /usr/sbin/rclone
#install manpage
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
sudo cp rclone.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
sudo mandb
Installation with Ansible
-------
This can be done with [Stefan Weichinger's ansible
role](https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone).
Instructions
1. `git clone https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone.git` into your local roles-directory
2. add the role to the hosts you want rclone installed to:
```
- hosts: rclone-hosts
roles:
- rclone
```
Configure
---------
First you'll need to configure rclone. As the object storage systems
have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file
`.rclone.conf` in your home directory by default. (You can use the
`--config` option to choose a different config file.)
The easiest way to make the config is to run rclone with the config
option:
rclone config
See the following for detailed instructions for
* [Google drive](http://rclone.org/drive/)
* [Amazon S3](http://rclone.org/s3/)
* [Swift / Rackspace Cloudfiles / Memset Memstore](http://rclone.org/swift/)
* [Dropbox](http://rclone.org/dropbox/)
* [Google Cloud Storage](http://rclone.org/googlecloudstorage/)
* [Local filesystem](http://rclone.org/local/)
* [Amazon Drive](http://rclone.org/amazonclouddrive/)
* [Backblaze B2](http://rclone.org/b2/)
* [Hubic](http://rclone.org/hubic/)
* [Microsoft One Drive](http://rclone.org/onedrive/)
* [Yandex Disk](http://rclone.org/yandex/)
* [Crypt](http://rclone.org/crypt/) - to encrypt other remotes
Usage
-----
Rclone syncs a directory tree from one storage system to another.
Its syntax is like this
Syntax: [options] subcommand <parameters> <parameters...>
Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the
storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg
"drive:myfolder" to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.
You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.
Subcommands
-----------
rclone uses a system of subcommands. For example
rclone ls remote:path # lists a re
rclone copy /local/path remote:path # copies /local/path to the remote
rclone sync /local/path remote:path # syncs /local/path to the remote
## rclone config
Enter an interactive configuration session.
### Synopsis
Enter an interactive configuration session.
```
rclone config
```
## rclone copy
Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied
### Synopsis
Copy the source to the destination. Doesn't transfer
unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or
MD5SUM. Doesn't delete files from the destination.
Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced,
not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the
contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and
contents.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.
For example
rclone copy source:sourcepath dest:destpath
Let's say there are two files in sourcepath
sourcepath/one.txt
sourcepath/two.txt
This copies them to
destpath/one.txt
destpath/two.txt
Not to
destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
destpath/sourcepath/two.txt
If you are familiar with `rsync`, rclone always works as if you had
written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory".
This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the
source or destination.
See the `--no-traverse` option for controlling whether rclone lists
the destination directory or not.
```
rclone copy source:path dest:path
```
## rclone sync
Make source and dest identical, modifying destination only.
### Synopsis
Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination
only. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and
modification time or MD5SUM. Destination is updated to match
source, including deleting files if necessary.
**Important**: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the
`--dry-run` flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.
Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any
errors at any point.
It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the
directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of
source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents. See
extended explanation in the `copy` command above if unsure.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.
```
rclone sync source:path dest:path
```
## rclone move
Move files from source to dest.
### Synopsis
Moves the contents of the source directory to the destination
directory. Rclone will error if the source and destination overlap.
If no filters are in use and if possible this will server side move
`source:path` into `dest:path`. After this `source:path` will no
longer longer exist.
Otherwise for each file in `source:path` selected by the filters (if
any) this will move it into `dest:path`. If possible a server side
move will be used, otherwise it will copy it (server side if possible)
into `dest:path` then delete the original (if no errors on copy) in
`source:path`.
**Important**: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the
--dry-run flag.
```
rclone move source:path dest:path
```
## rclone delete
Remove the contents of path.
### Synopsis
Remove the contents of path. Unlike `purge` it obeys include/exclude
filters so can be used to selectively delete files.
Eg delete all files bigger than 100MBytes
Check what would be deleted first (use either)
rclone --min-size 100M lsl remote:path
rclone --dry-run --min-size 100M delete remote:path
Then delete
rclone --min-size 100M delete remote:path
That reads "delete everything with a minimum size of 100 MB", hence
delete all files bigger than 100MBytes.
```
rclone delete remote:path
```
## rclone purge
Remove the path and all of its contents.
### Synopsis
Remove the path and all of its contents. Note that this does not obey
include/exclude filters - everything will be removed. Use `delete` if
you want to selectively delete files.
```
rclone purge remote:path
```
## rclone mkdir
Make the path if it doesn't already exist.
### Synopsis
Make the path if it doesn't already exist.
```
rclone mkdir remote:path
```
## rclone rmdir
Remove the path if empty.
### Synopsis
Remove the path. Note that you can't remove a path with
objects in it, use purge for that.
```
rclone rmdir remote:path
```
## rclone check
Checks the files in the source and destination match.
### Synopsis
Checks the files in the source and destination match. It
compares sizes and MD5SUMs and prints a report of files which
don't match. It doesn't alter the source or destination.
`--size-only` may be used to only compare the sizes, not the MD5SUMs.
```
rclone check source:path dest:path
```
## rclone ls
List all the objects in the the path with size and path.
### Synopsis
List all the objects in the the path with size and path.
```
rclone ls remote:path
```
## rclone lsd
List all directories/containers/buckets in the the path.
### Synopsis
List all directories/containers/buckets in the the path.
```
rclone lsd remote:path
```
## rclone lsl
List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.
### Synopsis
List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.
```
rclone lsl remote:path
```
## rclone md5sum
Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.
### Synopsis
Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path. This
is in the same format as the standard md5sum tool produces.
```
rclone md5sum remote:path
```
## rclone sha1sum
Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.
### Synopsis
Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path. This
is in the same format as the standard sha1sum tool produces.
```
rclone sha1sum remote:path
```
## rclone size
Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.
### Synopsis
Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.
```
rclone size remote:path
```
## rclone version
Show the version number.
### Synopsis
Show the version number.
```
rclone version
```
## rclone cleanup
Clean up the remote if possible
### Synopsis
Clean up the remote if possible. Empty the trash or delete old file
versions. Not supported by all remotes.
```
rclone cleanup remote:path
```
## rclone dedupe
Interactively find duplicate files delete/rename them.
### Synopsis
By default `dedup` interactively finds duplicate files and offers to
delete all but one or rename them to be different. Only useful with
Google Drive which can have duplicate file names.
The `dedupe` command will delete all but one of any identical (same
md5sum) files it finds without confirmation. This means that for most
duplicated files the `dedupe` command will not be interactive. You
can use `--dry-run` to see what would happen without doing anything.
Here is an example run.
Before - with duplicates
$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:11.775000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:18:26.092000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two.txt
Now the `dedupe` session
$ rclone dedupe drive:dupes
2016/03/05 16:24:37 Google drive root 'dupes': Looking for duplicates using interactive mode.
one.txt: Found 4 duplicates - deleting identical copies
one.txt: Deleting 2/3 identical duplicates (md5sum "1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36")
one.txt: 2 duplicates remain
1: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
2: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> k
Enter the number of the file to keep> 1
one.txt: Deleted 1 extra copies
two.txt: Found 3 duplicates - deleting identical copies
two.txt: 3 duplicates remain
1: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
2: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
3: 1744073 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000, md5sum 851957f7fb6f0bc4ce76be966d336802
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> r
two-1.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-2.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-3.txt: renamed from: two.txt
The result being
$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two-1.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two-2.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two-3.txt
Dedupe can be run non interactively using the `--dedupe-mode` flag or by using an extra parameter with the same value
* `--dedupe-mode interactive` - interactive as above.
* `--dedupe-mode skip` - removes identical files then skips anything left.
* `--dedupe-mode first` - removes identical files then keeps the first one.
* `--dedupe-mode newest` - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.
* `--dedupe-mode oldest` - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.
* `--dedupe-mode rename` - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.
For example to rename all the identically named photos in your Google Photos directory, do
rclone dedupe --dedupe-mode rename "drive:Google Photos"
Or
rclone dedupe rename "drive:Google Photos"
```
rclone dedupe [mode] remote:path
```
### Options
```
--dedupe-mode string Dedupe mode interactive|skip|first|newest|oldest|rename.
```
## rclone authorize
Remote authorization.
### Synopsis
Remote authorization. Used to authorize a remote or headless
rclone from a machine with a browser - use as instructed by
rclone config.
```
rclone authorize
```
## rclone cat
Concatenates any files and sends them to stdout.
### Synopsis
rclone cat sends any files to standard output.
You can use it like this to output a single file
rclone cat remote:path/to/file
Or like this to output any file in dir or subdirectories.
rclone cat remote:path/to/dir
Or like this to output any .txt files in dir or subdirectories.
rclone --include "*.txt" cat remote:path/to/dir
```
rclone cat remote:path
```
## rclone genautocomplete
Output bash completion script for rclone.
### Synopsis
Generates a bash shell autocompletion script for rclone.
This writes to /etc/bash_completion.d/rclone by default so will
probably need to be run with sudo or as root, eg
sudo rclone genautocomplete
Logout and login again to use the autocompletion scripts, or source
them directly
. /etc/bash_completion
If you supply a command line argument the script will be written
there.
```
rclone genautocomplete [output_file]
```
## rclone gendocs
Output markdown docs for rclone to the directory supplied.
### Synopsis
This produces markdown docs for the rclone commands to the directory
supplied. These are in a format suitable for hugo to render into the
rclone.org website.
```
rclone gendocs output_directory
```
## rclone mount
Mount the remote as a mountpoint. **EXPERIMENTAL**
### Synopsis
rclone mount allows Linux, FreeBSD and macOS to mount any of Rclone's
cloud storage systems as a file system with FUSE.
This is **EXPERIMENTAL** - use with care.
First set up your remote using `rclone config`. Check it works with `rclone ls` etc.
Start the mount like this
rclone mount remote:path/to/files /path/to/local/mount &
Stop the mount with
fusermount -u /path/to/local/mount
Or with OS X
umount -u /path/to/local/mount
### Limitations ###
This can only read files seqentially, or write files sequentially. It
can't read and write or seek in files.
rclonefs inherits rclone's directory handling. In rclone's world
directories don't really exist. This means that empty directories
will have a tendency to disappear once they fall out of the directory
cache.
The bucket based FSes (eg swift, s3, google compute storage, b2) won't
work from the root - you will need to specify a bucket, or a path
within the bucket. So `swift:` won't work whereas `swift:bucket` will
as will `swift:bucket/path`.
Only supported on Linux, FreeBSD and OS X at the moment.
### rclone mount vs rclone sync/copy ##
File systems expect things to be 100% reliable, whereas cloud storage
systems are a long way from 100% reliable. The rclone sync/copy
commands cope with this with lots of retries. However rclone mount
can't use retries in the same way without making local copies of the
uploads. This might happen in the future, but for the moment rclone
mount won't do that, so will be less reliable than the rclone command.
### Bugs ###
* All the remotes should work for read, but some may not for write
* those which need to know the size in advance won't - eg B2
* maybe should pass in size as -1 to mean work it out
### TODO ###
* Check hashes on upload/download
* Preserve timestamps
* Move directories
```
rclone mount remote:path /path/to/mountpoint
```
### Options
```
--debug-fuse Debug the FUSE internals - needs -v.
--no-modtime Don't read the modification time (can speed things up).
```
Copying single files
--------------------
rclone normally syncs or copies directories. However if the source
remote points to a file, rclone will just copy that file. The
destination remote must point to a directory - rclone will give the
error `Failed to create file system for "remote:file": is a file not a
directory` if it isn't.
For example, suppose you have a remote with a file in called
`test.jpg`, then you could copy just that file like this
rclone copy remote:test.jpg /tmp/download
The file `test.jpg` will be placed inside `/tmp/download`.
This is equivalent to specifying
rclone copy --no-traverse --files-from /tmp/files remote: /tmp/download
Where `/tmp/files` contains the single line
test.jpg
It is recommended to use `copy` when copying single files not `sync`.
They have pretty much the same effect but `copy` will use a lot less
memory.
Quoting and the shell
---------------------
When you are typing commands to your computer you are using something
called the command line shell. This interprets various characters in
an OS specific way.
Here are some gotchas which may help users unfamiliar with the shell rules
### Linux / OSX ###
If your names have spaces or shell metacharacters (eg `*`, `?`, `$`,
`'`, `"` etc) then you must quote them. Use single quotes `'` by default.
rclone copy 'Important files?' remote:backup
If you want to send a `'` you will need to use `"`, eg
rclone copy "O'Reilly Reviews" remote:backup
The rules for quoting metacharacters are complicated and if you want
the full details you'll have to consult the manual page for your
shell.
### Windows ###
If your names have spaces in you need to put them in `"`, eg
rclone copy "E:\folder name\folder name\folder name" remote:backup
If you are using the root directory on its own then don't quote it
(see [#464](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/464) for why), eg
rclone copy E:\ remote:backup
Server Side Copy
----------------
Drive, S3, Dropbox, Swift and Google Cloud Storage support server side
copy.
This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't
download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server
to copy them in place.
Eg
rclone copy s3:oldbucket s3:newbucket
Will copy the contents of `oldbucket` to `newbucket` without
downloading and re-uploading.
Remotes which don't support server side copy (eg local) **will**
download and re-upload in this case.
Server side copies are used with `sync` and `copy` and will be
identified in the log when using the `-v` flag.
Server side copies will only be attempted if the remote names are the
same.
This can be used when scripting to make aged backups efficiently, eg
rclone sync remote:current-backup remote:previous-backup
rclone sync /path/to/files remote:current-backup
Options
-------
Rclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.
Options which use TIME use the go time parser. A duration string is a
possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional
fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid
time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
Options which use SIZE use kByte by default. However a suffix of `b`
for bytes, `k` for kBytes, `M` for MBytes and `G` for GBytes may be
used. These are the binary units, eg 1, 2\*\*10, 2\*\*20, 2\*\*30
respectively.
### --bwlimit=SIZE ###
Bandwidth limit in kBytes/s, or use suffix b|k|M|G. The default is `0`
which means to not limit bandwidth.
For example to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use `--bwlimit 10M`
This only limits the bandwidth of the data transfer, it doesn't limit
the bandwith of the directory listings etc.
### --checkers=N ###
The number of checkers to run in parallel. Checkers do the equality
checking of files during a sync. For some storage systems (eg s3,
swift, dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are
run in parallel.
The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.
### -c, --checksum ###
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check
the file hash and size to determine if files are equal.
This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time
and a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.
This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the
same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which
remotes support which hash type see the table in the [overview
section](http://rclone.org/overview/).
Eg `rclone --checksum sync s3:/bucket swift:/bucket` would run much
quicker than without the `--checksum` flag.
When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if
they are incorrect as it would normally.
### --config=CONFIG_FILE ###
Specify the location of the rclone config file. Normally this is in
your home directory as a file called `.rclone.conf`. If you run
`rclone -h` and look at the help for the `--config` option you will
see where the default location is for you. Use this flag to override
the config location, eg `rclone --config=".myconfig" .config`.
### --contimeout=TIME ###
Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which
looks like `5s` for 5 seconds, `10m` for 10 minutes, or `3h30m`.
The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a
connection to go through to a remote object storage system. It is
`1m` by default.
### --dedupe-mode MODE ###
Mode to run dedupe command in. One of `interactive`, `skip`, `first`, `newest`, `oldest`, `rename`. The default is `interactive`. See the dedupe command for more information as to what these options mean.
### -n, --dry-run ###
Do a trial run with no permanent changes. Use this to see what rclone
would do without actually doing it. Useful when setting up the `sync`
command which deletes files in the destination.
### --ignore-existing ###
Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files
that exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.
While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful
in cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot
correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.
### --ignore-size ###
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check
only the modification time. If `--checksum` is set then it only
checks the checksum.
It will also cause rclone to skip verifying the sizes are the same
after transfer.
This can be useful for transferring files to and from onedrive which
occasionally misreports the size of image files (see
[#399](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/399) for more info).
### -I, --ignore-times ###
Using this option will cause rclone to unconditionally upload all
files regardless of the state of files on the destination.
Normally rclone would skip any files that have the same
modification time and are the same size (or have the same checksum if
using `--checksum`).
### --log-file=FILE ###
Log all of rclone's output to FILE. This is not active by default.
This can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in
combination with the `-v` flag. See the Logging section for more
info.
### --low-level-retries NUMBER ###
This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.
A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one
HTTP request. This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for
example. You will see low level retries in the log with the `-v`
flag.
This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal
operations, however if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish
to reduce the value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the
`--retries` flag) quicker.
Disable low level retries with `--low-level-retries 1`.
### --max-depth=N ###
This modifies the recursion depth for all the commands except purge.
So if you do `rclone --max-depth 1 ls remote:path` you will see only
the files in the top level directory. Using `--max-depth 2` means you
will see all the files in first two directory levels and so on.
For historical reasons the `lsd` command defaults to using a
`--max-depth` of 1 - you can override this with the command line flag.
You can use this command to disable recursion (with `--max-depth 1`).
Note that if you use this with `sync` and `--delete-excluded` the
files not recursed through are considered excluded and will be deleted
on the destination. Test first with `--dry-run` if you are not sure
what will happen.
### --modify-window=TIME ###
When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum
allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered
equivalent.
The default is `1ns` unless this is overridden by a remote. For
example OS X only stores modification times to the nearest second so
if you are reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be
`1s` by default.
This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.
### --no-gzip-encoding ###
Don't set `Accept-Encoding: gzip`. This means that rclone won't ask
the server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set
the server to return files with `Content-Encoding: gzip` but you
uploaded compressed files.
There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will
decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.
### --no-update-modtime ###
When using this flag, rclone won't update modification times of remote
files if they are incorrect as it would normally.
This can be used if the remote is being synced with another tool also
(eg the Google Drive client).
### -q, --quiet ###
Normally rclone outputs stats and a completion message. If you set
this flag it will make as little output as possible.
### --retries int ###
Retry the entire sync if it fails this many times it fails (default 3).
Some remotes can be unreliable and a few retries helps pick up the
files which didn't get transferred because of errors.
Disable retries with `--retries 1`.
### --size-only ###
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check
only the size.
This can be useful transferring files from dropbox which have been
modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of
modification times in the same way as rclone.
### --stats=TIME ###
Rclone will print stats at regular intervals to show its progress.
This sets the interval.
The default is `1m`. Use 0 to disable.
### --delete-(before,during,after) ###
This option allows you to specify when files on your destination are
deleted when you sync folders.
Specifying the value `--delete-before` will delete all files present
on the destination, but not on the source *before* starting the
transfer of any new or updated files. This uses extra memory as it
has to store the source listing before proceeding.
Specifying `--delete-during` (default value) will delete files while
checking and uploading files. This is usually the fastest option.
Currently this works the same as `--delete-after` but it may change in
the future.
Specifying `--delete-after` will delay deletion of files until all new/updated
files have been successfully transfered.
### --timeout=TIME ###
This sets the IO idle timeout. If a transfer has started but then
becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.
The default is `5m`. Set to 0 to disable.
### --transfers=N ###
The number of file transfers to run in parallel. It can sometimes be
useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot
of timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.
The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.
### -u, --update ###
This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination
and have a modified time that is newer than the source file.
If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within
the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be
updated if the sizes are different.
On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will
be the uploaded time. This means that if uploading to one of these
remoes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and
have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the
source file.
This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support
mod times directly as it is more accurate than a `--size-only` check
and faster than using `--checksum`.
### -v, --verbose ###
If you set this flag, rclone will become very verbose telling you
about every file it considers and transfers.
Very useful for debugging.
### -V, --version ###
Prints the version number
Configuration Encryption
------------------------
Your configuration file contains information for logging in to
your cloud services. This means that you should keep your
`.rclone.conf` file in a secure location.
If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can
add a password to your configuration. This means that you will
have to enter the password every time you start rclone.
To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute `rclone config`.
```
>rclone config
Current remotes:
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q>
```
Go into `s`, Set configuration password:
```
e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
a) Add Password
q) Quit to main menu
a/q> a
Enter NEW configuration password:
password:
Confirm NEW password:
password:
Password set
Your configuration is encrypted.
c) Change Password
u) Unencrypt configuration
q) Quit to main menu
c/u/q>
```
Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone
you will now be asked for the password. In the same menu you can
change the password or completely remove encryption from your
configuration.
There is no way to recover the configuration if you lose your password.
rclone uses [nacl secretbox](https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox)
which in turn uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate
your configuration with secret-key cryptography.
The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for secretbox.
The hashed password is not stored.
While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing
your encrypted rclone configuration in public if it contains sensitive
information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.
If it is safe in your environment, you can set the `RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS`
environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be
used for decrypting the configuration.
If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable
password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter
`--ask-password=false` to rclone. This will make rclone fail instead
of asking for a password if `RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS` doesn't contain
a valid password.
Developer options
-----------------
These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone. There
are also some more remote specific options which aren't documented
here which are used for testing. These start with remote name eg
`--drive-test-option` - see the docs for the remote in question.
### --cpuprofile=FILE ###
Write CPU profile to file. This can be analysed with `go tool pprof`.
### --dump-bodies ###
Dump HTTP headers and bodies - may contain sensitive info. Can be
very verbose. Useful for debugging only.
### --dump-filters ###
Dump the filters to the output. Useful to see exactly what include
and exclude options are filtering on.
### --dump-headers ###
Dump HTTP headers - may contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose.
Useful for debugging only.
### --memprofile=FILE ###
Write memory profile to file. This can be analysed with `go tool pprof`.
### --no-check-certificate=true/false ###
`--no-check-certificate` controls whether a client verifies the
server's certificate chain and host name.
If `--no-check-certificate` is true, TLS accepts any certificate
presented by the server and any host name in that certificate.
In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
This option defaults to `false`.
**This should be used only for testing.**
### --no-traverse ###
The `--no-traverse` flag controls whether the destination file system
is traversed when using the `copy` or `move` commands.
If you are only copying a small number of files and/or have a large
number of files on the destination then `--no-traverse` will stop
rclone listing the destination and save time.
However if you are copying a large number of files, escpecially if you
are doing a copy where lots of the files haven't changed and won't
need copying then you shouldn't use `--no-traverse`.
It can also be used to reduce the memory usage of rclone when copying
- `rclone --no-traverse copy src dst` won't load either the source or
destination listings into memory so will use the minimum amount of
memory.
Filtering
---------
For the filtering options
* `--delete-excluded`
* `--filter`
* `--filter-from`
* `--exclude`
* `--exclude-from`
* `--include`
* `--include-from`
* `--files-from`
* `--min-size`
* `--max-size`
* `--min-age`
* `--max-age`
* `--dump-filters`
See the [filtering section](http://rclone.org/filtering/).
Logging
-------
rclone has 3 levels of logging, `Error`, `Info` and `Debug`.
By default rclone logs `Error` and `Info` to standard error and `Debug`
to standard output. This means you can redirect standard output and
standard error to different places.
By default rclone will produce `Error` and `Info` level messages.
If you use the `-q` flag, rclone will only produce `Error` messages.
If you use the `-v` flag, rclone will produce `Error`, `Info` and
`Debug` messages.
If you use the `--log-file=FILE` option, rclone will redirect `Error`,
`Info` and `Debug` messages along with standard error to FILE.
Exit Code
---------
If any errors occurred during the command, rclone will set a non zero
exit code. This allows scripts to detect when rclone operations have
failed.
# Configuring rclone on a remote / headless machine #
Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an
Internet connected web browser.
If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no
browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then
you will need to use an alternative means of configuration. There are
two ways of doing it, described below.
## Configuring using rclone authorize ##
On the headless box
```
...
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
Execute the following on your machine:
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
Then paste the result below:
result>
```
Then on your main desktop machine
```
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
SECRET_TOKEN
<---End paste
```
Then back to the headless box, paste in the code
```
result> SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
[acd12]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d>
```
## Configuring by copying the config file ##
Rclone stores all of its config in a single configuration file. This
can easily be copied to configure a remote rclone.
So first configure rclone on your desktop machine
rclone config
to set up the config file.
Find the config file by running `rclone -h` and looking for the help for the `--config` option
```
$ rclone -h
[snip]
--config="/home/user/.rclone.conf": Config file.
[snip]
```
Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and
place it in the correct place (use `rclone -h` on the remote box to
find out where).
# Filtering, includes and excludes #
Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of
these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.
The filters are applied for the `copy`, `sync`, `move`, `ls`, `lsl`,
`md5sum`, `sha1sum`, `size`, `delete` and `check` operations.
Note that `purge` does not obey the filters.
Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include
and exclude rules like `--include`, `--exclude`, `--include-from`,
`--exclude-from`, `--filter`, or `--filter-from`. The simplest way to
try them out is using the `ls` command, or `--dry-run` together with
`-v`.
**Important** Due to limitations of the command line parser you can
only use any of these options once - if you duplicate them then rclone
will use the last one only.
## Patterns ##
The patterns used to match files for inclusion or exclusion are based
on "file globs" as used by the unix shell.
If the pattern starts with a `/` then it only matches at the top level
of the directory tree, relative to the root of the remote.
If it doesn't start with `/` then it is matched starting at the
**end of the path**, but it will only match a complete path element:
file.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/afile.jpg"
/file.jpg - matches "file.jpg" in the root directory of the remote
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
**Important** Note that you must use `/` in patterns and not `\` even
if running on Windows.
A `*` matches anything but not a `/`.
*.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "file.jpg/something"
Use `**` to match anything, including slashes (`/`).
dir/** - matches "dir/file.jpg"
- matches "dir/dir1/dir2/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"
A `?` matches any character except a slash `/`.
l?ss - matches "less"
- matches "lass"
- doesn't match "floss"
A `[` and `]` together make a a character class, such as `[a-z]` or
`[aeiou]` or `[[:alpha:]]`. See the [go regexp
docs](https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/syntax/) for more info on these.
h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
- matches "hallo"
- doesn't match "hullo"
A `{` and `}` define a choice between elements. It should contain a
comma seperated list of patterns, any of which might match. These
patterns can contain wildcards.
{one,two}_potato - matches "one_potato"
- matches "two_potato"
- doesn't match "three_potato"
- doesn't match "_potato"
Special characters can be escaped with a `\` before them.
\*.jpg - matches "*.jpg"
\\.jpg - matches "\.jpg"
\[one\].jpg - matches "[one].jpg"
Note also that rclone filter globs can only be used in one of the
filter command line flags, not in the specification of the remote, so
`rclone copy "remote:dir*.jpg" /path/to/dir` won't work - what is
required is `rclone --include "*.jpg" copy remote:dir /path/to/dir`
### Directories ###
Rclone keeps track of directories that could match any file patterns.
Eg if you add the include rule
\a\*.jpg
Rclone will synthesize the directory include rule
\a\
If you put any rules which end in `\` then it will only match
directories.
Directory matches are **only** used to optimise directory access
patterns - you must still match the files that you want to match.
Directory matches won't optimise anything on bucket based remotes (eg
s3, swift, google compute storage, b2) which don't have a concept of
directory.
### Differences between rsync and rclone patterns ###
Rclone implements bash style `{a,b,c}` glob matching which rsync doesn't.
Rclone always does a wildcard match so `\` must always escape a `\`.
## How the rules are used ##
Rclone maintains a list of include rules and exclude rules.
Each file is matched in order against the list until it finds a match.
The file is then included or excluded according to the rule type.
If the matcher falls off the bottom of the list then the path is
included.
For example given the following rules, `+` being include, `-` being
exclude,
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
- *
This would include
* `file1.jpg`
* `file3.png`
* `file2.avi`
This would exclude
* `secret17.jpg`
* non `*.jpg` and `*.png`
A similar process is done on directory entries before recursing into
them. This only works on remotes which have a concept of directory
(Eg local, google drive, onedrive, amazon drive) and not on bucket
based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2).
## Adding filtering rules ##
Filtering rules are added with the following command line flags.
### `--exclude` - Exclude files matching pattern ###
Add a single exclude rule with `--exclude`.
Eg `--exclude *.bak` to exclude all bak files from the sync.
### `--exclude-from` - Read exclude patterns from file ###
Add exclude rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this `exclude-file.txt`
# a sample exclude rule file
*.bak
file2.jpg
Then use as `--exclude-from exclude-file.txt`. This will sync all
files except those ending in `bak` and `file2.jpg`.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
### `--include` - Include files matching pattern ###
Add a single include rule with `--include`.
Eg `--include *.{png,jpg}` to include all `png` and `jpg` files in the
backup and no others.
This adds an implicit `--exclude *` at the very end of the filter
list. This means you can mix `--include` and `--include-from` with the
other filters (eg `--exclude`) but you must include all the files you
want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough
flexibility then you must use `--filter-from`.
### `--include-from` - Read include patterns from file ###
Add include rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this `include-file.txt`
# a sample include rule file
*.jpg
*.png
file2.avi
Then use as `--include-from include-file.txt`. This will sync all
`jpg`, `png` files and `file2.avi`.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
This adds an implicit `--exclude *` at the very end of the filter
list. This means you can mix `--include` and `--include-from` with the
other filters (eg `--exclude`) but you must include all the files you
want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough
flexibility then you must use `--filter-from`.
### `--filter` - Add a file-filtering rule ###
This can be used to add a single include or exclude rule. Include
rules start with `+ ` and exclude rules start with `- `. A special
rule called `!` can be used to clear the existing rules.
Eg `--filter "- *.bak"` to exclude all bak files from the sync.
### `--filter-from` - Read filtering patterns from a file ###
Add include/exclude rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this `filter-file.txt`
# a sample exclude rule file
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
# exclude everything else
- *
Then use as `--filter-from filter-file.txt`. The rules are processed
in the order that they are defined.
This example will include all `jpg` and `png` files, exclude any files
matching `secret*.jpg` and include `file2.avi`. Everything else will
be excluded from the sync.
### `--files-from` - Read list of source-file names ###
This reads a list of file names from the file passed in and **only**
these files are transferred. The filtering rules are ignored
completely if you use this option.
Prepare a file like this `files-from.txt`
# comment
file1.jpg
file2.jpg
Then use as `--files-from files-from.txt`. This will only transfer
`file1.jpg` and `file2.jpg` providing they exist.
For example, let's say you had a few files you want to back up
regularly with these absolute paths:
/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff
To copy these you'd find a common subdirectory - in this case `/home`
and put the remaining files in `files-from.txt` with or without
leading `/`, eg
user1/important
user1/dir/file
user2/stuff
You could then copy these to a remote like this
rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt /home remote:backup
The 3 files will arrive in `remote:backup` with the paths as in the
`files-from.txt`.
You could of course choose `/` as the root too in which case your
`files-from.txt` might look like this.
/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff
And you would transfer it like this
rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt / remote:backup
In this case there will be an extra `home` directory on the remote.
### `--min-size` - Don't transfer any file smaller than this ###
This option controls the minimum size file which will be transferred.
This defaults to `kBytes` but a suffix of `k`, `M`, or `G` can be
used.
For example `--min-size 50k` means no files smaller than 50kByte will be
transferred.
### `--max-size` - Don't transfer any file larger than this ###
This option controls the maximum size file which will be transferred.
This defaults to `kBytes` but a suffix of `k`, `M`, or `G` can be
used.
For example `--max-size 1G` means no files larger than 1GByte will be
transferred.
### `--max-age` - Don't transfer any file older than this ###
This option controls the maximum age of files to transfer. Give in
seconds or with a suffix of:
* `ms` - Milliseconds
* `s` - Seconds
* `m` - Minutes
* `h` - Hours
* `d` - Days
* `w` - Weeks
* `M` - Months
* `y` - Years
For example `--max-age 2d` means no files older than 2 days will be
transferred.
### `--min-age` - Don't transfer any file younger than this ###
This option controls the minimum age of files to transfer. Give in
seconds or with a suffix (see `--max-age` for list of suffixes)
For example `--min-age 2d` means no files younger than 2 days will be
transferred.
### `--delete-excluded` - Delete files on dest excluded from sync ###
**Important** this flag is dangerous - use with `--dry-run` and `-v` first.
When doing `rclone sync` this will delete any files which are excluded
from the sync on the destination.
If for example you did a sync from `A` to `B` without the `--min-size 50k` flag
rclone sync A: B:
Then you repeated it like this with the `--delete-excluded`
rclone --min-size 50k --delete-excluded sync A: B:
This would delete all files on `B` which are less than 50 kBytes as
these are now excluded from the sync.
Always test first with `--dry-run` and `-v` before using this flag.
### `--dump-filters` - dump the filters to the output ###
This dumps the defined filters to the output as regular expressions.
Useful for debugging.
## Quoting shell metacharacters ##
The examples above may not work verbatim in your shell as they have
shell metacharacters in them (eg `*`), and may require quoting.
Eg linux, OSX
* `--include \*.jpg`
* `--include '*.jpg'`
* `--include='*.jpg'`
In Windows the expansion is done by the command not the shell so this
should work fine
* `--include *.jpg`
# Overview of cloud storage systems #
Each cloud storage system is slighly different. Rclone attempts to
provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences
show through.
## Features ##
Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.
| Name | Hash | ModTime | Case Insensitive | Duplicate Files |
| ---------------------- |:-------:|:-------:|:----------------:|:---------------:|
| Google Drive | MD5 | Yes | No | Yes |
| Amazon S3 | MD5 | Yes | No | No |
| Openstack Swift | MD5 | Yes | No | No |
| Dropbox | - | No | Yes | No |
| Google Cloud Storage | MD5 | Yes | No | No |
| Amazon Drive | MD5 | No | Yes | No |
| Microsoft One Drive | SHA1 | Yes | Yes | No |
| Hubic | MD5 | Yes | No | No |
| Backblaze B2 | SHA1 | Yes | No | No |
| Yandex Disk | MD5 | Yes | No | No |
| The local filesystem | All | Yes | Depends | No |
### Hash ###
The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects.
The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and
can be specifically used with the `--checksum` flag in syncs and in
the `check` command.
To use the checksum checks between filesystems they must support a
common hash type.
### ModTime ###
The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on
objects. If it does then this enables a using the modification times
as part of the sync. If not then only the size will be checked by
default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the `--checksum` flag.
All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and
these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.
### Case Insensitive ###
If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to
have two files which differ only in case, eg `file.txt` and
`FILE.txt`. If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that
isn't possible.
This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive
system and a case sensitive system. The symptom of this is that no
matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.
The local filesystem may or may not be case sensitive depending on OS.
* Windows - usually case insensitive, though case is preserved
* OSX - usually case insensitive, though it is possible to format case sensitive
* Linux - usually case sensitive, but there are case insensitive file systems (eg FAT formatted USB keys)
Most of the time this doesn't cause any problems as people tend to
avoid files whose name differs only by case even on case sensitive
systems.
### Duplicate files ###
If a cloud storage system allows duplicate files then it can have two
objects with the same name.
This confuses rclone greatly when syncing - use the `rclone dedupe`
command to rename or remove duplicates.
Google Drive
-----------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `drive:path`
Drive paths may be as deep as required, eg `drive:directory/subdirectory`.
The initial setup for drive involves getting a token from Google drive
which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks you
through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 6
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.x.xxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"1/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-03-16T13:57:58.955387075Z","Extra":null}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only
runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back
the verification code. This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this
it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host
firewall, or use manual mode.
You can then use it like this,
List directories in top level of your drive
rclone lsd remote:
List all the files in your drive
rclone ls remote:
To copy a local directory to a drive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backup
### Modified time ###
Google drive stores modification times accurate to 1 ms.
### Revisions ###
Google drive stores revisions of files. When you upload a change to
an existing file to google drive using rclone it will create a new
revision of that file.
Revisions follow the standard google policy which at time of writing
was
* They are deleted after 30 days or 100 revisions (whatever comes first).
* They do not count towards a user storage quota.
### Deleting files ###
By default rclone will delete files permanently when requested. If
sending them to the trash is required instead then use the
`--drive-use-trash` flag.
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --drive-chunk-size=SIZE ####
Upload chunk size. Must a power of 2 >= 256k. Default value is 8 MB.
Making this larger will improve performance, but note that each chunk
is buffered in memory one per transfer.
Reducing this will reduce memory usage but decrease performance.
#### --drive-full-list ####
No longer does anything - kept for backwards compatibility.
#### --drive-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####
File size cutoff for switching to chunked upload. Default is 8 MB.
#### --drive-use-trash ####
Send files to the trash instead of deleting permanently. Defaults to
off, namely deleting files permanently.
#### --drive-auth-owner-only ####
Only consider files owned by the authenticated user. Requires
that --drive-full-list=true (default).
#### --drive-formats ####
Google documents can only be exported from Google drive. When rclone
downloads a Google doc it chooses a format to download depending upon
this setting.
By default the formats are `docx,xlsx,pptx,svg` which are a sensible
default for an editable document.
When choosing a format, rclone runs down the list provided in order
and chooses the first file format the doc can be exported as from the
list. If the file can't be exported to a format on the formats list,
then rclone will choose a format from the default list.
If you prefer an archive copy then you might use `--drive-formats
pdf`, or if you prefer openoffice/libreoffice formats you might use
`--drive-formats ods,odt`.
Note that rclone adds the extension to the google doc, so if it is
calles `My Spreadsheet` on google docs, it will be exported as `My
Spreadsheet.xlsx` or `My Spreadsheet.pdf` etc.
Here are the possible extensions with their corresponding mime types.
| Extension | Mime Type | Description |
| --------- |-----------| ------------|
| csv | text/csv | Standard CSV format for Spreadsheets |
| doc | application/msword | Micosoft Office Document |
| docx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document | Microsoft Office Document |
| html | text/html | An HTML Document |
| jpg | image/jpeg | A JPEG Image File |
| ods | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| ods | application/x-vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| odt | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text | Openoffice Document |
| pdf | application/pdf | Adobe PDF Format |
| png | image/png | PNG Image Format|
| pptx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation | Microsoft Office Powerpoint |
| rtf | application/rtf | Rich Text Format |
| svg | image/svg+xml | Scalable Vector Graphics Format |
| txt | text/plain | Plain Text |
| xls | application/vnd.ms-excel | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| xlsx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| zip | application/zip | A ZIP file of HTML, Images CSS |
### Limitations ###
Drive has quite a lot of rate limiting. This causes rclone to be
limited to transferring about 2 files per second only. Individual
files may be transferred much faster at 100s of MBytes/s but lots of
small files can take a long time.
### Making your own client_id ###
When you use rclone with Google drive in its default configuration you
are using rclone's client_id. This is shared between all the rclone
users. There is a global rate limit on the number of queries per
second that each client_id can do set by Google. rclone already has a
high quota and I will continue to make sure it is high enough by
contacting Google.
However you might find you get better performance making your own
client_id if you are a heavy user. Or you may not depending on exactly
how Google have been raising rclone's rate limit.
Here is how to create your own Google Drive client ID for rclone:
1. Log into the [Google API
Console](https://console.developers.google.com/) with your Google
account. It doesn't matter what Google account you use. (It need not
be the same account as the Google Drive you want to access)
2. Select a project or create a new project.
3. Under Overview, Google APIs, Google Apps APIs, click "Drive API",
then "Enable".
4. Click "Credentials" in the left-side panel (not "Go to
credentials", which opens the wizard), then "Create credentials", then
"OAuth client ID". It will prompt you to set the OAuth consent screen
product name, if you haven't set one already.
5. Choose an application type of "other", and click "Create". (the
default name is fine)
6. It will show you a client ID and client secret. Use these values
in rclone config to add a new remote or edit an existing remote.
(Thanks to @balazer on github for these instructions.)
Amazon S3
---------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.
Here is an example of making an s3 configuration. First run
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process.
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 2
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> access_key
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> secret_key
Region to connect to.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
| Leave location constraint empty.
\ "us-east-1"
/ US West (Oregon) Region
2 | Needs location constraint us-west-2.
\ "us-west-2"
/ US West (Northern California) Region
3 | Needs location constraint us-west-1.
\ "us-west-1"
/ EU (Ireland) Region Region
4 | Needs location constraint EU or eu-west-1.
\ "eu-west-1"
/ EU (Frankfurt) Region
5 | Needs location constraint eu-central-1.
\ "eu-central-1"
/ Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region
6 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-1.
\ "ap-southeast-1"
/ Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region
7 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-2.
\ "ap-southeast-2"
/ Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region
8 | Needs location constraint ap-northeast-1.
\ "ap-northeast-1"
/ South America (Sao Paulo) Region
9 | Needs location constraint sa-east-1.
\ "sa-east-1"
/ If using an S3 clone that only understands v2 signatures
10 | eg Ceph/Dreamhost
| set this and make sure you set the endpoint.
\ "other-v2-signature"
/ If using an S3 clone that understands v4 signatures set this
11 | and make sure you set the endpoint.
\ "other-v4-signature"
region> 1
Endpoint for S3 API.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint>
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
\ ""
2 / US West (Oregon) Region.
\ "us-west-2"
3 / US West (Northern California) Region.
\ "us-west-1"
4 / EU (Ireland) Region.
\ "eu-west-1"
5 / EU Region.
\ "EU"
6 / Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region.
\ "ap-southeast-1"
7 / Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region.
\ "ap-southeast-2"
8 / Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region.
\ "ap-northeast-1"
9 / South America (Sao Paulo) Region.
\ "sa-east-1"
location_constraint> 1
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
\ "private"
2 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ access.
\ "public-read"
/ Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ and WRITE access.
3 | Granting this on a bucket is generally not recommended.
\ "public-read-write"
4 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AuthenticatedUsers group gets READ access.
\ "authenticated-read"
/ Object owner gets FULL_CONTROL. Bucket owner gets READ access.
5 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-read"
/ Both the object owner and the bucket owner get FULL_CONTROL over the object.
6 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-full-control"
acl> private
The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / None
\ ""
2 / AES256
\ "AES256"
server_side_encryption>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = access_key
secret_access_key = secret_key
region = us-east-1
endpoint =
location_constraint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:
Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucket
List the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucket
Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess
files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket
### Modified time ###
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Amz-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.
### Multipart uploads ###
rclone supports multipart uploads with S3 which means that it can
upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded with multipart
upload don't have an MD5SUM.
### Buckets and Regions ###
With Amazon S3 you can list buckets (`rclone lsd`) using any region,
but you can only access the content of a bucket from the region it was
created in. If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong region,
you will get an error, `incorrect region, the bucket is not in 'XXX'
region`.
### Authentication ###
There are two ways to supply `rclone` with a set of AWS
credentials. In order of precedence:
- Directly in the rclone configuration file (as configured by `rclone config`)
- set `access_key_id` and `secret_access_key`
- Runtime configuration:
- set `env_auth` to `true` in the config file
- Exporting the following environment variables before running `rclone`
- Access Key ID: `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` or `AWS_ACCESS_KEY`
- Secret Access Key: `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` or `AWS_SECRET_KEY`
- Running `rclone` on an EC2 instance with an IAM role
If none of these option actually end up providing `rclone` with AWS
credentials then S3 interaction will be non-authenticated (see below).
### Anonymous access to public buckets ###
If you want to use rclone to access a public bucket, configure with a
blank `access_key_id` and `secret_access_key`. Eg
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> anons3
What type of source is it?
Choose a number from below
1) amazon cloud drive
2) b2
3) drive
4) dropbox
5) google cloud storage
6) swift
7) hubic
8) local
9) onedrive
10) s3
11) yandex
type> 10
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
* Enter AWS credentials in the next step
1) false
* Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
2) true
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id>
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key>
...
```
Then use it as normal with the name of the public bucket, eg
rclone lsd anons3:1000genomes
You will be able to list and copy data but not upload it.
### Ceph ###
Ceph is an object storage system which presents an Amazon S3 interface.
To use rclone with ceph, you need to set the following parameters in
the config.
```
access_key_id = Whatever
secret_access_key = Whatever
endpoint = https://ceph.endpoint.goes.here/
region = other-v2-signature
```
Note also that Ceph sometimes puts `/` in the passwords it gives
users. If you read the secret access key using the command line tools
you will get a JSON blob with the `/` escaped as `\/`. Make sure you
only write `/` in the secret access key.
Eg the dump from Ceph looks something like this (irrelevant keys
removed).
```
{
"user_id": "xxx",
"display_name": "xxxx",
"keys": [
{
"user": "xxx",
"access_key": "xxxxxx",
"secret_key": "xxxxxx\/xxxx"
}
],
}
```
Because this is a json dump, it is encoding the `/` as `\/`, so if you
use the secret key as `xxxxxx/xxxx` it will work fine.
### Minio ###
[Minio](https://minio.io/) is an object storage server built for cloud application developers and devops.
It is very easy to install and provides an S3 compatible server which can be used by rclone.
To use it, install Minio following the instructions from the web site.
When it configures itself Minio will print something like this
```
AccessKey: WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A SecretKey: BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF Region: us-east-1
Minio Object Storage:
http://127.0.0.1:9000
http://10.0.0.3:9000
Minio Browser:
http://127.0.0.1:9000
http://10.0.0.3:9000
```
These details need to go into `rclone config` like this. Note that it
is important to put the region in as stated above.
```
env_auth> 1
access_key_id> WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A
secret_access_key> BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF
region> us-east-1
endpoint> http://10.0.0.3:9000
location_constraint>
server_side_encryption>
```
Which makes the config file look like this
```
[minio]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A
secret_access_key = BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF
region = us-east-1
endpoint = http://10.0.0.3:9000
location_constraint =
server_side_encryption =
```
Minio doesn't support all the features of S3 yet. In particular it
doesn't support MD5 checksums (ETags) or metadata. This means rclone
can't check MD5SUMs or store the modified date. However you can work
around this with the `--size-only` flag of rclone.
So once set up, for example to copy files into a bucket
rclone --size-only copy /path/to/files minio:bucket
Swift
----------------------------------------
Swift refers to [Openstack Object Storage](http://www.openstack.org/software/openstack-storage/).
Commercial implementations of that being:
* [Rackspace Cloud Files](http://www.rackspace.com/cloud/files/)
* [Memset Memstore](http://www.memset.com/cloud/storage/)
Paths are specified as `remote:container` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:container/path/to/dir`.
Here is an example of making a swift configuration. First run
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process.
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 10
User name to log in.
user> user_name
API key or password.
key> password_or_api_key
Authentication URL for server.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Rackspace US
\ "https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
2 / Rackspace UK
\ "https://lon.auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
3 / Rackspace v2
\ "https://identity.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2.0"
4 / Memset Memstore UK
\ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v1.0"
5 / Memset Memstore UK v2
\ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v2.0"
6 / OVH
\ "https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v2.0"
auth> 1
User domain - optional (v3 auth)
domain> Default
Tenant name - optional
tenant>
Tenant domain - optional (v3 auth)
tenant_domain>
Region name - optional
region>
Storage URL - optional
storage_url>
Remote config
AuthVersion - optional - set to (1,2,3) if your auth URL has no version
auth_version>
--------------------
[remote]
user = user_name
key = password_or_api_key
auth = https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0
tenant =
region =
storage_url =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this
See all containers
rclone lsd remote:
Make a new container
rclone mkdir remote:container
List the contents of a container
rclone ls remote:container
Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote container, deleting any
excess files in the container.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:container
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --swift-chunk-size=SIZE ####
Above this size files will be chunked into a _segments container. The
default for this is 5GB which is its maximum value.
### Modified time ###
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Object-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1
ns.
This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient
amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.
### Limitations ###
The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files
(Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the
MD5SUM for these.
### Troubleshooting ###
#### Rclone gives Failed to create file system for "remote:": Bad Request ####
Due to an oddity of the underlying swift library, it gives a "Bad
Request" error rather than a more sensible error when the
authentication fails for Swift.
So this most likely means your username / password is wrong. You can
investigate further with the `--dump-bodies` flag.
#### Rclone gives Failed to create file system: Response didn't have storage storage url and auth token ####
This is most likely caused by forgetting to specify your tenant when
setting up a swift remote.
Dropbox
---------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:path`
Dropbox paths may be as deep as required, eg
`remote:directory/subdirectory`.
The initial setup for dropbox involves getting a token from Dropbox
which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks you
through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 4
Dropbox App Key - leave blank normally.
app_key>
Dropbox App Secret - leave blank normally.
app_secret>
Remote config
Please visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/1/oauth2/authorize?client_id=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&response_type=code
Enter the code: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
[remote]
app_key =
app_secret =
token = XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXX_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
You can then use it like this,
List directories in top level of your dropbox
rclone lsd remote:
List all the files in your dropbox
rclone ls remote:
To copy a local directory to a dropbox directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backup
### Modified time and MD5SUMs ###
Dropbox doesn't provide the ability to set modification times in the
V1 public API, so rclone can't support modified time with Dropbox.
This may change in the future - see these issues for details:
* [Dropbox V2 API](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/349)
* [Allow syncs for remotes that can't set modtime on existing objects](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/348)
Dropbox doesn't return any sort of checksum (MD5 or SHA1).
Together that means that syncs to dropbox will effectively have the
`--size-only` flag set.
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --dropbox-chunk-size=SIZE ####
Upload chunk size. Max 150M. The default is 128MB. Note that this
isn't buffered into memory.
### Limitations ###
Note that Dropbox is case insensitive so you can't have a file called
"Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
There are some file names such as `thumbs.db` which Dropbox can't
store. There is a full list of them in the ["Ignored Files" section
of this document](https://www.dropbox.com/en/help/145). Rclone will
issue an error message `File name disallowed - not uploading` if it
attempt to upload one of those file names, but the sync won't fail.
If you have more than 10,000 files in a directory then `rclone purge
dropbox:dir` will return the error `Failed to purge: There are too
many files involved in this operation`. As a work-around do an
`rclone delete dropbix:dir` followed by an `rclone rmdir dropbox:dir`.
Google Cloud Storage
-------------------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.
The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage
which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks you
through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 5
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Project number optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console.
project_number> 12345678
Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
service_account_file>
Access Control List for new objects.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
* Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
1) authenticatedRead
* Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get OWNER access.
2) bucketOwnerFullControl
* Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get READER access.
3) bucketOwnerRead
* Object owner gets OWNER access [default if left blank].
4) private
* Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team members get access according to their roles.
5) projectPrivate
* Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
6) publicRead
object_acl> 4
Access Control List for new buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
* Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
1) authenticatedRead
* Project team owners get OWNER access [default if left blank].
2) private
* Project team members get access according to their roles.
3) projectPrivate
* Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
4) publicRead
* Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get WRITER access.
5) publicReadWrite
bucket_acl> 2
Remote config
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
type = google cloud storage
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"x/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-07-17T20:49:14.929208288+01:00","Extra":null}
project_number = 12345678
object_acl = private
bucket_acl = private
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only
runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back
the verification code. This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this
it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host
firewall, or use manual mode.
This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this
See all the buckets in your project
rclone lsd remote:
Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucket
List the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucket
Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess
files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket
### Service Account support ###
You can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode,
i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful
when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have
actively logged-in users, for example build machines.
To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform
[IAM Service Accounts](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts),
please head to the
[Service Account](https://console.cloud.google.com/permissions/serviceaccounts)
section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just
like normal `User` permissions in
[Google Cloud Storage ACLs](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control),
so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After
creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's
credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials
are what rclone will use for authentication.
To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path
to your Service Account credentials at the `service_account_file`
prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication
flow.
### Modified time ###
Google google cloud storage stores md5sums natively and rclone stores
modification times as metadata on the object, under the "mtime" key in
RFC3339 format accurate to 1ns.
Amazon Drive
-----------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:path`
Paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.
The initial setup for Amazon Drive involves getting a token from
Amazon which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks
you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 1
Amazon Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Amazon Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","expiry":"2015-09-06T16:07:39.658438471+01:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
See the [remote setup docs](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Amazon. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification
code. This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require
you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,
List directories in top level of your Amazon Drive
rclone lsd remote:
List all the files in your Amazon Drive
rclone ls remote:
To copy a local directory to an Amazon Drive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backup
### Modified time and MD5SUMs ###
Amazon Drive doesn't allow modification times to be changed via
the API so these won't be accurate or used for syncing.
It does store MD5SUMs so for a more accurate sync, you can use the
`--checksum` flag.
### Deleting files ###
Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Amazon
don't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the
trash, so you will have to do that with one of Amazon's apps or via
the Amazon Drive website.
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --acd-templink-threshold=SIZE ####
Files this size or more will be downloaded via their `tempLink`. This
is to work around a problem with Amazon Drive which blocks downloads
of files bigger than about 10GB. The default for this is 9GB which
shouldn't need to be changed.
To download files above this threshold, rclone requests a `tempLink`
which downloads the file through a temporary URL directly from the
underlying S3 storage.
#### --acd-upload-wait-time=TIME ####
Sometimes Amazon Drive gives an error when a file has been fully
uploaded but the file appears anyway after a little while. This
controls the time rclone waits - 2 minutes by default. You might want
to increase the time if you are having problems with very big files.
Upload with the `-v` flag for more info.
### Limitations ###
Note that Amazon Drive is case insensitive so you can't have a
file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
Amazon Drive has rate limiting so you may notice errors in the
sync (429 errors). rclone will automatically retry the sync up to 3
times by default (see `--retries` flag) which should hopefully work
around this problem.
Amazon Drive has an internal limit of file sizes that can be uploaded
to the service. This limit is not officially published, but all files
larger than this will fail.
At the time of writing (Jan 2016) is in the area of 50GB per file.
This means that larger files are likely to fail.
Unfortunatly there is no way for rclone to see that this failure is
because of file size, so it will retry the operation, as any other
failure. To avoid this problem, use `--max-size=50GB` option to limit
the maximum size of uploaded files.
Microsoft One Drive
-----------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:path`
Paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.
The initial setup for One Drive involves getting a token from
Microsoft which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks
you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 9
Microsoft App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Microsoft App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
See the [remote setup docs](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Microsoft. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification
code. This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require
you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,
List directories in top level of your One Drive
rclone lsd remote:
List all the files in your One Drive
rclone ls remote:
To copy a local directory to an One Drive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backup
### Modified time and hashes ###
One Drive allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1
second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or
not.
One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use `--checksum` flag.
### Deleting files ###
Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Microsoft
doesn't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the
trash, so you will have to do that with one of Microsoft's apps or via
the One Drive website.
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --onedrive-chunk-size=SIZE ####
Above this size files will be chunked - must be multiple of 320k. The
default is 10MB. Note that the chunks will be buffered into memory.
#### --onedrive-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be <= 100MB. The default
is 10MB.
### Limitations ###
Note that One Drive is case insensitive so you can't have a
file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
Rclone only supports your default One Drive, and doesn't work with One
Drive for business. Both these issues may be fixed at some point
depending on user demand!
There are quite a few characters that can't be in One Drive file
names. These can't occur on Windows platforms, but on non-Windows
platforms they are common. Rclone will map these names to and from an
identical looking unicode equivalent. For example if a file has a `?`
in it will be mapped to `？` instead.
Hubic
-----------------------------------------
Paths are specified as `remote:path`
Paths are specified as `remote:container` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:container/path/to/dir`.
The initial setup for Hubic involves getting a token from Hubic which
you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run:
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 7
Hubic Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Hubic Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
See the [remote setup docs](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Hubic. This only runs from the moment it opens
your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This
is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require you to unblock
it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,
List containers in the top level of your Hubic
rclone lsd remote:
List all the files in your Hubic
rclone ls remote:
To copy a local directory to an Hubic directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backup
If you want the directory to be visible in the official *Hubic
browser*, you need to copy your files to the `default` directory
rclone copy /home/source remote:default/backup
### Modified time ###
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Object-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1
ns.
This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient
amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.
Note that Hubic wraps the Swift backend, so most of the properties of
are the same.
### Limitations ###
This uses the normal OpenStack Swift mechanism to refresh the Swift
API credentials and ignores the expires field returned by the Hubic
API.
The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files
(Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the
MD5SUM for these.
Backblaze B2
----------------------------------------
B2 is [Backblaze's cloud storage system](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/).
Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.
Here is an example of making a b2 configuration. First run
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process. You will
need your account number (a short hex number) and key (a long hex
number) which you can get from the b2 control panel.
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 3
Account ID
account> 123456789abc
Application Key
key> 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
Endpoint for the service - leave blank normally.
endpoint>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
account = 123456789abc
key = 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
endpoint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:
Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucket
List the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucket
Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any
excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket
### Modified time ###
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Bz-Info-src_last_modified_millis` as milliseconds since 1970-01-01
in the Backblaze standard. Other tools should be able to use this as
a modified time.
Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported except in
the case of updating a modification time on an existing object. In
this case the object will be uploaded again as B2 doesn't have an API
method to set the modification time independent of doing an upload.
### SHA1 checksums ###
The SHA1 checksums of the files are checked on upload and download and
will be used in the syncing process.
Large files which are uploaded in chunks will store their SHA1 on the
object as `X-Bz-Info-large_file_sha1` as recommended by Backblaze.
### Transfers ###
Backblaze recommends that you do lots of transfers simultaneously for
maximum speed. In tests from my SSD equiped laptop the optimum
setting is about `--transfers 32` though higher numbers may be used
for a slight speed improvement. The optimum number for you may vary
depending on your hardware, how big the files are, how much you want
to load your computer, etc. The default of `--transfers 4` is
definitely too low for Backblaze B2 though.
Note that uploading big files (bigger than 200 MB by default) will use
a 96 MB RAM buffer by default. There can be at most `--transfers` of
these in use at any moment, so this sets the upper limit on the memory
used.
### Versions ###
When rclone uploads a new version of a file it creates a [new version
of it](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/file_versions.html).
Likewise when you delete a file, the old version will still be
available.
Old versions of files are visible using the `--b2-versions` flag.
If you wish to remove all the old versions then you can use the
`rclone cleanup remote:bucket` command which will delete all the old
versions of files, leaving the current ones intact. You can also
supply a path and only old versions under that path will be deleted,
eg `rclone cleanup remote:bucket/path/to/stuff`.
When you `purge` a bucket, the current and the old versions will be
deleted then the bucket will be deleted.
However `delete` will cause the current versions of the files to
become hidden old versions.
Here is a session showing the listing and and retreival of an old
version followed by a `cleanup` of the old versions.
Show current version and all the versions with `--b2-versions` flag.
```
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
```
Retreive an old verson
```
$ rclone -q --b2-versions copy b2:cleanup-test/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt /tmp
$ ls -l /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ncw ncw 16 Jul 2 17:46 /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
```
Clean up all the old versions and show that they've gone.
```
$ rclone -q cleanup b2:cleanup-test
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
```
### Specific options ###
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.
#### --b2-chunk-size valuee=SIZE ####
When uploading large files chunk the file into this size. Note that
these chunks are buffered in memory and there might a maximum of
`--transfers` chunks in progress at once. 100,000,000 Bytes is the
minimim size (default 96M).
#### --b2-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload (default 190.735 MiB == 200
MB). Files above this size will be uploaded in chunks of
`--b2-chunk-size`.
This value should be set no larger than 4.657GiB (== 5GB) as this is
the largest file size that can be uploaded.
#### --b2-test-mode=FLAG ####
This is for debugging purposes only.
Setting FLAG to one of the strings below will cause b2 to return
specific errors for debugging purposes.
* `fail_some_uploads`
* `expire_some_account_authorization_tokens`
* `force_cap_exceeded`
These will be set in the `X-Bz-Test-Mode` header which is documented
in the [b2 integrations
checklist](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/integration_checklist.html).
#### --b2-versions ####
When set rclone will show and act on older versions of files. For example
Listing without `--b2-versions`
```
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
```
And with
```
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
```
Showing that the current version is unchanged but older versions can
be seen. These have the UTC date that they were uploaded to the
server to the nearest millisecond appended to them.
Note that when using `--b2-versions` no file write operations are
permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.
Yandex Disk
----------------------------------------
[Yandex Disk](https://disk.yandex.com) is a cloud storage solution created by [Yandex](http://yandex.com).
Yandex paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.
Here is an example of making a yandex configuration. First run
rclone config
This will guide you through an interactive setup process:
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
6 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
7 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
8 / Local Disk
\ "local"
9 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
10 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
11 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 11
Yandex Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Yandex Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","expiry":"2016-12-29T12:27:11.362788025Z"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
See the [remote setup docs](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Yandex Disk. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code.
This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require you to
unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,
See top level directories
rclone lsd remote:
Make a new directory
rclone mkdir remote:directory
List the contents of a directory
rclone ls remote:directory
Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote path, deleting any
excess files in the path.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directory
### Modified time ###
Modified times are supported and are stored accurate to 1 ns in custom
metadata called `rclone_modified` in RFC3339 with nanoseconds format.
### MD5 checksums ###
MD5 checksums are natively supported by Yandex Disk.
Crypt
----------------------------------------
The `crypt` remote encrypts and decrypts another remote.
To use it first set up the underlying remote following the config
instructions for that remote. You can also use a local pathname
instead of a remote which will encrypt and decrypt from that directory
which might be useful for encrypting onto a USB stick for example.
First check your chosen remote is working - we'll call it
`remote:path` in these docs. Note that anything inside `remote:path`
will be encrypted and anything outside won't. This means that if you
are using a bucket based remote (eg S3, B2, swift) then you should
probably put the bucket in the remote `s3:bucket`. If you just use
`s3:` then rclone will make encrypted bucket names too (if using file
name encryption) which may or may not be what you want.
Now configure `crypt` using `rclone config`. We will call this one
`secret` to differentiate it from the `remote`.
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> secret
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 5
Remote to encrypt/decrypt.
remote> remote:path
How to encrypt the filenames.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Don't encrypt the file names. Adds a ".bin" extension only.
\ "off"
2 / Encrypt the filenames see the docs for the details.
\ "standard"
filename_encryption> 2
Password or pass phrase for encryption.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Password or pass phrase for salt. Optional but recommended.
Should be different to the previous password.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> g
Password strength in bits.
64 is just about memorable
128 is secure
1024 is the maximum
Bits> 128
Your password is: JAsJvRcgR-_veXNfy_sGmQ
Use this password?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Remote config
--------------------
[secret]
remote = remote:path
filename_encryption = standard
password = CfDxopZIXFG0Oo-ac7dPLWWOHkNJbw
password2 = HYUpfuzHJL8qnX9fOaIYijq0xnVLwyVzp3y4SF3TwYqAU6HLysk
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```
**Important** The password is stored in the config file is lightly
obscured so it isn't immediately obvious what it is. It is in no way
secure unless you use config file encryption.
A long passphrase is recommended, or you can use a random one. Note
that if you reconfigure rclone with the same passwords/passphrases
elsewhere it will be compatible - all the secrets used are derived
from those two passwords/passphrases.
Note that rclone does not encrypt
* file length - this can be calcuated within 16 bytes
* modification time - used for syncing
## Example ##
To test I made a little directory of files using "standard" file name
encryption.
```
plaintext/
├── file0.txt
├── file1.txt
└── subdir
├── file2.txt
├── file3.txt
└── subsubdir
└── file4.txt
```
Copy these to the remote and list them back
```
$ rclone -q copy plaintext secret:
$ rclone -q ls secret:
7 file1.txt
6 file0.txt
8 subdir/file2.txt
10 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt
9 subdir/file3.txt
```
Now see what that looked like when encrypted
```
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
55 hagjclgavj2mbiqm6u6cnjjqcg
54 v05749mltvv1tf4onltun46gls
57 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/dlj7fkq4kdq72emafg7a7s41uo
58 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/7uu829995du6o42n32otfhjqp4/b9pausrfansjth5ob3jkdqd4lc
56 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/8njh1sk437gttmep3p70g81aps
```
Note that this retains the directory structure which means you can do this
```
$ rclone -q ls secret:subdir
8 file2.txt
9 file3.txt
10 subsubdir/file4.txt
```
If don't use file name encryption then the remote will look like this
- note the `.bin` extensions added to prevent the cloud provider
attempting to interpret the data.
```
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
54 file0.txt.bin
57 subdir/file3.txt.bin
56 subdir/file2.txt.bin
58 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt.bin
55 file1.txt.bin
```
### File name encryption modes ###
Here are some of the features of the file name encryption modes
Off
* doesn't hide file names or directory structure
* allows for longer file names (~246 characters)
* can use sub paths and copy single files
Standard
* file names encrypted
* file names can't be as long (~156 characters)
* can use sub paths and copy single files
* directory structure visibile
* identical files names will have identical uploaded names
* can use shortcuts to shorten the directory recursion
Cloud storage systems have various limits on file name length and
total path length which you are more likely to hit using "Standard"
file name encryption. If you keep your file names to below 156
characters in length then you should be OK on all providers.
There may be an even more secure file name encryption mode in the
future which will address the long file name problem.
## File formats ##
### File encryption ###
Files are encrypted 1:1 source file to destination object. The file
has a header and is divided into chunks.
#### Header ####
* 8 bytes magic string `RCLONE\x00\x00`
* 24 bytes Nonce (IV)
The initial nonce is generated from the operating systems crypto
strong random number genrator. The nonce is incremented for each
chunk read making sure each nonce is unique for each block written.
The chance of a nonce being re-used is miniscule. If you wrote an
exabyte of data (10¹⁸ bytes) you would have a probability of
approximately 2×10⁻³² of re-using a nonce.
#### Chunk ####
Each chunk will contain 64kB of data, except for the last one which
may have less data. The data chunk is in standard NACL secretbox
format. Secretbox uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and
authenticate messages.
Each chunk contains:
* 16 Bytes of Poly1305 authenticator
* 1 - 65536 bytes XSalsa20 encrypted data
64k chunk size was chosen as the best performing chunk size (the
authenticator takes too much time below this and the performance drops
off due to cache effects above this). Note that these chunks are
buffered in memory so they can't be too big.
This uses a 32 byte (256 bit key) key derived from the user password.
#### Examples ####
1 byte file will encrypt to
* 32 bytes header
* 17 bytes data chunk
49 bytes total
1MB (1048576 bytes) file will encrypt to
* 32 bytes header
* 16 chunks of 65568 bytes
1049120 bytes total (a 0.05% overhead). This is the overhead for big
files.
### Name encryption ###
File names are encrypted segment by segment - the path is broken up
into `/` separated strings and these are encrypted individually.
File segments are padded using using PKCS#7 to a multiple of 16 bytes
before encryption.
They are then encrypted with EME using AES with 256 bit key. EME
(ECB-Mix-ECB) is a wide-block encryption mode presented in the 2003
paper "A Parallelizable Enciphering Mode" by Halevi and Rogaway.
This makes for determinstic encryption which is what we want - the
same filename must encrypt to the same thing otherwise we can't find
it on the cloud storage system.
This means that
* filenames with the same name will encrypt the same
* filenames which start the same won't have a common prefix
This uses a 32 byte key (256 bits) and a 16 byte (128 bits) IV both of
which are derived from the user password.
After encryption they are written out using a modified version of
standard `base32` encoding as described in RFC4648. The standard
encoding is modified in two ways:
* it becomes lower case (no-one likes upper case filenames!)
* we strip the padding character `=`
`base32` is used rather than the more efficient `base64` so rclone can be
used on case insensitive remotes (eg Windows, Amazon Drive).
### Key derivation ###
Rclone uses `scrypt` with parameters `N=16384, r=8, p=1` with a an
optional user supplied salt (password2) to derive the 32+32+16 = 80
bytes of key material required. If the user doesn't supply a salt
then rclone uses an internal one.
`scrypt` makes it impractical to mount a dictionary attack on rclone
encrypted data. For full protection agains this you should always use
a salt.
Local Filesystem
-------------------------------------------
Local paths are specified as normal filesystem paths, eg `/path/to/wherever`, so
rclone sync /home/source /tmp/destination
Will sync `/home/source` to `/tmp/destination`
These can be configured into the config file for consistencies sake,
but it is probably easier not to.
### Modified time ###
Rclone reads and writes the modified time using an accuracy determined by
the OS. Typically this is 1ns on Linux, 10 ns on Windows and 1 Second
on OS X.
### Filenames ###
Filenames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 on disk. This is the
normal case for Windows and OS X.
There is a bit more uncertainty in the Linux world, but new
distributions will have UTF-8 encoded files names. If you are using an
old Linux filesystem with non UTF-8 file names (eg latin1) then you
can use the `convmv` tool to convert the filesystem to UTF-8. This
tool is available in most distributions' package managers.
If an invalid (non-UTF8) filename is read, the invalid caracters will
be replaced with the unicode replacement character, '�'. `rclone`
will emit a debug message in this case (use `-v` to see), eg
```
Local file system at .: Replacing invalid UTF-8 characters in "gro\xdf"
```
### Long paths on Windows ###
Rclone handles long paths automatically, by converting all paths to long
[UNC paths](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx#maxpath)
which allows paths up to 32,767 characters.
This is why you will see that your paths, for instance `c:\files` is
converted to the UNC path `\\?\c:\files` in the output,
and `\\server\share` is converted to `\\?\UNC\server\share`.
However, in rare cases this may cause problems with buggy file
system drivers like [EncFS](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/261).
To disable UNC conversion globally, add this to your `.rclone.conf` file:
```
[local]
nounc = true
```
If you want to selectively disable UNC, you can add it to a separate entry like this:
```
[nounc]
type = local
nounc = true
```
And use rclone like this:
`rclone copy c:\src nounc:z:\dst`
This will use UNC paths on `c:\src` but not on `z:\dst`.
Of course this will cause problems if the absolute path length of a
file exceeds 258 characters on z, so only use this option if you have to.
Changelog
---------
* v1.33 - 2016-08-24
* New Features
* Implement encryption
* data encrypted in NACL secretbox format
* with optional file name encryption
* New commands
* rclone mount - implements FUSE mounting of remotes (EXPERIMENTAL)
* works on Linux, FreeBSD and OS X (need testers for the last 2!)
* rclone cat - outputs remote file or files to the terminal
* rclone genautocomplete - command to make a bash completion script for rclone
* Editing a remote using `rclone config` now goes through the wizard
* Compile with go 1.7 - this fixes rclone on macOS Sierra and on 386 processors
* Use cobra for sub commands and docs generation
* drive
* Document how to make your own client_id
* s3
* User-configurable Amazon S3 ACL (thanks Radek Šenfeld)
* b2
* Fix stats accounting for upload - no more jumping to 100% done
* On cleanup delete hide marker if it is the current file
* New B2 API endpoint (thanks Per Cederberg)
* Set maximum backoff to 5 Minutes
* onedrive
* Fix URL escaping in file names - eg uploading files with `+` in them.
* amazon cloud drive
* Fix token expiry during large uploads
* Work around 408 REQUEST_TIMEOUT and 504 GATEWAY_TIMEOUT errors
* local
* Fix filenames with invalid UTF-8 not being uploaded
* Fix problem with some UTF-8 characters on OS X
* v1.32 - 2016-07-13
* Backblaze B2
* Fix upload of files large files not in root
* v1.31 - 2016-07-13
* New Features
* Reduce memory on sync by about 50%
* Implement --no-traverse flag to stop copy traversing the destination remote.
* This can be used to reduce memory usage down to the smallest possible.
* Useful to copy a small number of files into a large destination folder.
* Implement cleanup command for emptying trash / removing old versions of files
* Currently B2 only
* Single file handling improved
* Now copied with --files-from
* Automatically sets --no-traverse when copying a single file
* Info on using installing with ansible - thanks Stefan Weichinger
* Implement --no-update-modtime flag to stop rclone fixing the remote modified times.
* Bug Fixes
* Fix move command - stop it running for overlapping Fses - this was causing data loss.
* Local
* Fix incomplete hashes - this was causing problems for B2.
* Amazon Drive
* Rename Amazon Cloud Drive to Amazon Drive - no changes to config file needed.
* Swift
* Add support for non-default project domain - thanks Antonio Messina.
* S3
* Add instructions on how to use rclone with minio.
* Add ap-northeast-2 (Seoul) and ap-south-1 (Mumbai) regions.
* Skip setting the modified time for objects > 5GB as it isn't possible.
* Backblaze B2
* Add --b2-versions flag so old versions can be listed and retreived.
* Treat 403 errors (eg cap exceeded) as fatal.
* Implement cleanup command for deleting old file versions.
* Make error handling compliant with B2 integrations notes.
* Fix handling of token expiry.
* Implement --b2-test-mode to set `X-Bz-Test-Mode` header.
* Set cutoff for chunked upload to 200MB as per B2 guidelines.
* Make upload multi-threaded.
* Dropbox
* Don't retry 461 errors.
* v1.30 - 2016-06-18
* New Features
* Directory listing code reworked for more features and better error reporting (thanks to Klaus Post for help). This enables
* Directory include filtering for efficiency
* --max-depth parameter
* Better error reporting
* More to come
* Retry more errors
* Add --ignore-size flag - for uploading images to onedrive
* Log -v output to stdout by default
* Display the transfer stats in more human readable form
* Make 0 size files specifiable with `--max-size 0b`
* Add `b` suffix so we can specify bytes in --bwlimit, --min-size etc
* Use "password:" instead of "password>" prompt - thanks Klaus Post and Leigh Klotz
* Bug Fixes
* Fix retry doing one too many retries
* Local
* Fix problems with OS X and UTF-8 characters
* Amazon Drive
* Check a file exists before uploading to help with 408 Conflict errors
* Reauth on 401 errors - this has been causing a lot of problems
* Work around spurious 403 errors
* Restart directory listings on error
* Google Drive
* Check a file exists before uploading to help with duplicates
* Fix retry of multipart uploads
* Backblaze B2
* Implement large file uploading
* S3
* Add AES256 server-side encryption for - thanks Justin R. Wilson
* Google Cloud Storage
* Make sure we don't use conflicting content types on upload
* Add service account support - thanks Michal Witkowski
* Swift
* Add auth version parameter
* Add domain option for openstack (v3 auth) - thanks Fabian Ruff
* v1.29 - 2016-04-18
* New Features
* Implement `-I, --ignore-times` for unconditional upload
* Improve `dedupe`command
* Now removes identical copies without asking
* Now obeys `--dry-run`
* Implement `--dedupe-mode` for non interactive running
* `--dedupe-mode interactive` - interactive the default.
* `--dedupe-mode skip` - removes identical files then skips anything left.
* `--dedupe-mode first` - removes identical files then keeps the first one.
* `--dedupe-mode newest` - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.
* `--dedupe-mode oldest` - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.
* `--dedupe-mode rename` - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.
* Bug fixes
* Make rclone check obey the `--size-only` flag.
* Use "application/octet-stream" if discovered mime type is invalid.
* Fix missing "quit" option when there are no remotes.
* Google Drive
* Increase default chunk size to 8 MB - increases upload speed of big files
* Speed up directory listings and make more reliable
* Add missing retries for Move and DirMove - increases reliability
* Preserve mime type on file update
* Backblaze B2
* Enable mod time syncing
* This means that B2 will now check modification times
* It will upload new files to update the modification times
* (there isn't an API to just set the mod time.)
* If you want the old behaviour use `--size-only`.
* Update API to new version
* Fix parsing of mod time when not in metadata
* Swift/Hubic
* Don't return an MD5SUM for static large objects
* S3
* Fix uploading files bigger than 50GB
* v1.28 - 2016-03-01
* New Features
* Configuration file encryption - thanks Klaus Post
* Improve `rclone config` adding more help and making it easier to understand
* Implement `-u`/`--update` so creation times can be used on all remotes
* Implement `--low-level-retries` flag
* Optionally disable gzip compression on downloads with `--no-gzip-encoding`
* Bug fixes
* Don't make directories if `--dry-run` set
* Fix and document the `move` command
* Fix redirecting stderr on unix-like OSes when using `--log-file`
* Fix `delete` command to wait until all finished - fixes missing deletes.
* Backblaze B2
* Use one upload URL per go routine fixes `more than one upload using auth token`
* Add pacing, retries and reauthentication - fixes token expiry problems
* Upload without using a temporary file from local (and remotes which support SHA1)
* Fix reading metadata for all files when it shouldn't have been
* Drive
* Fix listing drive documents at root
* Disable copy and move for Google docs
* Swift
* Fix uploading of chunked files with non ASCII characters
* Allow setting of `storage_url` in the config - thanks Xavier Lucas
* S3
* Allow IAM role and credentials from environment variables - thanks Brian Stengaard
* Allow low privilege users to use S3 (check if directory exists during Mkdir) - thanks Jakub Gedeon
* Amazon Drive
* Retry on more things to make directory listings more reliable
* v1.27 - 2016-01-31
* New Features
* Easier headless configuration with `rclone authorize`
* Add support for multiple hash types - we now check SHA1 as well as MD5 hashes.
* `delete` command which does obey the filters (unlike `purge`)
* `dedupe` command to deduplicate a remote. Useful with Google Drive.
* Add `--ignore-existing` flag to skip all files that exist on destination.
* Add `--delete-before`, `--delete-during`, `--delete-after` flags.
* Add `--memprofile` flag to debug memory use.
* Warn the user about files with same name but different case
* Make `--include` rules add their implict exclude * at the end of the filter list
* Deprecate compiling with go1.3
* Amazon Drive
* Fix download of files > 10 GB
* Fix directory traversal ("Next token is expired") for large directory listings
* Remove 409 conflict from error codes we will retry - stops very long pauses
* Backblaze B2
* SHA1 hashes now checked by rclone core
* Drive
* Add `--drive-auth-owner-only` to only consider files owned by the user - thanks Björn Harrtell
* Export Google documents
* Dropbox
* Make file exclusion error controllable with -q
* Swift
* Fix upload from unprivileged user.
* S3
* Fix updating of mod times of files with `+` in.
* Local
* Add local file system option to disable UNC on Windows.
* v1.26 - 2016-01-02
* New Features
* Yandex storage backend - thank you Dmitry Burdeev ("dibu")
* Implement Backblaze B2 storage backend
* Add --min-age and --max-age flags - thank you Adriano Aurélio Meirelles
* Make ls/lsl/md5sum/size/check obey includes and excludes
* Fixes
* Fix crash in http logging
* Upload releases to github too
* Swift
* Fix sync for chunked files
* One Drive
* Re-enable server side copy
* Don't mask HTTP error codes with JSON decode error
* S3
* Fix corrupting Content-Type on mod time update (thanks Joseph Spurrier)
* v1.25 - 2015-11-14
* New features
* Implement Hubic storage system
* Fixes
* Fix deletion of some excluded files without --delete-excluded
* This could have deleted files unexpectedly on sync
* Always check first with `--dry-run`!
* Swift
* Stop SetModTime losing metadata (eg X-Object-Manifest)
* This could have caused data loss for files > 5GB in size
* Use ContentType from Object to avoid lookups in listings
* One Drive
* disable server side copy as it seems to be broken at Microsoft
* v1.24 - 2015-11-07
* New features
* Add support for Microsoft One Drive
* Add `--no-check-certificate` option to disable server certificate verification
* Add async readahead buffer for faster transfer of big files
* Fixes
* Allow spaces in remotes and check remote names for validity at creation time
* Allow '&' and disallow ':' in Windows filenames.
* Swift
* Ignore directory marker objects where appropriate - allows working with Hubic
* Don't delete the container if fs wasn't at root
* S3
* Don't delete the bucket if fs wasn't at root
* Google Cloud Storage
* Don't delete the bucket if fs wasn't at root
* v1.23 - 2015-10-03
* New features
* Implement `rclone size` for measuring remotes
* Fixes
* Fix headless config for drive and gcs
* Tell the user they should try again if the webserver method failed
* Improve output of `--dump-headers`
* S3
* Allow anonymous access to public buckets
* Swift
* Stop chunked operations logging "Failed to read info: Object Not Found"
* Use Content-Length on uploads for extra reliability
* v1.22 - 2015-09-28
* Implement rsync like include and exclude flags
* swift
* Support files > 5GB - thanks Sergey Tolmachev
* v1.21 - 2015-09-22
* New features
* Display individual transfer progress
* Make lsl output times in localtime
* Fixes
* Fix allowing user to override credentials again in Drive, GCS and ACD
* Amazon Drive
* Implement compliant pacing scheme
* Google Drive
* Make directory reads concurrent for increased speed.
* v1.20 - 2015-09-15
* New features
* Amazon Drive support
* Oauth support redone - fix many bugs and improve usability
* Use "golang.org/x/oauth2" as oauth libary of choice
* Improve oauth usability for smoother initial signup
* drive, googlecloudstorage: optionally use auto config for the oauth token
* Implement --dump-headers and --dump-bodies debug flags
* Show multiple matched commands if abbreviation too short
* Implement server side move where possible
* local
* Always use UNC paths internally on Windows - fixes a lot of bugs
* dropbox
* force use of our custom transport which makes timeouts work
* Thanks to Klaus Post for lots of help with this release
* v1.19 - 2015-08-28
* New features
* Server side copies for s3/swift/drive/dropbox/gcs
* Move command - uses server side copies if it can
* Implement --retries flag - tries 3 times by default
* Build for plan9/amd64 and solaris/amd64 too
* Fixes
* Make a current version download with a fixed URL for scripting
* Ignore rmdir in limited fs rather than throwing error
* dropbox
* Increase chunk size to improve upload speeds massively
* Issue an error message when trying to upload bad file name
* v1.18 - 2015-08-17
* drive
* Add `--drive-use-trash` flag so rclone trashes instead of deletes
* Add "Forbidden to download" message for files with no downloadURL
* dropbox
* Remove datastore
* This was deprecated and it caused a lot of problems
* Modification times and MD5SUMs no longer stored
* Fix uploading files > 2GB
* s3
* use official AWS SDK from github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go
* **NB** will most likely require you to delete and recreate remote
* enable multipart upload which enables files > 5GB
* tested with Ceph / RadosGW / S3 emulation
* many thanks to Sam Liston and Brian Haymore at the [Utah
Center for High Performance Computing](https://www.chpc.utah.edu/) for a Ceph test account
* misc
* Show errors when reading the config file
* Do not print stats in quiet mode - thanks Leonid Shalupov
* Add FAQ
* Fix created directories not obeying umask
* Linux installation instructions - thanks Shimon Doodkin
* v1.17 - 2015-06-14
* dropbox: fix case insensitivity issues - thanks Leonid Shalupov
* v1.16 - 2015-06-09
* Fix uploading big files which was causing timeouts or panics
* Don't check md5sum after download with --size-only
* v1.15 - 2015-06-06
* Add --checksum flag to only discard transfers by MD5SUM - thanks Alex Couper
* Implement --size-only flag to sync on size not checksum & modtime
* Expand docs and remove duplicated information
* Document rclone's limitations with directories
* dropbox: update docs about case insensitivity
* v1.14 - 2015-05-21
* local: fix encoding of non utf-8 file names - fixes a duplicate file problem
* drive: docs about rate limiting
* google cloud storage: Fix compile after API change in "google.golang.org/api/storage/v1"
* v1.13 - 2015-05-10
* Revise documentation (especially sync)
* Implement --timeout and --conntimeout
* s3: ignore etags from multipart uploads which aren't md5sums
* v1.12 - 2015-03-15
* drive: Use chunked upload for files above a certain size
* drive: add --drive-chunk-size and --drive-upload-cutoff parameters
* drive: switch to insert from update when a failed copy deletes the upload
* core: Log duplicate files if they are detected
* v1.11 - 2015-03-04
* swift: add region parameter
* drive: fix crash on failed to update remote mtime
* In remote paths, change native directory separators to /
* Add synchronization to ls/lsl/lsd output to stop corruptions
* Ensure all stats/log messages to go stderr
* Add --log-file flag to log everything (including panics) to file
* Make it possible to disable stats printing with --stats=0
* Implement --bwlimit to limit data transfer bandwidth
* v1.10 - 2015-02-12
* s3: list an unlimited number of items
* Fix getting stuck in the configurator
* v1.09 - 2015-02-07
* windows: Stop drive letters (eg C:) getting mixed up with remotes (eg drive:)
* local: Fix directory separators on Windows
* drive: fix rate limit exceeded errors
* v1.08 - 2015-02-04
* drive: fix subdirectory listing to not list entire drive
* drive: Fix SetModTime
* dropbox: adapt code to recent library changes
* v1.07 - 2014-12-23
* google cloud storage: fix memory leak
* v1.06 - 2014-12-12
* Fix "Couldn't find home directory" on OSX
* swift: Add tenant parameter
* Use new location of Google API packages
* v1.05 - 2014-08-09
* Improved tests and consequently lots of minor fixes
* core: Fix race detected by go race detector
* core: Fixes after running errcheck
* drive: reset root directory on Rmdir and Purge
* fs: Document that Purger returns error on empty directory, test and fix
* google cloud storage: fix ListDir on subdirectory
* google cloud storage: re-read metadata in SetModTime
* s3: make reading metadata more reliable to work around eventual consistency problems
* s3: strip trailing / from ListDir()
* swift: return directories without / in ListDir
* v1.04 - 2014-07-21
* google cloud storage: Fix crash on Update
* v1.03 - 2014-07-20
* swift, s3, dropbox: fix updated files being marked as corrupted
* Make compile with go 1.1 again
* v1.02 - 2014-07-19
* Implement Dropbox remote
* Implement Google Cloud Storage remote
* Verify Md5sums and Sizes after copies
* Remove times from "ls" command - lists sizes only
* Add add "lsl" - lists times and sizes
* Add "md5sum" command
* v1.01 - 2014-07-04
* drive: fix transfer of big files using up lots of memory
* v1.00 - 2014-07-03
* drive: fix whole second dates
* v0.99 - 2014-06-26
* Fix --dry-run not working
* Make compatible with go 1.1
* v0.98 - 2014-05-30
* s3: Treat missing Content-Length as 0 for some ceph installations
* rclonetest: add file with a space in
* v0.97 - 2014-05-05
* Implement copying of single files
* s3 & swift: support paths inside containers/buckets
* v0.96 - 2014-04-24
* drive: Fix multiple files of same name being created
* drive: Use o.Update and fs.Put to optimise transfers
* Add version number, -V and --version
* v0.95 - 2014-03-28
* rclone.org: website, docs and graphics
* drive: fix path parsing
* v0.94 - 2014-03-27
* Change remote format one last time
* GNU style flags
* v0.93 - 2014-03-16
* drive: store token in config file
* cross compile other versions
* set strict permissions on config file
* v0.92 - 2014-03-15
* Config fixes and --config option
* v0.91 - 2014-03-15
* Make config file
* v0.90 - 2013-06-27
* Project named rclone
* v0.00 - 2012-11-18
* Project started
Bugs and Limitations
--------------------
### Empty directories are left behind / not created ##
With remotes that have a concept of directory, eg Local and Drive,
empty directories may be left behind, or not created when one was
expected.
This is because rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only
works on objects. Most of the object storage systems can't actually
store a directory so there is nowhere for rclone to store anything
about directories.
You can work round this to some extent with the`purge` command which
will delete everything under the path, **inluding** empty directories.
This may be fixed at some point in
[Issue #100](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/100)
### Directory timestamps aren't preserved ##
For the same reason as the above, rclone doesn't have a concept of a
directory - it only works on objects, therefore it can't preserve the
timestamps of directories.
Frequently Asked Questions
--------------------------
### Do all cloud storage systems support all rclone commands ###
Yes they do. All the rclone commands (eg `sync`, `copy` etc) will
work on all the remote storage systems.
### Can I copy the config from one machine to another ###
Sure! Rclone stores all of its config in a single file. If you want
to find this file, the simplest way is to run `rclone -h` and look at
the help for the `--config` flag which will tell you where it is.
See the [remote setup docs](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for more info.
### How do I configure rclone on a remote / headless box with no browser? ###
This has now been documented in its own [remote setup page](http://rclone.org/remote_setup/).
### Can rclone sync directly from drive to s3 ###
Rclone can sync between two remote cloud storage systems just fine.
Note that it effectively downloads the file and uploads it again, so
the node running rclone would need to have lots of bandwidth.
The syncs would be incremental (on a file by file basis).
Eg
rclone sync drive:Folder s3:bucket
### Using rclone from multiple locations at the same time ###
You can use rclone from multiple places at the same time if you choose
different subdirectory for the output, eg
```
Server A> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerA
Server B> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerB
```
If you sync to the same directory then you should use rclone copy
otherwise the two rclones may delete each others files, eg
```
Server A> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup
Server B> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup
```
The file names you upload from Server A and Server B should be
different in this case, otherwise some file systems (eg Drive) may
make duplicates.
### Why doesn't rclone support partial transfers / binary diffs like rsync? ###
Rclone stores each file you transfer as a native object on the remote
cloud storage system. This means that you can see the files you
upload as expected using alternative access methods (eg using the
Google Drive web interface). There is a 1:1 mapping between files on
your hard disk and objects created in the cloud storage system.
Cloud storage systems (at least none I've come across yet) don't
support partially uploading an object. You can't take an existing
object, and change some bytes in the middle of it.
It would be possible to make a sync system which stored binary diffs
instead of whole objects like rclone does, but that would break the
1:1 mapping of files on your hard disk to objects in the remote cloud
storage system.
All the cloud storage systems support partial downloads of content, so
it would be possible to make partial downloads work. However to make
this work efficiently this would require storing a significant amount
of metadata, which breaks the desired 1:1 mapping of files to objects.
### Can rclone do bi-directional sync? ###
No, not at present. rclone only does uni-directional sync from A ->
B. It may do in the future though since it has all the primitives - it
just requires writing the algorithm to do it.
### Can I use rclone with an HTTP proxy? ###
Yes. rclone will use the environment variables `HTTP_PROXY`,
`HTTPS_PROXY` and `NO_PROXY`, similar to cURL and other programs.
`HTTPS_PROXY` takes precedence over `HTTP_PROXY` for https requests.
The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]",
in which case the "http" scheme is assumed.
The `NO_PROXY` allows you to disable the proxy for specific hosts.
Hosts must be comma separated, and can contain domains or parts.
For instance "foo.com" also matches "bar.foo.com".
### Rclone gives x509: failed to load system roots and no roots provided error ###
This means that `rclone` can't file the SSL root certificates. Likely
you are running `rclone` on a NAS with a cut-down Linux OS, or
possibly on Solaris.
Rclone (via the Go runtime) tries to load the root certificates from
these places on Linux.
"/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", // Debian/Ubuntu/Gentoo etc.
"/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt", // Fedora/RHEL
"/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem", // OpenSUSE
"/etc/pki/tls/cacert.pem", // OpenELEC
So doing something like this should fix the problem. It also sets the
time which is important for SSL to work properly.
```
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/certs/
curl -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crt
ntpclient -s -h pool.ntp.org
```
Note that you may need to add the `--insecure` option to the `curl` command line if it doesn't work without.
```
curl --insecure -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crt
```
### Rclone gives Failed to load config file: function not implemented error ###
Likely this means that you are running rclone on Linux version not
supported by the go runtime, ie earlier than version 2.6.23.
See the [system requirements section in the go install
docs](https://golang.org/doc/install) for full details.
### All my uploaded docx/xlsx/pptx files appear as archive/zip ###
This is caused by uploading these files from a Windows computer which
hasn't got the Microsoft Office suite installed. The easiest way to
fix is to install the Word viewer and the Microsoft Office
Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 and later
versions' file formats
License
-------
This is free software under the terms of MIT the license (check the
COPYING file included with the source code).
```
Copyright (C) 2012 by Nick Craig-Wood http://www.craig-wood.com/nick/
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
```
Authors
-------
* Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com>
Contributors
------------
* Alex Couper <amcouper@gmail.com>
* Leonid Shalupov <leonid@shalupov.com>
* Shimon Doodkin <helpmepro1@gmail.com>
* Colin Nicholson <colin@colinn.com>
* Klaus Post <klauspost@gmail.com>
* Sergey Tolmachev <tolsi.ru@gmail.com>
* Adriano Aurélio Meirelles <adriano@atinge.com>
* C. Bess <cbess@users.noreply.github.com>
* Dmitry Burdeev <dibu28@gmail.com>
* Joseph Spurrier <github@josephspurrier.com>
* Björn Harrtell <bjorn@wololo.org>
* Xavier Lucas <xavier.lucas@corp.ovh.com>
* Werner Beroux <werner@beroux.com>
* Brian Stengaard <brian@stengaard.eu>
* Jakub Gedeon <jgedeon@sofi.com>
* Jim Tittsler <jwt@onjapan.net>
* Michal Witkowski <michal@improbable.io>
* Fabian Ruff <fabian.ruff@sap.com>
* Leigh Klotz <klotz@quixey.com>
* Romain Lapray <lapray.romain@gmail.com>
* Justin R. Wilson <jrw972@gmail.com>
* Antonio Messina <antonio.s.messina@gmail.com>
* Stefan G. Weichinger <office@oops.co.at>
* Per Cederberg <cederberg@gmail.com>
* Radek Šenfeld <rush@logic.cz>
Contact the rclone project
--------------------------
The project website is at:
* https://github.com/ncw/rclone
There you can file bug reports, ask for help or contribute pull
requests.
See also
* <a href="https://google.com/+RcloneOrg" rel="publisher">Google+ page for general comments</a></li>
Or email [Nick Craig-Wood](mailto:nick@craig-wood.com)
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